Grey seal (English Wikipedia)

Boskovic, R.; et al. (1996). "Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (10): 1787–1796. Bibcode:1996CaJZ...74.1787B. doi:10.1139/z96-199.
Bubac, Christine M.; Coltman, David W.; Don Bowen, W.; Lidgard, Damian C.; Lang, Shelley L. C.; den Heyer, Cornelia E. (June 2018). "Repeatability and reproductive consequences of boldness in female gray seals". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (6): 100. Bibcode:2018BEcoS..72..100B. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2515-5. S2CID 46975859.
Bowen, William D.; Heyer, Cornelia E. den; McMillan, Jim I.; Iverson, Sara J. (1 April 2015). "Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (7): 1412–1424. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.1412B. doi:10.1002/ece3.1450. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4395171. PMID 25897381.
Karlson, A.M.; Gorokhova, E.; Gårdmark, A.; Pekcan-Hekim, Z.; Casini, M.; Albertsson, J.; Sundelin, B.; Karlsson, O.; Bergström, L. (2020). "Linking consumer physiological status to food-web structure and prey food value in the Baltic Sea". Ambio. 49 (2): 391–406. Bibcode:2020Ambio..49..391K. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01201-1. PMC 6965491. PMID 31168701.
Ridoux, Vincent; Spitz, J.; Vincent, Cecile; Walton, M. J. (2007). "Grey seal diet at the southern limit of its European distribution: combining dietary analyses and fatty acid profiles" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87 (1): 255–264. Bibcode:2007JMBUK..87..255R. doi:10.1017/S002531540705463X. S2CID 55465507. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
van Neer, Abbo; Jensen, Lasse F.; Siebert, Ursula (2015). "Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on the island of Helgoland, Germany". Journal of Sea Research. 97: 1–4. Bibcode:2015JSR....97....1V. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.11.006.
Brodie, Paul; Beck, Brian (1983). "Predation by Sharks on the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) in Eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (3): 267–271. Bibcode:1983CJFAS..40..267B. doi:10.1139/f83-040.
Wood, S.A.; Frasier, T.R.; McLeod, B.A.; Gilbert, J.R.; White, B.N.; Bowen, W.D.; Hammill, M.O.; Waring, G.T.; Brault, S. (2011). "The genetics of recolonization: an analysis of the stock structure of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the northwest Atlantic". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 89 (6): 490–497. Bibcode:2011CaJZ...89..490W. doi:10.1139/z11-012.

anglingtrust.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Culling/Hunting of Seals and the legislation/licencing". Angling Trust. Retrieved 24 March 2026.

aquaticmammalsjournal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bishop, A. M. (2016). "Cannibalism by a male grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the North Sea Cannibalism by a male grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the North Sea". Aquatic Mammals. 42 (2): 137–143. doi:10.1578/AM.42.2.2016.137.

askaboutireland.ie (Global: low place; English: 8,302^nd place)

"The Grey Seal". Ask about Ireland. Retrieved 20 November 2011.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

"Grey seal". Wales Nature & Outdoors. BBC Wales. 25 February 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Thames: Thousands of seals making the estuary their home". BBC News. 27 September 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2025.
"Autumn spectacle: grey seal colonies". BBC Earth. 10 October 2014. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
Jagger, Samantha (4 April 2026). "Released seal pups gave helpers 'final farewell'". BBC. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
McIlwraith, Euan (4 April 2019). "Sightseers 'causing undue seal stress' in Aberdeenshire". BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
Gordon-Farleigh, Neve (20 November 2025). "Webcam installed to livestream grey seal pup births". BBC. Retrieved 12 April 2026.

bioone.org (Global: 1,999^th place; English: 1,596^th place)

Sjöberg, Mikael; McConnell, Bernie; Fedak, Mike (1999). "Haulout patterns of grey seals Halichoerus grypus in the Baltic Sea" (PDF). Wildlife Biology. 5. Nordic Board for Wildlife Research: 37–47. doi:10.2981/wlb.1999.007. Retrieved 10 April 2026.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Working Party on Marine Mammals (1978). Mammals in the Seas, Volume 4. Rome: Food & Agriculture Org. p. 257. ISBN 92-5-100514-1.
Hall, Ailsa; Thompson, David (2009). "Grey Seal (Halichoerus gryphus)". In Perrin, W. F.; Würsig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press. pp. 500–502. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5.
Savenkoff, Claude; Morissette, Lyne; Castonguay, Martin; Swain, Douglas P.; Hammill, Mike O.; Chabot, Denis; Hanson, J. Mark (2008). "Interactions between Marine Mammals and Fisheries: Implications for Cod Recovery". In Chen, Junying; Guo, Chuguang (eds.). Ecosystem Ecology Research Trends. Nova Science Publishers. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-60456-183-8.

boston.com (Global: 468^th place; English: 271^st place)

archive.boston.com

Daley, Beth (3 October 2009). "Once again, coastal waters getting seals' approval". The Boston Globe.

bucknell.edu (Global: 671^st place; English: 1,144^th place)

departments.bucknell.edu

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Galatius, Anders; Olsen, Morten Tange; Allentoft-Larsen, Marc; Balle, Jeppe Dalgaard; Kyhn, Line Anker; Sveegaard, Signe; Teilmann, Jonas (15 March 2024). "Evidence of distribution overlap between Atlantic and Baltic grey seals". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 104 e30. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0025315424000213.

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

"Plan to cull 70,000 grey seals gets Senate panel's approval". CBC News. Newfoundland & Labrador. 23 October 2012.

cdnsciencepub.com (Global: low place; English: 8,889^th place)

Brodie, Paul; Beck, Brian (1983). "Predation by Sharks on the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) in Eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (3): 267–271. Bibcode:1983CJFAS..40..267B. doi:10.1139/f83-040.

countryfile.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Britain's best seal watching spots and how to avoid disturbing the colony". BBC Countryfile. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2026.

dal.ca (Global: 8,634^th place; English: 5,291^st place)

ojs.library.dal.ca

Lucas, Z. N.; Natanson, L. J. (2010). "Two shark species involved in predation on seals at Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada". Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science. 45 (2): 64–88.

dfo-mpo.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: 7,235^th place)

den Heyen; et al. (2023). "Grey Seal Pup Production in Canada". Government of Canada.
"Stock assessment of Northwest Atlantic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Canada in 2021". Government of Canada. Retrieved 12 April 2026.

discoverwildlife.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dilger, Mike (8 October 2021). "Where and when to see grey seal pups in the UK". BBC Discover Wildlife. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
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"How to identify British seals". BBC Wildlife. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2026.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T9660A45226042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Hall, Ailsa J.; Russell, Debbie J.F. (2018). Gray Seal: Halichoerus grypus, Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third ed.). Academic Press. pp. 420–422. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00139-4. ISBN 9780128043271.
Olsen, Morten Tange; Galatius, Anders; Biard, Vincent; Gregersen, Kristian; Kinze, Carl Christian (April 2016). "The forgotten type specimen of the grey seal [Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius, 1791)] from the island of Amager, Denmark". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 178 (3): 713–720. doi:10.1111/zoj.12426.
Boskovic, R.; et al. (1996). "Geographic distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (10): 1787–1796. Bibcode:1996CaJZ...74.1787B. doi:10.1139/z96-199.
Galatius, Anders; Olsen, Morten Tange; Allentoft-Larsen, Marc; Balle, Jeppe Dalgaard; Kyhn, Line Anker; Sveegaard, Signe; Teilmann, Jonas (15 March 2024). "Evidence of distribution overlap between Atlantic and Baltic grey seals". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 104 e30. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/S0025315424000213.
Lidgard, D. C.; Boness, D. J.; Bowen, W. D. (2001). "A novel mobile approach to investigating mating tactics in male grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)". Journal of Zoology. 255 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1017/S0952836901001418. hdl:10088/343.
Baker, S. R.; Barrette, C.; Hammill, M. O. (1995). "Mass transfer during lactation of an ice-breeding pinniped, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), in Nova Scotia, Canada". Journal of Zoology. 236 (4): 531–542. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02730.x.
Lowry, L. (2016). "Phoca vitulina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T17013A45229114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17013A45229114.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Waters, Joseph H. (February 1967). "Gray Seal Remains from Southern New England Archeological Sites". Journal of Mammalogy. 48 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/1378182. JSTOR 137818.
Sjöberg, Mikael; McConnell, Bernie; Fedak, Mike (1999). "Haulout patterns of grey seals Halichoerus grypus in the Baltic Sea" (PDF). Wildlife Biology. 5. Nordic Board for Wildlife Research: 37–47. doi:10.2981/wlb.1999.007. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
Bubac, Christine M.; Coltman, David W.; Don Bowen, W.; Lidgard, Damian C.; Lang, Shelley L. C.; den Heyer, Cornelia E. (June 2018). "Repeatability and reproductive consequences of boldness in female gray seals". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (6): 100. Bibcode:2018BEcoS..72..100B. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2515-5. S2CID 46975859.
Bowen, William D.; Heyer, Cornelia E. den; McMillan, Jim I.; Iverson, Sara J. (1 April 2015). "Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (7): 1412–1424. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.1412B. doi:10.1002/ece3.1450. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4395171. PMID 25897381.
Ailsa j, Hall; Bernie j, Mcconnell; Richard j, Barker (2008). "Factors affecting first-year survival in grey seals and their implications for life history strategy". Journal of Animal Ecology. 70: 138–149. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00468.x.
Baker, J. R. (1984). "Mortality and morbidity in Grey seal pups (Halichoerus grypus). Studies on its causes, effects on the environment, the nature and sources of infectious agents, and the immunological status of pups". Journal of Zoology. 203: 23–48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb06042.x.
Wilson, Susan C. (1975). "Attempted Mating between a Male Grey Seal and Female Harbor Seals". Journal of Mammalogy. 56 (2): 531–534. doi:10.2307/1379389. JSTOR 1379389.
Rohner, Simon (2020). "Male grey seal commits fatal sexual interaction with adult female harbour seals in the German Wadden Sea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 13679. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69986-w. PMC 7426965. PMID 32792537.
Hocking, David P.; Burville, Ben; Parker, William M. G.; Evans, Alistair R.; Park, Travis; Marx, Felix G. (31 January 2020). "Percussive underwater signaling in wild gray seals". Marine Mammal Science. 36 (2): 728–732. doi:10.1111/mms.12666.
Karlson, A.M.; Gorokhova, E.; Gårdmark, A.; Pekcan-Hekim, Z.; Casini, M.; Albertsson, J.; Sundelin, B.; Karlsson, O.; Bergström, L. (2020). "Linking consumer physiological status to food-web structure and prey food value in the Baltic Sea". Ambio. 49 (2): 391–406. Bibcode:2020Ambio..49..391K. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01201-1. PMC 6965491. PMID 31168701.
Ridoux, Vincent; Spitz, J.; Vincent, Cecile; Walton, M. J. (2007). "Grey seal diet at the southern limit of its European distribution: combining dietary analyses and fatty acid profiles" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87 (1): 255–264. Bibcode:2007JMBUK..87..255R. doi:10.1017/S002531540705463X. S2CID 55465507. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
Leopold, Mardik F.; Begeman, Lineke; van Bleijswijk, Judith D. L.; IJsseldijk, Lonneke L.; Witte, Harry J.; Gröne, Andrea (2014). "Exposing the grey seal as a major predator of harbour porpoises". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 282 (1798) 20142429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2429. PMC 4262184. PMID 25429021.
van Neer, Abbo; Jensen, Lasse F.; Siebert, Ursula (2015). "Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) on the island of Helgoland, Germany". Journal of Sea Research. 97: 1–4. Bibcode:2015JSR....97....1V. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2014.11.006.
Bishop, A. M. (2016). "Cannibalism by a male grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the North Sea Cannibalism by a male grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in the North Sea". Aquatic Mammals. 42 (2): 137–143. doi:10.1578/AM.42.2.2016.137.
Brodie, Paul; Beck, Brian (1983). "Predation by Sharks on the Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) in Eastern Canada". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (3): 267–271. Bibcode:1983CJFAS..40..267B. doi:10.1139/f83-040.
Baker, J. R.; Jepson, P. D.; Simpson, V. R.; Kuiken, T. (30 May 1998). "Causes of mortality and non-fatal conditions among grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) found dead on the coasts of England, Wales and the Isle of Man". Veterinary Record. 142 (22): 595–601. doi:10.1136/vr.142.22.595.
Barbara Lelli; David E. Harris & AbouEl-Makarim Aboueissa (2009). "Seal Bounties in Maine and Massachusetts, 1888 to 1962". Northeastern Naturalist. 16 (2): 239–254. doi:10.1656/045.016.0206. S2CID 85652019.
Wood, S.A.; Frasier, T.R.; McLeod, B.A.; Gilbert, J.R.; White, B.N.; Bowen, W.D.; Hammill, M.O.; Waring, G.T.; Brault, S. (2011). "The genetics of recolonization: an analysis of the stock structure of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the northwest Atlantic". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 89 (6): 490–497. Bibcode:2011CaJZ...89..490W. doi:10.1139/z11-012.
Łypik, Oliwia; Zieliński, Damian (30 March 2022). "Environmental enrichment for grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in captive environment". Journal of Animal Science, Biology and Bioeconomy. 38: 41–50. doi:10.24326/jasbb.2022.1.4.
Curtin, Susanna; Richards, Steven; Westcott, Stephen (2009). "Tourism and grey seals in south Devon: management strategies, voluntary controls and tourists' perceptions of disturbance". Current Issues in Tourism. 12 (1): 59–81. doi:10.1080/13683500802295663.

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europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

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environment.ec.europa.eu

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google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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hafogvatn.is (Global: low place; English: low place)

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hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Lidgard, D. C.; Boness, D. J.; Bowen, W. D. (2001). "A novel mobile approach to investigating mating tactics in male grey seals (Halichoerus grypus)". Journal of Zoology. 255 (3): 313–320. doi:10.1017/S0952836901001418. hdl:10088/343.

helcom.fi (Global: 8,942^nd place; English: low place)

Bäcklin, Britt-Marie; Moraeus, Charlotta; Kunnasranta, Mervi; Isomursu, Marja (2 September 2011). "Health Assessment in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus)". HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheets 2011. HELCOM. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.

ices.dk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stenman, Olavi (2007). "How does hunting grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) on Bothnian Bay spring ice influence the structure of seal and fish stocks?" (PDF). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Retrieved 23 January 2017. Analysis of fish otolithes and other hard particles in the alimentary tract showed clearly that the herring (Clupea harengus) was the most important item of prey.

ifremer.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

archimer.ifremer.fr

Ridoux, Vincent; Spitz, J.; Vincent, Cecile; Walton, M. J. (2007). "Grey seal diet at the southern limit of its European distribution: combining dietary analyses and fatty acid profiles" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 87 (1): 255–264. Bibcode:2007JMBUK..87..255R. doi:10.1017/S002531540705463X. S2CID 55465507. Retrieved 24 January 2017.

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iucnredlist.org (Global: 39^th place; English: 71^st place)

Bowen, D. (2016). "Halichoerus grypus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T9660A45226042. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9660A45226042.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Lowry, L. (2016). "Phoca vitulina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T17013A45229114. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T17013A45229114.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

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jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Waters, Joseph H. (February 1967). "Gray Seal Remains from Southern New England Archeological Sites". Journal of Mammalogy. 48 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/1378182. JSTOR 137818.
Wilson, Susan C. (1975). "Attempted Mating between a Male Grey Seal and Female Harbor Seals". Journal of Mammalogy. 56 (2): 531–534. doi:10.2307/1379389. JSTOR 1379389.

legislation.gov.uk (Global: 728^th place; English: 375^th place)

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bowen, William D.; Heyer, Cornelia E. den; McMillan, Jim I.; Iverson, Sara J. (1 April 2015). "Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (7): 1412–1424. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.1412B. doi:10.1002/ece3.1450. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4395171. PMID 25897381.
Rohner, Simon (2020). "Male grey seal commits fatal sexual interaction with adult female harbour seals in the German Wadden Sea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 13679. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69986-w. PMC 7426965. PMID 32792537.
Karlson, A.M.; Gorokhova, E.; Gårdmark, A.; Pekcan-Hekim, Z.; Casini, M.; Albertsson, J.; Sundelin, B.; Karlsson, O.; Bergström, L. (2020). "Linking consumer physiological status to food-web structure and prey food value in the Baltic Sea". Ambio. 49 (2): 391–406. Bibcode:2020Ambio..49..391K. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01201-1. PMC 6965491. PMID 31168701.
Leopold, Mardik F.; Begeman, Lineke; van Bleijswijk, Judith D. L.; IJsseldijk, Lonneke L.; Witte, Harry J.; Gröne, Andrea (2014). "Exposing the grey seal as a major predator of harbour porpoises". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 282 (1798) 20142429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2429. PMC 4262184. PMID 25429021.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bowen, William D.; Heyer, Cornelia E. den; McMillan, Jim I.; Iverson, Sara J. (1 April 2015). "Offspring size at weaning affects survival to recruitment and reproductive performance of primiparous gray seals". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (7): 1412–1424. Bibcode:2015EcoEv...5.1412B. doi:10.1002/ece3.1450. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4395171. PMID 25897381.
Rohner, Simon (2020). "Male grey seal commits fatal sexual interaction with adult female harbour seals in the German Wadden Sea". Scientific Reports. 10 (1) 13679. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69986-w. PMC 7426965. PMID 32792537.
Karlson, A.M.; Gorokhova, E.; Gårdmark, A.; Pekcan-Hekim, Z.; Casini, M.; Albertsson, J.; Sundelin, B.; Karlsson, O.; Bergström, L. (2020). "Linking consumer physiological status to food-web structure and prey food value in the Baltic Sea". Ambio. 49 (2): 391–406. Bibcode:2020Ambio..49..391K. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01201-1. PMC 6965491. PMID 31168701.
Leopold, Mardik F.; Begeman, Lineke; van Bleijswijk, Judith D. L.; IJsseldijk, Lonneke L.; Witte, Harry J.; Gröne, Andrea (2014). "Exposing the grey seal as a major predator of harbour porpoises". Proceedings of the Royal Society. 282 (1798) 20142429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2429. PMC 4262184. PMID 25429021.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

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media.fisheries.noaa.gov

Gray Seal (Halichoerus grypus grypus): Western North Atlantic Stock (PDF) (Report). NMFS, NOAA. April 2014. pp. 342–350. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

nordseewolf.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

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npws.ie (Global: low place; English: low place)

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nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

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Grey seal (English Wikipedia)

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