References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Ghulat" in the English version

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The singular of the Arabic word is ghālin (غَالٍ), although often the term ghālī is used instead (Anthony 2018; Asatryan 2017, p. 2). Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

Edition of the Arabic text in Tāmir & Khalifé 1960, Ghālib 1964, and Tāmir 2007; critical edition of chapter 59 in Asatryan 2020, pp. 296–298; discussion of the various editions in Asatryan 2017, pp. 18–19. On this text, see also Halm 1978b; Halm 1981 (continuation of Halm 1978); Capezzone 1999; Asatryan 2017, 13–42 et passim. According to Madelung 1963, p. 181, followed by Halm 1978b, p. 220 and Asatryan 2012, p. 145, the word haft is a Persian loanword meaning 'seven' (Madelung refers to the use of al-haft and al-haftiyya to designate sevenfold things like the seven Adams or the seven heavens, in Tāmir & Khalifé 1960, pp. 125, 128, 130; cf. Ghālib 1964, pp. 163, 167, 171; Tāmir 2007, pp. 173, 176, 179). Tāmir, ʿĀrif; Khalifé, Ignace Abdo (1960). Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-'Aẓillat, attribué à al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʻUmar al-Ǧaʻfī, rapportant les paroles de l'Imām Ǧaʻfar ibn M. aṣ-Ṣādiq. Beirut: Impr. Catholique. OCLC 459827793. Ghālib, Muṣṭafā (1964). al-Haft al-Sharīf. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. OCLC 977409505. Tāmir, ʿĀrif (2007) [1981]. Kitāb al-haft wa-l-aẓilla. Beirut: Dār wa-Maktabat al-Hilāl. ISBN 978-9953-75-266-2. (edition based on a different ms. compared to Tāmir & Khalifé 1960) Asatryan, Mushegh (2020). "Early Ismailis and Other Muslims: Polemics and Borrowing in Kitāb al-Kashf". In Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (ed.). Intellectual Interactions in the Islamic World: The Ismaili Thread. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 273–298. ISBN 978-1-83860-485-1. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Halm, Heinz (1978b). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. I. Die Überlieferer der häretischen Mufaḍḍal-Tradition". Der Islam. 55 (2): 219–266. doi:10.1515/islm.1978.55.2.219. S2CID 160481806. Halm, Heinz (1981). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. II. Die Stoffe". Der Islam. 58 (1): 15–86. doi:10.1515/islm.1981.58.1.15. S2CID 162219074. Capezzone, Leonardo (1999). "Un aspetto della critica imamita alle tradizioni eterodosse: il Kitāb al-haft wa'l-azilla e le molteplici redazioni di un Kitāb al-azilla". Annali di Ca' Foscari. 38 (3): 171–193. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Madelung, Wilferd (1963). "Kitāb al-haft wa-l-aẓilla (book review)". Der Islam. 38: 180–182. Halm, Heinz (1978b). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. I. Die Überlieferer der häretischen Mufaḍḍal-Tradition". Der Islam. 55 (2): 219–266. doi:10.1515/islm.1978.55.2.219. S2CID 160481806. Asatryan, Mushegh (2012). Heresy and Rationalism in Early Islam: The Origins and Evolution of the Mufaḍḍal-Tradition (PhD diss.). Yale University. Tāmir, ʿĀrif; Khalifé, Ignace Abdo (1960). Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-'Aẓillat, attribué à al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʻUmar al-Ǧaʻfī, rapportant les paroles de l'Imām Ǧaʻfar ibn M. aṣ-Ṣādiq. Beirut: Impr. Catholique. OCLC 459827793. Ghālib, Muṣṭafā (1964). al-Haft al-Sharīf. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. OCLC 977409505. Tāmir, ʿĀrif (2007) [1981]. Kitāb al-haft wa-l-aẓilla. Beirut: Dār wa-Maktabat al-Hilāl. ISBN 978-9953-75-266-2. (edition based on a different ms. compared to Tāmir & Khalifé 1960)

On the anonymous Kitāb al-Ashbāh wa-l-aẓilla, see Asatryan 2015. Asatryan, Mushegh (2015). "An Early Shīʿi Cosmology: Kitāb al-ashbāḥ wa l-aẓilla and its Milieu". Studia Islamica. 110: 1–80. doi:10.1163/19585705-12341311.

On the ghulāt in general, see Halm 2001–2012; Hodgson 1960–2007b; Anthony 2018. On their cosmology and theology, see Asatryan 2017, pp. 137–161. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1960–2007b). "Ghulāt". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2517. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

See, e.g., Bayhom-Daou 2003; Asatryan & Burns 2016. Bayhom-Daou, Tamima (2003). "The Second-Century Šīʿite Ġulāt: Were They Really Gnostic?". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 5: 13–61. doi:10.5617/jais.4571. Asatryan, Mushegh; Burns, Dylan M. (2016). "Is Ghulāt Religion Islamic Gnosticism? Religious Transmissions in Late Antiquity". In Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali; De Cillis, Maria; De Smet, Daniel; Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (eds.). L'Ésotérisme shi'ite, ses racines et ses prolongements – Shi'i Esotericism: Its Roots and Developments. Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Sciences Religieuses. Vol. 177. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 55–86. doi:10.1484/M.BEHE-EB.4.01162. ISBN 978-2-503-56874-4.

Turner 2006. Turner, Colin P. (2006). "The "Tradition of Mufaḍḍal" and the Doctrine of the Rajʿa: Evidence of Ghuluww in the Eschatology of Twelver Shiʿism?". Iran. 44: 175–195. doi:10.1080/05786967.2006.11834685. JSTOR 4300708. S2CID 170603436.

Halm 2001–2012. On Ibn Nusayr, see Friedman 2000–2010; Steigerwald 2010. On Alawism-Nusayrism in general, see Bar-Asher 2003; Bar-Asher & Kofsky 2002; Friedman 2010. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Friedman, Yaron (2000–2010). "Moḥammad b. Noṣayr". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Steigerwald, Diana (2010). "Ibn Nuṣayr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23483. Bar-Asher, Meir M. (2003). "Noṣayris". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bar-Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002). The Nusayrī-ʿAlawī Religion: An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004453500. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 77. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004178922.i-328. ISBN 978-90-04-17892-2.

Ivanow 1936. Full Italian translation in Filippani-Ronconi 1966, partial German translations in Tijdens 1977, Halm 1981, Halm 1982. Ivanow, Wladimir (1936). "Ummu᾽l-kitāb". Der Islam. 23 (1–2): 1–132. doi:10.1515/islm.1936.23.1-2.1. S2CID 211485267. (edition of the Persian text) Filippani-Ronconi, Pio (1966). Ummu'l-kitab: Introduzione, traduzione e note di Pio Filippani-Ronconi. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli. ISBN 978-88-97278-43-6. OCLC 635942972. (Italian translation) Tijdens, E. F. (1977). "Der mythologisch-gnostische Hintergrund des Umm al-kitâb". Acta Iranica. VII: 241–526. OCLC 470066089. Halm, Heinz (1981). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. II. Die Stoffe". Der Islam. 58 (1): 15–86. doi:10.1515/islm.1981.58.1.15. S2CID 162219074. Halm, Heinz (1982). Die islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die ʿAlawiten. Zürich and München: Artemis Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7608-4530-2.

Anthony 2018. For the texts, see Abū Mūsā & al-Shaykh Mūsā 2006–2013. The first major study to take the newly available texts into account is Asatryan 2017. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Abū Mūsā; al-Shaykh Mūsā, eds. (2006–2013). Silsilat al-turath al-ʿalawī. Diyār ʿAql (Lebanon): Dār li-Ajl al-Maʿrifa. OCLC 652937966. (12 vols., collection of early ghulāt texts and texts from the medieval Nusayri-Alawi tradition) Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 295–297; Anthony 2018. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.) Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473.

Anthony 2018. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473.

al-Qāḍī 1976, p. 300; Anthony 2018. On Abd Allah ibn Saba', see the dedicated study by Anthony 2012. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.) Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Anthony, Sean W. (2012). The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 91. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004216068. ISBN 978-90-04-20930-5.

al-Qāḍī 1976, p. 300; Anthony 2018. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.) Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473.

al-Qāḍī 1976, p. 300. Anthony 2012, p. 316 describes the earliest ghulāt's (the Sabāʾiyya's) view of Ali as a type of messianism that was certainly tendentious from a religious point of view, but that stopped short of regarding him as divine. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.) Anthony, Sean W. (2012). The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 91. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004216068. ISBN 978-90-04-20930-5.

Anthony 2018. E.g., Asatryan 2017, p. 26–27. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

See Halm 2001–2012; Hodgson 1960–2007a; Walker 2011. See further Tucker, William F. "Bayān ibn Sam‵ān and the Bayāniyya" in Tucker 2008, pp. 34–51. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (1960–2007a). "Bayān b. Samʿān al-Tamīmī". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1299. Walker, Paul E. (2011). "Bayān b. Samʿān". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23708. S2CID 186185243. Tucker, William F. (2008). Mahdis and Millenarians: Shī'ite Extremists in Early Muslim Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511512094. ISBN 9780511512094. (reprint of four earlier papers published between 1975 and 1980)

See Halm 2001–2012; Madelung 1960–2007; Wasserstrom 1985. See further Tucker, William F. "al-Mughīra ibn Sa‵īd and the Mughīriyya" in Tucker 2008, pp. 52–70. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Madelung, Wilferd (1960–2007). "al-Mughīriyya". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5322. Wasserstrom, Steve (1985). "The Moving Finger Writes: Mughīra b. Saʿīd's Islamic Gnosis and the Myths of Its Rejection". History of Religions. 25 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1086/463019. S2CID 161366534. Tucker, William F. (2008). Mahdis and Millenarians: Shī'ite Extremists in Early Muslim Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511512094. ISBN 9780511512094. (reprint of four earlier papers published between 1975 and 1980)

Anthony 2018. See further Tucker, William F. "Abū Mansūr al-‵Ijlī and the Mansūriyya" in Tucker 2008, pp. 71–87. Anthony, Sean W. (2018). "Ghulāt (extremist Shīʿīs)". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27473. Tucker, William F. (2008). Mahdis and Millenarians: Shī'ite Extremists in Early Muslim Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511512094. ISBN 9780511512094. (reprint of four earlier papers published between 1975 and 1980)

Halm 2001–2012. See further Tucker, William F. "‵Abd Allāh ibn Mu‵āwiya and the Janāhiyya" in Tucker 2008, pp. 88–108. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Tucker, William F. (2008). Mahdis and Millenarians: Shī'ite Extremists in Early Muslim Iraq. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511512094. ISBN 9780511512094. (reprint of four earlier papers published between 1975 and 1980)

On Ibn Nusayr, see Friedman 2000–2010; Steigerwald 2010. On al-Khasibi, see Friedman 2008–2012; Friedman 2016. On Nusayrism in general, see Bar-Asher 2003; Bar-Asher & Kofsky 2002; Friedman 2010. Friedman, Yaron (2000–2010). "Moḥammad b. Noṣayr". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Steigerwald, Diana (2010). "Ibn Nuṣayr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23483. Friedman, Yaron (2008–2012). "Ḵaṣibi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Friedman, Yaron (2016). "al-Khaṣībī, Abū ʿAbdallāh". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30574. Bar-Asher, Meir M. (2003). "Noṣayris". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Bar-Asher, Meir M.; Kofsky, Aryeh (2002). The Nusayrī-ʿAlawī Religion: An Enquiry into its Theology and Liturgy. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004453500. ISBN 978-90-04-12552-0. Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 77. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004178922.i-328. ISBN 978-90-04-17892-2.

Persian text edited by Ivanow 1936. Full Italian translation by Filippani-Ronconi 1966. Partial German translation by Tijdens 1977. German translation of some parts of the text in Halm 1981, pp. 36 ff. and Halm 1982, pp. 113 ff. Ivanow, Wladimir (1936). "Ummu᾽l-kitāb". Der Islam. 23 (1–2): 1–132. doi:10.1515/islm.1936.23.1-2.1. S2CID 211485267. (edition of the Persian text) Filippani-Ronconi, Pio (1966). Ummu'l-kitab: Introduzione, traduzione e note di Pio Filippani-Ronconi. Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli. ISBN 978-88-97278-43-6. OCLC 635942972. (Italian translation) Tijdens, E. F. (1977). "Der mythologisch-gnostische Hintergrund des Umm al-kitâb". Acta Iranica. VII: 241–526. OCLC 470066089. Halm, Heinz (1981). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. II. Die Stoffe". Der Islam. 58 (1): 15–86. doi:10.1515/islm.1981.58.1.15. S2CID 162219074. Halm, Heinz (1982). Die islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die ʿAlawiten. Zürich and München: Artemis Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7608-4530-2.

Asatryan 2017, p. 63. Halm 1981, p. 67 proposed Muhammad ibn Sinan, who was a disciple of al-Mufaddal, as the author of the entire Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla (repeated in Halm 2001–2012), but this was rejected by Asatryan 2017, pp. 64–65. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Halm, Heinz (1981). "Das "Buch der Schatten". Die Mufaḍḍal-Tradition der Ġulāt und die Ursprünge des Nuṣairiertums. II. Die Stoffe". Der Islam. 58 (1): 15–86. doi:10.1515/islm.1981.58.1.15. S2CID 162219074. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

Asatryan 2017, pp. 150–151. Some other forms, like waskh and faskh, are described in the context of Nusayri works by Friedman 2010, p. 106. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Friedman, Yaron (2010). The Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 77. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004178922.i-328. ISBN 978-90-04-17892-2.

Asatryan 2017, pp. 145–149. On Ibn Nusayr, see Friedman 2000–2010; Steigerwald 2010. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Friedman, Yaron (2000–2010). "Moḥammad b. Noṣayr". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Steigerwald, Diana (2010). "Ibn Nuṣayr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23483.

iranicaonline.org

On the Mukhammisa, see Asatryan 2000–2013. Asatryan, Mushegh (2000–2013). "Moḵammesa". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Edition of the Arabic text in Capezzone 1995 and Ibn ʿAbd al-Jalīl 2005. On this text, see also Capezzone 1993. It is not to be confused with the similarly named Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ by the 9th-century ghulāt author Ishaq al-Ahmar al-Nakha'i (died 899, see Asatryan 2000–2012a; Asatryan 2017, p. 200, s.v. Isḥāq Aḥmar al-Nakhaʿī). Capezzone, Leonardo (1995). "Il Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ attribuito a Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar al-Ğuʿfī: Edizione del ms. unico (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Ar. 1449/3) e studio introduttivo". Rivista degli studi orientali. 69 (3–4): 295–416. JSTOR 41880880. Ibn ʿAbd al-Jalīl, al-Munṣif (2005). Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Madār al-Islāmī. ISBN 9789959292636. OCLC 812186733. Capezzone, Leonardo (1993). "Una nuova fonte per lo studio dell'eterodossia islamica: Il Kitāb al-ṣirāṭ attribuito a Mufaḍḍal b. ʿUmar al-Ğuʿfī". Rivista degli studi orientali. 67 (3/4): 265–273. JSTOR 41922961. Asatryan, Mushegh (2000–2012a). "Esḥāq Aḥmar Naḵaʿi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

On the concept of Bāb in Shi'ism, see MacEoin 1988–2011. MacEoin, Denis M. (1988–2011). "Bāb (1)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Halm 2001–2012. On secrecy and dissociation, see Asatryan 2017, pp. 163–178. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

Halm 2001–2012; Sachedina 1983–2012; Amir-Moezzi 2013. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Sachedina, Abdulaziz (1983–2012). "Abu'l-Ḵaṭṭāb Asadī". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2013). "Ḵaṭṭābiya". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Asatryan 2000–2012b. Asatryan, Mushegh (2000–2012b). "Mofażżal al-Joʿfi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Asatryan 2000–2012a; Asatryan 2017, p. 200, s.v. Isḥāq Aḥmar al-Nakhaʿī. Asatryan, Mushegh (2000–2012a). "Esḥāq Aḥmar Naḵaʿi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958.

Daftary 2015. Daftary, Farhad (2015). "Omm al-ketāb". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Daftary 2015; De Smet 2020, p. 303. Daftary, Farhad (2015). "Omm al-ketāb". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. De Smet, Daniel (2020). "The Intellectual Interactions of Yemeni Ṭayyibism with the Early Shiʿi Tradition". In Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (ed.). Intellectual Interactions in the Islamic World: The Ismaili Thread. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 299–321. ISBN 978-1-83860-485-1.

Halm 2001–2012. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Gleave 2008–2012. Gleave, Robert (2008–2012). "Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq ii. Teachings". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Gleave 2008–2012. On tanāsukh, see further Asatryan 2017, pp. 150–154. On the seven Adams, see Asatryan 2017, pp. 38, 140–143, et passim. On world cycles, see Daftary 1994–2011. Gleave, Robert (2008–2012). "Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq ii. Teachings". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Daftary, Farhad (1994–2011). "Dawr (1)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Gleave 2008–2012. In the Isma'ili version of the doctrine of world cycles, Muhammad is the initiator of the current, penultimate cycle, while Ja'far al-Sadiq's grandson Muhammad ibn Isma'il the concealed and awaited initiator of the last cycle; see Daftary 1994–2011. Gleave, Robert (2008–2012). "Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq ii. Teachings". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Daftary, Farhad (1994–2011). "Dawr (1)". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Asatryan 2017, p. 16. Each layer is analyzed in detail by Asatryan 2017, pp. 17–42. Asatryan 2000–2012b still only counted seven layers. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Asatryan, Mushegh (2000–2012b). "Mofażżal al-Joʿfi". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Asatryan 2017, p. 61. Muhammad ibn Sinan's date is given by Halm 2001–2012. Asatryan, Mushegh (2017). Controversies in Formative Shiʿi Islam: The Ghulat Muslims and Their Beliefs. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784538958. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica.

Halm 2001–2012. On the fact that the Umm al-kitāb originally also was unrelated to Isma'ilism, see De Smet 2020, p. 303. Halm, Heinz (2001–2012). "Ḡolāt". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. De Smet, Daniel (2020). "The Intellectual Interactions of Yemeni Ṭayyibism with the Early Shiʿi Tradition". In Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (ed.). Intellectual Interactions in the Islamic World: The Ismaili Thread. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 299–321. ISBN 978-1-83860-485-1.

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See, e.g., Tijdens 1977; Halm 1982. Tijdens, E. F. (1977). "Der mythologisch-gnostische Hintergrund des Umm al-kitâb". Acta Iranica. VII: 241–526. OCLC 470066089. Halm, Heinz (1982). Die islamische Gnosis: Die extreme Schia und die ʿAlawiten. Zürich and München: Artemis Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7608-4530-2.

Tāmir & Khalifé 1960. New editions of the full text were published by Ghālib 1964 and Tāmir 2007, and a critical edition of chapter 59 by Asatryan 2020, pp. 196–198. Tāmir, ʿĀrif; Khalifé, Ignace Abdo (1960). Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-'Aẓillat, attribué à al-Mufaḍḍal ibn ʻUmar al-Ǧaʻfī, rapportant les paroles de l'Imām Ǧaʻfar ibn M. aṣ-Ṣādiq. Beirut: Impr. Catholique. OCLC 459827793. Ghālib, Muṣṭafā (1964). al-Haft al-Sharīf. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. OCLC 977409505. Tāmir, ʿĀrif (2007) [1981]. Kitāb al-haft wa-l-aẓilla. Beirut: Dār wa-Maktabat al-Hilāl. ISBN 978-9953-75-266-2. (edition based on a different ms. compared to Tāmir & Khalifé 1960) Asatryan, Mushegh (2020). "Early Ismailis and Other Muslims: Polemics and Borrowing in Kitāb al-Kashf". In Mir-Kasimov, Orkhan (ed.). Intellectual Interactions in the Islamic World: The Ismaili Thread. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 273–298. ISBN 978-1-83860-485-1.

Capezzone 1995. New edition by Ibn ʿAbd al-Jalīl 2005. Capezzone, Leonardo (1995). "Il Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ attribuito a Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar al-Ğuʿfī: Edizione del ms. unico (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Ar. 1449/3) e studio introduttivo". Rivista degli studi orientali. 69 (3–4): 295–416. JSTOR 41880880. Ibn ʿAbd al-Jalīl, al-Munṣif (2005). Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ. Beirut: Dār al-Madār al-Islāmī. ISBN 9789959292636. OCLC 812186733.

al-Qāḍī 1976, p. 297. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 297–299. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 298–299. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 300–301. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 305, 315. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

al-Qāḍī 1976, pp. 305–306, 315–316. al-Qāḍī, Wadād (1976). "The Development of the Term Ghulāt in Muslim Literature with Special Reference to the Kaysāniyya". In Dietrich, Albert (ed.). Akten des VII. Kongresses für Arabistik und Islamwissenschaft. Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Dritte Folge, Nr. 98. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 295–319. ISBN 9780860787105. OCLC 48256257. (reprint in Kohlberg, Etan, ed. (2003). Shi'ism. The Formation of the Classical Islamic World. Vol. 33. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 169–193.)

Photographic reproduction by Ghālib 1964, p. 202 (edited text on p. 198). Ghālib, Muṣṭafā (1964). al-Haft al-Sharīf. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus. OCLC 977409505.

Ghulat (English Wikipedia)

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