Great Lakes (English Wikipedia)

Rosenberg, Matt. "Largest Lakes in the World by Area, Volume and Depth". About.com Education. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
"Lake Champlain, The Sixth Great Lake?". Geography. Geography.About.com. March 6, 1998. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.

america2050.org

"Great Lakes". America 2050. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2016.

archive.org

Wright, John W., ed. (2006). The New York Times Almanac (2007 ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-14-303820-7.
McCalla, Robert (January 1, 1994). Water Transportation in Canada. Formac Publishing Company. pp. 159–162. ISBN 978-0-88780-247-8.
United States Bureau of the Census (1908). Transportation by water. 1906. Government Printing Office. p. 220.
Ylvisaker, Anne (2004). Lake Ontario. Capstone. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7368-2211-4.
Dempsey, Dave (2004). On the Brink: The Great Lakes in the 21st Century. Michigan State University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-87013-705-1.

army.mil

lre.usace.army.mil

"Chapter 1:Introduction to Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River". U.S. government U.S. Army. June 2004. Archived from the original on January 10, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2008.

lre-wm.usace.army.mil

"Great Lakes Water Levels (1918–2021)" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2021.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Divers find 1780 British warship". BBC News. June 14, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.

binational.net

"Our Great Lakes" (PDF). binational.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2005.

boatnerd.com

Wharton, George. "Great Lakes Fleet Page Vessel Feature – Burns Harbor". Boatnerd. Retrieved August 6, 2010.

books.google.com

Williamson, James (2007). The inland seas of North America: and the natural and industrial productions ... John Duff Montreal Hew Ramsay Toronto AH Armour and Co. ISBN 9780665341281. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3.
Bennett, Tom (1999). State of the Great Lakes: 1997 Annual Report. Diane Publishing. p. 1991. ISBN 978-0-7881-4358-8.
Likens, Gene E. (2010). Lake Ecosystem Ecology: A Global Perspective. Academic Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-12-382003-7.
Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry. McFarland. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7864-8655-7.
Dunn, Gary A (1996). Insects of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-472-06515-8.
Huber, Norman King; United States Geological Survey; United States National Park Service (1975). The geologic story of Isle Royale National Park. Government Printing Office. p. 41. ISBN 9780932212313.
Manivanan, R. (2008). Water Quality Modeling: Rivers, Streams, and Estuaries. New India Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-81-89422-93-6.
Coastal Sediments '07. ASCE Publications. 2007. p. 2215. ISBN 978-0-7844-7194-4. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Bolsenga, Stanley J.; Herdendorf, Charles E. (1993). Lake Erie and Lake Saint Clair Handbook. Wayne State University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-8143-2470-7.
Dunbar, W.F.; May, G.S. (1995). Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4674-3517-8. Retrieved September 7, 2022. By 1681, a map published in Paris, obviously based on this new information, shows the Mississippi River and the western shore of Lake Michigan. Earlier maps had called the lake Lac des Illinois; this was the first to call it Lac de Michigami, thus introducing an early variation of the future state's name.
Room, A. (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
Room (2006), p. 171.
Sioui, Georges E. (1999). Huron-Wendat. Jane Brierley. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0715-9. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
Weiland, Matt; Wilsey, Sean (2010). State by State. HarperCollins. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-06-204357-3.
Cayton, Andrew R.L.; Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Chris (2006). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-253-00349-2.
Taylor, William W.; Schechter, Michael G.; Wolfson, Lois G. (2007). Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-139-46834-3.
Bogue, Margaret Beattie (2001). Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783–1933. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-299-16763-9.
Macdonald, David; Service, Katrina, eds. (2009). Key Topics in Conservation Biology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-4443-0906-5.
Great Minds?, Great Lakes! Don't Miss The Boat With Environmental Education. Environmental Protection Agency. March 1997. p. 7.
Woodford, Arthur M. (1991). Charting the Inland Seas: A History of the U.S. Lake Survey. Wayne State University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8143-2499-8.
Bernstein, Peter L. (2010). Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation. W.W. Norton. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-393-32795-3.
Danzer, Gerald A. (2011). Illinois: A History in Pictures. University of Illinois Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-252-03288-2.
Gonzalez, Therese (2008). Great Lakes Naval Training Station. Arcadia Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7385-5193-7.
Thompson, Mark L. (1991). Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes. Wayne State University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-8143-2359-5.
Strand, Kathryn Koutsky; Koutsky, Linda (2006). Minnesota Vacation Days: An Illustrated History. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-87351-526-9.
Toast of the Town: The Life and Times of Sunnie Wilson. Wayne State University Press. 2005. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8143-2696-1.
Grover, Velma I.; Krantzberg, Gail (2012). Great Lakes: Lessons in Participatory Governance. CRC Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-57808-769-3.
Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry. McFarland. p. 227, n.35. ISBN 978-0-7864-8655-7.

britannica.com

Beeton, Alfred. "Great Lakes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 31, 2016.

canada.com

Boswell, Randy (February 17, 2009). "France claims historic Great Lakes wreck". Canwest News Service.

cbc.ca

Singh, Inayat; Hopton, Alice (October 1, 2021). "Industrial plastic is spilling into Great Lakes, and no one's regulating it, experts warn". CBC News. Retrieved April 21, 2023.

cglg.org

"Great Lakes—St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
"Agreement. Great Lakes-St Lawrence River Basin Water Resources" (PDF). cglg.org. December 13, 2005.

chicagotribune.com

Briscoe, Tony (July 5, 2019). "Minuscule microbes wield enormous power over the Great Lakes. But many species remain a mystery". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 5, 2019.

clui.org

"Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.

cogeco.ca

home.cogeco.ca

"Background Geology of the North Bay area". Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2007.^{[self-published source]}

colorado.edu

Knud-Hansen, Chris (February 1994). "Historical Perspective of the Phosphate Detergent Conflict". Working Paper 94-54. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2016 – via Colorado.edu.

cornell.edu

law.cornell.edu

United States. Water Resources Development Act of 1986. Pub. L. 99–662, approved November 17, 1986. 42 U.S.C. § 1962d-20
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly the Clean Water Act), as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100–4, approved February 4, 1987), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114–113 (text) (PDF), approved December 18, 2015). 33 U.S.C. § 1268

dfo-mpo.gc.ca

"Risk Assessment for Asian Carps in Canada" (PDF). CSAS. 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2006.

doi.org

Fahnestock, R. K.; Crowley, D. J.; Wilson, M.; Schneider, H. (1973). "Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 12 (64): 93–99. doi:10.3189/S0022143000022735. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode:1985AREPS..13..345V. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021. hdl:1808/104. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. (2001). "Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 27 (4): 518–546. Bibcode:2001JGLR...27..518L. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Riley, S.C.; Roseman, Edward F.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; O'Brien, Timothy P.; Kiley, Courtney S.; Schaeffer, Jeffrey S. (2008). "Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 137 (6): 1879–90. Bibcode:2008TrAFS.137.1879R. doi:10.1577/T07-141.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013.
Barbiero, Richard P.; Balcer, Mary; Rockwell, David C.; Tuchman, Marc L. (2009). "Recent shifts in the crustacean zooplankton community of Lake Huron". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (5): 816–828. doi:10.1139/F09-036.
Burkhardt, Steffen; Amoroso, Gabi; Riebesell, Ulf; Sültemeyer, Dieter (September 2001). "CO₂ and HCO⁻
₃ uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different CO₂ concentrations". Limnology and Oceanography. 46 (6): 1378–1391. doi:10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1378.
Popp, Brian N.; Laws, Edward A.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Dore, John E.; Hanson, Kristi L.; Wakeham, Stuart G. (998). "Effect of Phytoplankton Cell Geometry on Carbon Isotopic Fractionation". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 62: 69–77. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00333-5.
Durbin, E.G. (1977). "Studies on the Autecology of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii II. The Influence of Cell Size on Growth Rate, and Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorophyll a and Silica Content". Journal of Phycology. 13 (2): 150–155. Bibcode:1977JPcgy..13..150D. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1977.tb02904.x.
O'Shea, John; Meadows, Guy (June 23, 2009). "Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (25): 10120–10123. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610120O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106. PMC 2700903. PMID 19506245. The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage

economist.com

"Antidepressants are finding their way into fish brains". The Economist. February 8, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2023.

epa.gov

"Great Lakes". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. June 28, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
"Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
"Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 9, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
"The Great Lakes". Environmental Protection Agency. August 20, 2015. REG 05.
"State of the Great Lakes 2009 Highlights". Environment Canada and Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 7–8. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
"The Great Lakes". Environmaal Protection Agency. August 20, 2015.
"Natural Processes in the Great Lakes". The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Environmental Protection Agency. July 24, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
"Predicting Invasive Species in the Great Lakes". Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011.

factmonster.com

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federalregister.gov

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fws.gov

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glc.org

"Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species". Great Lakes Commission. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
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"About the Lakes". Great Lakes Commission.

govinfo.gov

United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly the Clean Water Act), as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100–4, approved February 4, 1987), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114–113 (text) (PDF), approved December 18, 2015). 33 U.S.C. § 1268

great-lakes.net

"Lake St. Clair summary report" (PDF). Great Lakes.net. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 16, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2007.
"Great Lakes Circle Tour". Great-lakes.net. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.

greatlakes.org

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greatlakesecho.org

"Lake levels report weighs Great Lakes basin's glacial legacy". Great Lakes Echo. June 8, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Williams, Kurt (February 13, 2019). "Monitoring algal blooms in the Great Lakes Basin". Great Lakes Echo.

greatlakeseducation.org

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greatlakesports.org

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greatlakesrestoration.us

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handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode:1985AREPS..13..345V. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021. hdl:1808/104. Retrieved October 6, 2008.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode:1985AREPS..13..345V. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021. hdl:1808/104. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. (2001). "Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 27 (4): 518–546. Bibcode:2001JGLR...27..518L. doi:10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
Riley, S.C.; Roseman, Edward F.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; O'Brien, Timothy P.; Kiley, Courtney S.; Schaeffer, Jeffrey S. (2008). "Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 137 (6): 1879–90. Bibcode:2008TrAFS.137.1879R. doi:10.1577/T07-141.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013.
Durbin, E.G. (1977). "Studies on the Autecology of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii II. The Influence of Cell Size on Growth Rate, and Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorophyll a and Silica Content". Journal of Phycology. 13 (2): 150–155. Bibcode:1977JPcgy..13..150D. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1977.tb02904.x.
O'Shea, John; Meadows, Guy (June 23, 2009). "Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (25): 10120–10123. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610120O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106. PMC 2700903. PMID 19506245. The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage

healthylakes.org

"New Report: Solving Region's Sewage Crisis Will Create Jobs, Restore Great Lakes". Healthylakes.org. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2016.

igsoc.org

Fahnestock, R. K.; Crowley, D. J.; Wilson, M.; Schneider, H. (1973). "Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 12 (64): 93–99. doi:10.3189/S0022143000022735. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.

ijc.org

"An Overview of Great Lakes Diversions". International Joint Commission. May 14, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
14th Biennial Report on Great Lakes Water Quality (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2010.

infoplease.com

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jsonline.com

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ku.edu

kuscholarworks.ku.edu

Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode:1985AREPS..13..345V. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021. hdl:1808/104. Retrieved October 6, 2008.

latimes.com

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ledgersentinel.com

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michigan.gov

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nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

O'Shea, John; Meadows, Guy (June 23, 2009). "Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (25): 10120–10123. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610120O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106. PMC 2700903. PMID 19506245. The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

O'Shea, John; Meadows, Guy (June 23, 2009). "Evidence for early hunters beneath the Great Lakes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (25): 10120–10123. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610120O. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902785106. PMC 2700903. PMID 19506245. The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage

noaa.gov

glerl.noaa.gov

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proquest.com

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thevarsity.ca

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glsc.usgs.gov

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uslaw.link

United States. Water Resources Development Act of 1986. Pub. L. 99–662, approved November 17, 1986. 42 U.S.C. § 1962d-20
United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly the Clean Water Act), as amended by the Water Quality Act of 1987 (Pub. L. 100–4, approved February 4, 1987), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114–113 (text) (PDF), approved December 18, 2015). 33 U.S.C. § 1268

uwindsor.ca

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weather.gov

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"LUHNA Chapter 6: Historical Landcover Changes in the Great Lakes Region". USGS: Ecosystems. November 20, 2003. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
"Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
Rosenberg, Matt. "Largest Lakes in the World by Area, Volume and Depth". About.com Education. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
"Great Lakes". America 2050. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
"Great Lakes Atlas: Factsheet #1". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. March 9, 2006. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
"Great Lakes Map". Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
"Background Geology of the North Bay area". Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2007.^{[self-published source]}
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