Hijra (South Asia) (English Wikipedia)

Shaw et al. 2017, Köllen 2016, p. 171, Seow 2017, p. 132, Ginicola, Smith & Filmore 2017, p. 189 Shaw, Susan M.; Barbour, Nancy Staton; Duncan, Patti; Freehling-Burton, Kryn; Nichols, Jane, eds. (2017). Women's Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610697125. Köllen, Thomas, ed. (2016). Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity. Springer. ISBN 9783319296234. Seow, Lynelle (2017). CultureShock! India. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814771986. Ginicola, Misty M.; Smith, Cheri; Filmore, Joel M., eds. (2017). Affirmative Counseling with LGBTQI+ People. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119375494.
Nanda 1985, pp. 35–54 "The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the guru (master, teacher) and chela (disciple)."
Cohen 1995, "Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants" Nanda, Serena (1985). "The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role". Journal of Homosexuality. 11 (3–4): 35–54. doi:10.1300/J082v11n03_03. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 4093603. Cohen, L (1995). "The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics". In Abramson, Paul R.; Pinkerton, Steven D. (eds.). Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226001821.
Shaw et al. 2017, Bevan 2016, p. 70 Shaw, Susan M.; Barbour, Nancy Staton; Duncan, Patti; Freehling-Burton, Kryn; Nichols, Jane, eds. (2017). Women's Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610697125. Bevan, Thomas E. (2016). Being Transgender: What You Should Know. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440845253.
Nanda 1999, p. 116 "None of the hijra narratives I recorded supports the widespread belief in India that hijras recruit their membership by making successful claims on intersex infants. Instead, it appears that most hijras join the community in their youth, either out of a desire to more fully express their feminine gender identity, under the pressure of poverty, because of ill treatment by parents and peers for feminine behaviour, after a period of homosexual prostitution, or for a combination of these reasons.". Nanda, Serena (1999). Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India. Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 9780534509033.
Nanda 1996. Nanda, Serena (1996). "Hijras: An Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India". In Herdt, Gilbert H. (ed.). Third sex, third gender: beyond sexual dimorphism in culture and history. Zone Books. ISBN 9780942299823.
Reddy 2010, p. 243 "By and large, the Hindi/Urdu term hijra is used more often in the north of the country, whereas the Telugu term kojja is more specific to the state of Andhra Pradesh, of which Hyderabad is the capital." Reddy, Gayatri (2010). With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226707549.
Nanda 1999. Nanda, Serena (1999). Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India. Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 9780534509033.
Nanda 1991, "Among thirty of my informants, only one appeared to have been born intersexed.". Nanda, Serena (1991). "chpt. 7. Deviant careers: the hijras of India". In Freilich, Morris; Raybeck, Douglas; Savishinsky, Joel S. (eds.). Deviance: Anthropological Perspectives. Bergin & Garvey. ISBN 9780897892049.
Reddy & Nanda 1997, pp. 275–282. Reddy, Gayatri; Nanda, Serena (1997). "Hijras: An "Alternative" Sex/Gender in India". In Brettell, Caroline; Sargent, Carolyn Fishel (eds.). Gender in Cross-cultural Perspective. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780135336137.
Kama Sutra, 1883 Richard Burton translation, Chapter IX, Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress.. Burton, Richard (1883). The Kama Sutra: The Classic Translation of 1883 by Sir Richard Burton.
Kama Sutra, 1883 Richard Burton translation. Burton, Richard (1883). The Kama Sutra: The Classic Translation of 1883 by Sir Richard Burton.
Lach 1998, p. 694. Lach, Donald (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226466972.
Reddy 2010, p. 25. Reddy, Gayatri (2010). With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226707549.
Reddy 2010, p. 3. Reddy, Gayatri (2010). With Respect to Sex: Negotiating Hijra Identity in South India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226707549.
Hall 2001, pp. 133–162 "In Delhi the hijras have named their language Farsi. While their "hijralect" has very little, if anything, to do with what is generally known as "Farsi", the term is fitting given that the hijras see themselves as descended from the eunuchs of the medieval Moghul courts, where Farsi was the dominant language. Hall, Kira (2001). "Unnatural' Gender in Hindi". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bussmann, Hadumod (eds.). Gender across languages: the linguistic representation of women and men. J. Benjamins. ISBN 9789027268860.

cabdirect.org

"Awareness about sexually transmitted infections among Hijra sex workers of Rawalpindi/Islamabad". Pakistan Journal of Public Health. 2012.

cnn.com

"Indian eunuchs help collect taxes". CNN. Associated Press. 9 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
Jha, Meenketan; Holland, Oscar (13 November 2020). "'Laxmii' critics say Bollywood blockbuster offers a problematic transgender portrayal". CNN. Retrieved 14 November 2020.

colorado.edu

Hall, K. (1996). "Lexical subversion in India's Hijra community" (PDF). Gender and Belief Systems: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group. pp. 279–292.

countercurrents.org

Ravaging the Vulnerable: Abuses Against Persons at High Risk of HIV Infection in Bangladesh (Report). Vol. 15, No. 6(C). Human Rights Watch. August 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
See also: Peoples Union of Civil Liberties (Karnataka) Report on Human Rights Violations Against the Transgender Community Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, released in September 2003. Reported in Being a Eunuch, By Siddarth Narrain, for Frontline, 14 October 2003.

dawn.com

"Engendering rights". 19 July 2017.
"BOL: A review". DAWN. 7 April 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2013.

deccanherald.com

"Govt to bring policy for transgenders". Deccan Herald. 13 March 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
"Doraiswamy to Revathi: A Tamil writer-activist's alternative journey". Deccan Herald. 18 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2015.

despardes.com

See, for example, various reports of Sonia Ajmeri's marriage. e.g. 'Our relationship is sacred' Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, despardes.com

devdutt.com

"Ardhanareshwara : Devdutt Pattanaik". 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2023.

dhakatribune.com

Karim, Mohosinul (11 November 2013). "Hijras now a separate gender". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.

dnaindia.com

"Gurus of eunuchs can not recommend castration: Govt". 9 March 2012.
Malu, Preksha (15 April 2015). "It's all about the guru for hijra community chelas". DNA India. Retrieved 4 June 2022.

doi.org

Roy, Jeff (2014). "Unveiling Koovagam". World Policy Journal. 31 (2): 93. doi:10.1177/0740277514541061.
Al-Mamun, Md.; Hossain, Md. Jamal; Alam, Morshed; Parvez, Md. Shahin; Dhar, Bablu Kumar; Islam, Md. Rabiul (October 2022). "Discrimination and social exclusion of third-gender population (Hijra) in Bangladesh: A brief review". Heliyon. 8 (10): e10840. Bibcode:2022Heliy...810840A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10840. PMC 9547216. PMID 36217490.
Nanda 1985, pp. 35–54 "The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the guru (master, teacher) and chela (disciple)."
Cohen 1995, "Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants" Nanda, Serena (1985). "The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role". Journal of Homosexuality. 11 (3–4): 35–54. doi:10.1300/J082v11n03_03. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 4093603. Cohen, L (1995). "The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics". In Abramson, Paul R.; Pinkerton, Steven D. (eds.). Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226001821.
Hossain, Adnan (April 2017). "The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (12). Taylor & Francis: 1418–1431. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831. eISSN 1464-5351. ISSN 1369-1058. OCLC 41546256. PMID 28498049. S2CID 5372595.
Agrawal 1997, pp. 273–97. Agrawal, Anuja (1997). "Gendered Bodies: The Case of the 'Third Gender' in India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 31 (2): 273–297. doi:10.1177/006996697031002005. S2CID 145502268.
Bradford 1983, pp. 307–22. Bradford, Nicholas J. (1983). "Transgenderism and the Cult of Yellamma: Heat, Sex, and Sickness in South Indian Ritual". Journal of Anthropological Research. 39 (3): 307–322. doi:10.1086/jar.39.3.3629673. JSTOR 3629673. S2CID 160623081.
Towle, Evan B.; Morgan, Evan (October 2002). "Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 8: 469–497. doi:10.1215/10642684-8-4-469. S2CID 143201735.
Stief, Matthew (1 January 2017). "The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of Hijra, Kothi, and Panthi in Mumbai, India". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 27878410. S2CID 44767139.
Abdullah, Muhammad Ahmed; Basharat, Zeeshan; Kamal, Bilal; Sattar, Nargis Yousaf; Hassan, Zahra Fatima; Jan, Asghar Dil; Shafqat, Anum (December 2012). "Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 12 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-12-32. ISSN 1472-698X. PMC 3534382. PMID 23163979.
Singh, Himanshi; Kumar, Pradeep (14 September 2020). "Hijra: An Understanding". Journal of Psychosocial Research. 15: 77–87. doi:10.32381/jpr.2020.15.01.6. ISSN 0973-5410. S2CID 229027899.
Preston 1987, pp. 371–87. Preston, Laurence W. (1 April 1987). "A Right to Exist: Eunuchs and the State in Nineteenth-Century India". Modern Asian Studies. 21 (2): 371–387. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013858. S2CID 145309265.
Khan, Sharful Islam; Hussain, Mohammed Iftekher; Parveen, Shaila; Bhuiyan, Mahbubul Islam; Gourab, Gorkey; Sarker, Golam Faruk; Arafat, Shohael Mahmud; Sikder, Joya (2009). "Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 27 (4): 441–451. doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3388. ISSN 1606-0997. PMC 2928103. PMID 19761079.
Bokhari, Asma; Nizamani, Naseer M.; Jackson, Denis J.; Rehan, Naghma E.; Rahman, Motiur; Muzaffar, Rana; Mansoor, Samina; Raza, Hasan; Qayum, Kanwal; Girault, Philippe; Pisani, Elizabeth; Thaver, Inayat (2007). "HIV risk in Karachi and Lahore, Pakistan: an emerging epidemic in injecting and commercial sex networks". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 18 (7): 486–492. doi:10.1258/095646207781147201. PMID 17623508. S2CID 30097917.
Ganju, Deepika; Saggurti, Niranjan (30 January 2017). "Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (8): 903–917. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141. ISSN 1369-1058. PMC 6176758. PMID 28132601.
Khan, A. A.; Rehan, N.; Qayyum, K.; Khan, A. (December 2008). "Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 19 (12): 817–820. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008135. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 19050211. S2CID 20781118.
Reddy, Gayatri (2008). "Hijras, 'AIDS Cosmopolitanism' and the Politics of Care in Hyderabad". doi:10.1037/e618052011-025. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

escholarship.org

Nataraj, Shakthi (2019). Trans-formations: Projects of Resignification in Tamil Nadu's Transgender Rights Movement (Thesis). UC Berkeley.

expressindia.com

cities.expressindia.com

"Week-long eunuch meet at A'nagar". PUNE Newsline (India). 8 April 2003. Retrieved 8 April 2003.^{[dead link]}

facebook.com

"TV Movie Murad 2003" – via Facebook.

flinders.edu.au

dspace.flinders.edu.au

Prabhu, Gayathri. "The Truth About Me: Hijra Life Story". Writers in Conversation. Retrieved 6 October 2018.

frontline.in

Venkat 2008 Venkat, Vidya (February 2008). "Transgender persons are finally getting their due with the Tamil Nadu government announcing a welfare board for them". Frontline. 25 (4).

frontlineonnet.com

Narrain 2006 Narrain, Siddharth (October 2006). "In a twilight world". Frontline. 20 (21). Archived from the original on 21 October 2006.

gaystarnews.com

"Indian transgender activist resists molest[ation?] by police officer, gets beaten up". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.

ghostarchive.org

"OST TV Serial 'Moorat' (on Intersex & Transgender) 2004 – Tina Sani Song". Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 – via YouTube.

harvard.edu

rpl.hds.harvard.edu

Rhude, Kristofer (2018). "The Third Gender and Hijras HINDUISM CASE STUDY - GENDER | 2018". Harvard Divinity School. Retrieved 9 April 2024.

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Al-Mamun, Md.; Hossain, Md. Jamal; Alam, Morshed; Parvez, Md. Shahin; Dhar, Bablu Kumar; Islam, Md. Rabiul (October 2022). "Discrimination and social exclusion of third-gender population (Hijra) in Bangladesh: A brief review". Heliyon. 8 (10): e10840. Bibcode:2022Heliy...810840A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10840. PMC 9547216. PMID 36217490.

heinonline.org

"Many, if not most, translations of Valmiki's Ramayana do not contain this reference." Joseph T. Bockrath, "Bhartia Hijro Ka Dharma: The Code of India's Hijra", Legal Studies Forum 83 (2003).

hrw.org

Ravaging the Vulnerable: Abuses Against Persons at High Risk of HIV Infection in Bangladesh (Report). Vol. 15, No. 6(C). Human Rights Watch. August 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
See also: Peoples Union of Civil Liberties (Karnataka) Report on Human Rights Violations Against the Transgender Community Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, released in September 2003. Reported in Being a Eunuch, By Siddarth Narrain, for Frontline, 14 October 2003.

imdb.com

Kron-3 (13 April 1998). "Tamanna (1998)". IMDb. Retrieved 23 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
rajiv-sethi (11 September 1992). "Immaculate Conception (1992)". IMDb. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
"Murad aka Eunuch's Motherhood". IMDb. 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
"Moorat Aka Eunuch's Wedding". IMDb. August 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2018.

indianexpress.com

Kulkarni, Onkar (29 April 2011). "The third act". The Indian Express. Retrieved 11 June 2020.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'". The Times of India. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Mahapatra, Dhananjay; Choudhary, Amit Anand (7 September 2018). "SC decriminalises Section 377, calls 2013 ruling 'arbitrary and retrograde'". The Times of India.

jstor.org

Bradford 1983, pp. 307–22. Bradford, Nicholas J. (1983). "Transgenderism and the Cult of Yellamma: Heat, Sex, and Sickness in South Indian Ritual". Journal of Anthropological Research. 39 (3): 307–322. doi:10.1086/jar.39.3.3629673. JSTOR 3629673. S2CID 160623081.
Sweet & Zwilling 1993, p. 600. Sweet, Michael J.; Zwilling, Leonard (1993). "The First Medicalization: The Taxonomy and Etiology of Queerness in Classical Indian Medicine". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 590–607. JSTOR 3704394. PMID 11623132.

kalingatv.com

"Transgender MLA Candidate Kajal Nayak Clears Matric Exams". KalingaTV. 22 May 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

kamasutra-sex.org

Kama Sutra, 1883 Richard Burton translation, Chapter IX, Of the Auparishtaka or Mouth Congress.. Burton, Richard (1883). The Kama Sutra: The Classic Translation of 1883 by Sir Richard Burton.

kamranqureshi.com

"Award and Nominations". Kamran Qureshi.

lovematters.in

"Who are the hijras?". Retrieved 14 August 2022.

mic.com

"7 Countries Giving Transgender People Fundamental Rights the U.S. Still Won't". mic.com. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
"Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender". pandeia.eu. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.

newstatesman.com

"Politicians of the third gender: the "shemale" candidates of Pakistan". New Statesman.

nfi.net

Naz Foundation International, Briefing Paper 3: Developing community-based sexual health services for males who have sex with males in South Asia. August 1999. Paper online Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Word file).

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Al-Mamun, Md.; Hossain, Md. Jamal; Alam, Morshed; Parvez, Md. Shahin; Dhar, Bablu Kumar; Islam, Md. Rabiul (October 2022). "Discrimination and social exclusion of third-gender population (Hijra) in Bangladesh: A brief review". Heliyon. 8 (10): e10840. Bibcode:2022Heliy...810840A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10840. PMC 9547216. PMID 36217490.
Nanda 1985, pp. 35–54 "The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the guru (master, teacher) and chela (disciple)."
Cohen 1995, "Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants" Nanda, Serena (1985). "The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role". Journal of Homosexuality. 11 (3–4): 35–54. doi:10.1300/J082v11n03_03. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 4093603. Cohen, L (1995). "The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics". In Abramson, Paul R.; Pinkerton, Steven D. (eds.). Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226001821.
Hossain, Adnan (April 2017). "The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (12). Taylor & Francis: 1418–1431. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831. eISSN 1464-5351. ISSN 1369-1058. OCLC 41546256. PMID 28498049. S2CID 5372595.
Stief, Matthew (1 January 2017). "The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of Hijra, Kothi, and Panthi in Mumbai, India". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 27878410. S2CID 44767139.
Abdullah, Muhammad Ahmed; Basharat, Zeeshan; Kamal, Bilal; Sattar, Nargis Yousaf; Hassan, Zahra Fatima; Jan, Asghar Dil; Shafqat, Anum (December 2012). "Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 12 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-12-32. ISSN 1472-698X. PMC 3534382. PMID 23163979.
Sweet & Zwilling 1993, p. 600. Sweet, Michael J.; Zwilling, Leonard (1993). "The First Medicalization: The Taxonomy and Etiology of Queerness in Classical Indian Medicine". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 590–607. JSTOR 3704394. PMID 11623132.
Khan, Sharful Islam; Hussain, Mohammed Iftekher; Parveen, Shaila; Bhuiyan, Mahbubul Islam; Gourab, Gorkey; Sarker, Golam Faruk; Arafat, Shohael Mahmud; Sikder, Joya (2009). "Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 27 (4): 441–451. doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3388. ISSN 1606-0997. PMC 2928103. PMID 19761079.
Bokhari, Asma; Nizamani, Naseer M.; Jackson, Denis J.; Rehan, Naghma E.; Rahman, Motiur; Muzaffar, Rana; Mansoor, Samina; Raza, Hasan; Qayum, Kanwal; Girault, Philippe; Pisani, Elizabeth; Thaver, Inayat (2007). "HIV risk in Karachi and Lahore, Pakistan: an emerging epidemic in injecting and commercial sex networks". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 18 (7): 486–492. doi:10.1258/095646207781147201. PMID 17623508. S2CID 30097917.
Ganju, Deepika; Saggurti, Niranjan (30 January 2017). "Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (8): 903–917. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141. ISSN 1369-1058. PMC 6176758. PMID 28132601.
Khan, A. A.; Rehan, N.; Qayyum, K.; Khan, A. (December 2008). "Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 19 (12): 817–820. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008135. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 19050211. S2CID 20781118.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Al-Mamun, Md.; Hossain, Md. Jamal; Alam, Morshed; Parvez, Md. Shahin; Dhar, Bablu Kumar; Islam, Md. Rabiul (October 2022). "Discrimination and social exclusion of third-gender population (Hijra) in Bangladesh: A brief review". Heliyon. 8 (10): e10840. Bibcode:2022Heliy...810840A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10840. PMC 9547216. PMID 36217490.
Abdullah, Muhammad Ahmed; Basharat, Zeeshan; Kamal, Bilal; Sattar, Nargis Yousaf; Hassan, Zahra Fatima; Jan, Asghar Dil; Shafqat, Anum (December 2012). "Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 12 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-12-32. ISSN 1472-698X. PMC 3534382. PMID 23163979.
Khan, Sharful Islam; Hussain, Mohammed Iftekher; Parveen, Shaila; Bhuiyan, Mahbubul Islam; Gourab, Gorkey; Sarker, Golam Faruk; Arafat, Shohael Mahmud; Sikder, Joya (2009). "Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 27 (4): 441–451. doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3388. ISSN 1606-0997. PMC 2928103. PMID 19761079.
Ganju, Deepika; Saggurti, Niranjan (30 January 2017). "Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (8): 903–917. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141. ISSN 1369-1058. PMC 6176758. PMID 28132601.

pandeia.eu

"7 Countries Giving Transgender People Fundamental Rights the U.S. Still Won't". mic.com. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
"Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender". pandeia.eu. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.

pastebin.com

National Legal Services Authority ... Petitioner Versus Union of India and others ... Respondents (Supreme Court of India 15 April 2014), Text.

penguinbooksindia.com

"A. Revathi". Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.

pinknews.co.uk

Pinfold, Corinne (26 February 2013). "Pakistan: First trans woman in general election says the community is 'more than dancers and beggars'". PinkNews. Retrieved 12 November 2013.

proquest.com

Mal, Sibsankar (January 2018). "The hijras of India: A marginal community with paradox sexual identity". Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry. 341 (1): 81. ProQuest 2020444648 – via ProQuest.

search.proquest.com

Mal, Sibsankar (January 2018). "The hijras of India: A marginal community with paradox sexual identity". Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry. 341 (1): 81. ProQuest 2020444648 – via ProQuest.

rediff.com

"Rediff on the NeT: Noted novelist to portray eunuch in Marathi play". rediff.com. 20 April 1998. Retrieved 20 October 2020.

researchgate.net

"Total number of transgender population in Pakistan". ResearchGate. December 2020. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
Preston 1987, pp. 371–87. Preston, Laurence W. (1 April 1987). "A Right to Exist: Eunuchs and the State in Nineteenth-Century India". Modern Asian Studies. 21 (2): 371–387. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013858. S2CID 145309265.

rferl.org

"Despite Gains, Pakistan's Transgender Community Under Attack". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2014.

rhcatalyst.org

See, for example, In Their Own Words: The Formulation of Sexual and Reproductive Health Behaviour Among Young Men in Bangladesh Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Shivananda Khan, Sharful Islam Khan and Paula E. Hollerbach, for the Catalyst Consortium.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Hossain, Adnan (April 2017). "The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (12). Taylor & Francis: 1418–1431. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831. eISSN 1464-5351. ISSN 1369-1058. OCLC 41546256. PMID 28498049. S2CID 5372595.
Agrawal 1997, pp. 273–97. Agrawal, Anuja (1997). "Gendered Bodies: The Case of the 'Third Gender' in India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 31 (2): 273–297. doi:10.1177/006996697031002005. S2CID 145502268.
Bradford 1983, pp. 307–22. Bradford, Nicholas J. (1983). "Transgenderism and the Cult of Yellamma: Heat, Sex, and Sickness in South Indian Ritual". Journal of Anthropological Research. 39 (3): 307–322. doi:10.1086/jar.39.3.3629673. JSTOR 3629673. S2CID 160623081.
Towle, Evan B.; Morgan, Evan (October 2002). "Romancing the Transgender Native: Rethinking the Use of the "Third Gender" Concept". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 8: 469–497. doi:10.1215/10642684-8-4-469. S2CID 143201735.
Stief, Matthew (1 January 2017). "The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of Hijra, Kothi, and Panthi in Mumbai, India". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 27878410. S2CID 44767139.
Singh, Himanshi; Kumar, Pradeep (14 September 2020). "Hijra: An Understanding". Journal of Psychosocial Research. 15: 77–87. doi:10.32381/jpr.2020.15.01.6. ISSN 0973-5410. S2CID 229027899.
Preston 1987, pp. 371–87. Preston, Laurence W. (1 April 1987). "A Right to Exist: Eunuchs and the State in Nineteenth-Century India". Modern Asian Studies. 21 (2): 371–387. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013858. S2CID 145309265.
Bokhari, Asma; Nizamani, Naseer M.; Jackson, Denis J.; Rehan, Naghma E.; Rahman, Motiur; Muzaffar, Rana; Mansoor, Samina; Raza, Hasan; Qayum, Kanwal; Girault, Philippe; Pisani, Elizabeth; Thaver, Inayat (2007). "HIV risk in Karachi and Lahore, Pakistan: an emerging epidemic in injecting and commercial sex networks". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 18 (7): 486–492. doi:10.1258/095646207781147201. PMID 17623508. S2CID 30097917.
Khan, A. A.; Rehan, N.; Qayyum, K.; Khan, A. (December 2008). "Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 19 (12): 817–820. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008135. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 19050211. S2CID 20781118.

theglobeandmail.com

"Indian eunuchs demand jobs in universities, government". The Globe and Mail. Associated Press. 30 December 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2020.

theguardian.com

"India recognises transgender people as third gender". The Guardian. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Usmani 2009. Usmani, Basim (18 July 2009). "Pakistan to register 'third sex' hijras". The Guardian.

thehindu.com

Sudhish, Navamy (16 June 2018). "'Njan Marykutty' review: Transperson's troubles handled sensitively". The Hindu.
Umair, S. M. (29 September 2010). "Hope floats". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
Achanta, Pushpa (9 October 2012). "My life, my way". The Hindu. Chennai, India.

transgenderlawcenter.org

Shannon Minter & Christopher Daley (2003). Trans Realities: A Legal Needs Assessment of San Francisco's Transgender Communities (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2009.

washingtonpost.com

McCoy, Terrence (15 April 2014). "India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2014.

web.archive.org

"7 Countries Giving Transgender People Fundamental Rights the U.S. Still Won't". mic.com. 9 April 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
"Hijras and Bangladesh: The creation of a third gender". pandeia.eu. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Karim, Mohosinul (11 November 2013). "Hijras now a separate gender". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Naz Foundation International, Briefing Paper 3: Developing community-based sexual health services for males who have sex with males in South Asia. August 1999. Paper online Archived 18 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Word file).
See, for example, In Their Own Words: The Formulation of Sexual and Reproductive Health Behaviour Among Young Men in Bangladesh Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Shivananda Khan, Sharful Islam Khan and Paula E. Hollerbach, for the Catalyst Consortium.
See, for example, various reports of Sonia Ajmeri's marriage. e.g. 'Our relationship is sacred' Archived 7 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine, despardes.com
Ravaging the Vulnerable: Abuses Against Persons at High Risk of HIV Infection in Bangladesh (Report). Vol. 15, No. 6(C). Human Rights Watch. August 2003. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
See also: Peoples Union of Civil Liberties (Karnataka) Report on Human Rights Violations Against the Transgender Community Archived 2 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, released in September 2003. Reported in Being a Eunuch, By Siddarth Narrain, for Frontline, 14 October 2003.
Shannon Minter & Christopher Daley (2003). Trans Realities: A Legal Needs Assessment of San Francisco's Transgender Communities (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
"Indian transgender activist resists molest[ation?] by police officer, gets beaten up". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
"Indian eunuchs help collect taxes". CNN. Associated Press. 9 November 2006. Archived from the original on 1 December 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
"Ardhanareshwara : Devdutt Pattanaik". 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
Narrain 2006 Narrain, Siddharth (October 2006). "In a twilight world". Frontline. 20 (21). Archived from the original on 21 October 2006.
"A. Revathi". Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
"Moorat". 7th Sky Entertainment. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
"YouTube". Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 – via YouTube.

webconte.com

"Hijra Community, India (Govt.)".

wogma.com

"Jogwa: societal grime with aesthetic beauty". Retrieved 23 August 2015.

worldcat.org

Nanda 1985, pp. 35–54 "The most significant relationship in the hijra community is that of the guru (master, teacher) and chela (disciple)."
Cohen 1995, "Hijras are organized into households with a hijra guru as head, into territories delimiting where each household can dance and demand money from merchants" Nanda, Serena (1985). "The hijras of India: cultural and individual dimensions of an institutionalized third gender role". Journal of Homosexuality. 11 (3–4): 35–54. doi:10.1300/J082v11n03_03. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 4093603. Cohen, L (1995). "The Pleasures of Castration: the postoperative status of hijras, jankhas and academics". In Abramson, Paul R.; Pinkerton, Steven D. (eds.). Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226001821.
Hossain, Adnan (April 2017). "The paradox of recognition: hijra, third gender and sexual rights in Bangladesh". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (12). Taylor & Francis: 1418–1431. doi:10.1080/13691058.2017.1317831. eISSN 1464-5351. ISSN 1369-1058. OCLC 41546256. PMID 28498049. S2CID 5372595.
Stief, Matthew (1 January 2017). "The Sexual Orientation and Gender Presentation of Hijra, Kothi, and Panthi in Mumbai, India". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 46 (1): 73–85. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0886-0. ISSN 1573-2800. PMID 27878410. S2CID 44767139.
Abdullah, Muhammad Ahmed; Basharat, Zeeshan; Kamal, Bilal; Sattar, Nargis Yousaf; Hassan, Zahra Fatima; Jan, Asghar Dil; Shafqat, Anum (December 2012). "Is social exclusion pushing the Pakistani Hijras (Transgenders) towards commercial sex work? a qualitative study". BMC International Health and Human Rights. 12 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-12-32. ISSN 1472-698X. PMC 3534382. PMID 23163979.
Singh, Himanshi; Kumar, Pradeep (14 September 2020). "Hijra: An Understanding". Journal of Psychosocial Research. 15: 77–87. doi:10.32381/jpr.2020.15.01.6. ISSN 0973-5410. S2CID 229027899.
Khan, Sharful Islam; Hussain, Mohammed Iftekher; Parveen, Shaila; Bhuiyan, Mahbubul Islam; Gourab, Gorkey; Sarker, Golam Faruk; Arafat, Shohael Mahmud; Sikder, Joya (2009). "Living on the Extreme Margin: Social Exclusion of the Transgender Population (Hijra) in Bangladesh". Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 27 (4): 441–451. doi:10.3329/jhpn.v27i4.3388. ISSN 1606-0997. PMC 2928103. PMID 19761079.
Ganju, Deepika; Saggurti, Niranjan (30 January 2017). "Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 19 (8): 903–917. doi:10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141. ISSN 1369-1058. PMC 6176758. PMID 28132601.
Khan, A. A.; Rehan, N.; Qayyum, K.; Khan, A. (December 2008). "Correlates and prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among Hijras (male transgenders) in Pakistan". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 19 (12): 817–820. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008135. ISSN 0956-4624. PMID 19050211. S2CID 20781118.
Reddy, Gayatri. (2005). With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in South India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70754-9. OCLC 655225261.

youtube.com

"Director Kamran Qureshi" – via YouTube.
"OST TV Serial 'Moorat' (on Intersex & Transgender) 2004 – Tina Sani Song". Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 – via YouTube.
"YouTube". Archived from the original on 23 July 2014 – via YouTube.