Hinduism (English Wikipedia)

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (18 January 2018). "Media Release – Census reveals Australia's religious diversity on World Religion Day". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 4 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

archive.org

Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8.
Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, p. 3; Witzel 2003, p. 68 Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1967). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1. Witzel, Michael. "Vedas and Upaniṣads". In Flood (2003).
Bhandarkar 1913. Bhandarkar, R. G. (1913). Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems. Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, 3.6. Strassburg: Trübner.
Tattwananda n.d. Tattwananda, Swami (n.d.). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship. Calcutta: Nirmalendra Bikash Sen Gupta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Bowker 2000; Harvey 2001, p. xiii Bowker, John (2000). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7. Harvey, Andrew (2001). Teachings of the Hindu Mystics. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-57062-449-0.
Bowker 2000. Bowker, John (2000). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7.
Harvey 2001, p. xiii. Harvey, Andrew (2001). Teachings of the Hindu Mystics. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-57062-449-0.
Smith 1963, pp. 65–66: "My point, and I think that this is the first step that one must take towards understanding something of the vision of Hindus, is that the mass of religious phenomena that we shelter under the umbrella of that term, is not a unity and does not aspire to be.". Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1963) [1961]. The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: Macmillan – via archive.org.
Henderson, John (2014). Scripture, Canon and Commentary. Princeton University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-691-60172-4.
Clarke 2006, p. 209. Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7007-1185-7.
Young, Serinity (2007). Hinduism. Marshall Cavendish. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7614-2116-0. Retrieved 19 February 2015. Rammohun Roy Father of Hindu Renaissance.
Murthy, U (1979). Samskara. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-19-561079-6.
Milner, Murray (1994). Status and Sacredness. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–197. ISBN 978-0-19-508489-4.
Muesse 2011, p. 202. Muesse, Mark W. (2011). The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9790-7.
Radhakrishnan, S. (1951). The Principal Upanishads (reprint ed.). George Allen & Co. pp. 17–19. ISBN 978-81-7223-124-8.
Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Translated by Hume, Robert. Oxford University Press. 1921.
Smith, David (1996). The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9.
"Dharma". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5.
Apte, Vaman S (1997). The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary (New ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. ISBN 978-81-208-0300-8.
Smith, Huston (1991). The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco: Harper. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-06-250799-0.
Ranade, R. D. (1926). A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 147–148. ... in certain other places [of Rigveda], an approach is being made to the idea of Transmigration. ... There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit, and the poet [of the Rigvedic hymn] says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live.
Kramer 1986, pp. 34–. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Christian 2011, pp. 18–. Christian, David (2011). Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95067-2.
Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Bhaskarananda 1994 Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press. ISBN 978-1-884852-02-2.
Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, pp. 37–39, 401–403, 498–503. Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1967). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
Berntsen, Maxine (1988). The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-88706-662-7.
Taittiriya Upanishad Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pp. 281–282;
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pp. 229–231
Harman 2004, pp. 104–106 Harman, William (2004). "Hindu Devotion". In Rinehart, Robin (ed.). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–122. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
"Shiva" in Lochtefeld 2002n, p. 635 Lochtefeld, James G. (2002n). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
Frazier, Jessica (2011). The Continuum companion to Hindu studies. London: Continuum. pp. 14–15, 321–325. ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0.
Muesse 2011, p. 216. "rituals daily prescribe routine" Muesse, Mark W. (2011). The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9790-7.
Kane, PV (1941). "Saṁskāra". History of Dharmasastras. Part I. Vol. II. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 190–417.
Pechelis, Karen (2011). "Bhakti Traditions". In Frazier, Jessica; Flood, Gavin (eds.). The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies. Bloomsbury. pp. 107–121. ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0.
Reinhart, Robin (2004). Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice. Abc-Clio. pp. 35–47. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
Robinson, Bob (2011). Hindus meeting Christians. OCMS. pp. 288–295. ISBN 978-1-870345-39-2;
Vroom, Hendrick (1996). No Other Gods. Cambridge: Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-8028-4097-4.
Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-902210-43-8.
Lochtefeld 2002n, pp. 698–699. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002n). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
Kane 1953, p. 561. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Kane 1953, pp. 559–560. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Kane 1953, pp. 553–556, 560–561. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Kane 1953, p. 573. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Kane 1953, pp. 576–577. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Acharya 1927, p. xviii-xx. Acharya, P. K. (1927). Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra. London: Oxford University Press (Republ. by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
Acharya 1927, p. xviii-xx, Appendix I lists hundreds of Hindu architectural texts. Acharya, P. K. (1927). Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra. London: Oxford University Press (Republ. by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
Smith, Huston (1994). "Hinduism: The Stations of Life". The Illustrated World's Religions. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-067440-3.
Jhingran, Saral (1989). Aspects of Hindu Morality. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-208-0574-3. OCLC 905765957.
Bhaskarananda 1994 Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press. ISBN 978-1-884852-02-2.
Doniger 2000, p. 1041. Doniger, Wendy (2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
Williams, Raymond (2001). An Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0521652797.
Narayanan, Vasudha (2007). "The Hindu Tradition". In Oxtoby, Willard G.; Segal, Alan F. (eds.). A Concise Introduction to World Religions. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542207-8.
Rosen, Steven (2006). Essential Hinduism (1st ed.). Westport: Praeger Publishers. p. 188.
Svatmarama; Brahmananda (2014). The Hathayogapradīpikā of Svātmārāma. verse 1.58–63, pp. 19–21.
Lorenzen, David (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas. University of California Press. pp. 186–190. ISBN 978-0-520-01842-6.
Chapple, Christopher Key (2009). The Bhagavad Gita (25th Anniversary ed.). State University of New York Press. pp. 641–643. ISBN 978-1-4384-2842-0.
Olivelle, Patrick (1993). The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–29, 84–111. ISBN 978-0-19-508327-9. OCLC 466428084.
Bhawuk, DP (2011). "The Paths of Bondage and Liberation". Spirituality and Indian Psychology. Springer. pp. 93–110. ISBN 978-1-4419-8109-7.
Holdrege, Barbara (2004). "Dharma". In Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene (eds.). The Hindu World. Routledge. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-415-21527-5.
Bhaskarananda 1994, p. 112 Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press. ISBN 978-1-884852-02-2.
Sharma 2011, pp. 31–53 Sharma, Arvind (2011). Hinduism as a Missionary Religion. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3211-3.
Adcock, CS (2014). The Limits of Tolerance: Indian Secularism and the Politics of Religious Freedom. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–35, 115–168. ISBN 978-0-19-999544-8.
Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra I.92.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Rajesh Joshi. "Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021.

bergen.edu

"Manu Smriti Laws of Manu" (PDF). 1.87–1.91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2010.

blackwell.co.uk

bookshop.blackwell.co.uk

Yayasan, Bumi Kita (2005). "The Hidden Life of Bali". In Gouyon, Anne (ed.). The natural guide to Bali: enjoy nature, meet the people, make a difference. Equinox Publishing (Asia). p. 51. ISBN 978-979-3780-00-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.

books.google.com

Lockard 2007, p. 50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of Aryan and Dravidian occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."
Lockard 2007, p. 52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries." Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Among its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period (Flood 1996, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (Samuel 2008, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the Indus Valley civilisation (Narayanan 2009, p. 11; Lockard 2007, p. 52; Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3; Jones & Ryan 2007, p. xviii) the śramaṇa or renouncer traditions of northeastern India (Flood 1996, p. 16; Gomez 2013, p. 42), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture (Bronkhorst 2007); and "popular or local traditions" (Flood 1996, p. 16) and prehistoric cultures "that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence."Doniger 2010, p. 66) Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3. Narayanan, Vasudha (2009). Hinduism. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5620-2. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. "Buddhism in India". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India. Brill. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7.
According to Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 474, "The followers of Vaishnavism are many fewer than those of Shaivism, numbering perhaps 200 million."^[172]^{[dubious – discuss]} Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
Klostermaier: "Brahman, derived from the root bŗh = to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified speech-act" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end." Klostermaier 2007, p. 55 quotes Madhav M. Deshpande (1990), Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds, p.4. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Michaels 2004. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Klostermaier 2007, pp. 46–52, 76–77. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Zaehner, R. C. (1992). Hindu Scriptures. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-679-41078-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
Flood 1996, p. 7. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Ellinger, Herbert (1996). Hinduism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-56338-161-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Fowler 1997, pp. 1, 7. Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Larson 2009. Larson, Gerald James (2009). "Hinduism". World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 179–198. ISBN 978-1-61164-047-2.
Larson 1995, pp. 109–111. Larson, Gerald (1995). India's Agony Over Religion. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2411-7.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Gonda 1975; Bakker 1997; Howe 2001; Stuart-Fox 2002. Gonda, Jan (1975). "The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. Bakker, F.L. (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 153 (1): 15–41. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003943. JSTOR 27864809. S2CID 162277591. Howe, Leo (2001). Hinduism & Hierarchy in Bali. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-914-7. Stuart-Fox, David J. (2002). Pura Besakih: Temple, religion and society in Bali. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9067181464.
Vertovec, Steven (2013). The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns. Routledge. pp. 1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143. ISBN 978-1-136-36705-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Siemens & Roodt 2009, p. 546. Siemens, Herman; Roodt, Vasti (2009). Nietzsche, Power and Politics: Rethinking Nietzsche's Legacy for Political Thought. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-021733-9.
Leaf 2014, p. 36. Leaf, Murray J. (2014). The Anthropology of Eastern Religions: Ideas, Organizations, and Constituencies. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-9241-2.
Flood 1996, p. 3-6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Parpola 2015, "Chapter 1". Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Singh 2008, p. 433. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
Parpola (2015), "Chapter 9": "In Iranian languages, Proto-Iranian *s became h before a following vowel at a relatively late period, perhaps around 850–600 BCE." Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Klostermaier 2010, p. 17. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.
Doniger 2014, p. 5. Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9.
Parpola 2015, p. 5. Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Doniger 2014, p. 3. Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9.
Michaels 2004, p. 21. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12; Flood 1996, p. 16; Lockard 2007, p. 50 Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
Narayanan 2009, p. 11. Narayanan, Vasudha (2009). Hinduism. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5620-2.
Turner 1996a, p. 275. Turner, Bryan S. (1996a). For Weber: Essays on the Sociology of Fate. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-7634-4.
Knott 1998, p. 117. Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160645-8.
Nussbaum 2009. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2009). The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03059-6.
Clarke 2011, p. 28. Clarke, Matthew (2011). Development and Religion: Theology and Practice. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-85793-073-6. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Flood 1996, pp. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 14. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Michaels 2004, p. 22. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Michaels 2004, p. 23. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Michaels 2004, p. 24. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Michaels 2004, pp. 21–22. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Michaels 2004, pp. 22–23. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Insoll, Timothy (2001). Archaeology and world religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22155-9. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Knott 1998, p. 111. Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160645-8.
Knott 1998, pp. 3, 5, 117. Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160645-8.
Parpola 2015, p. 3. Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Hatcher 2015, pp. 4–5, 69–71, 150–152. Hatcher, Brian A. (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04631-6.
Knott 1998, p. 3. Knott, Kim (1998). Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160645-8.
Taylor, Patrick; Case, Frederick I. (2013). The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A – L; Volume 2: M – Z. University of Illinois Press. pp. 902–903. ISBN 978-0-252-09433-0. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
Sharma & Sharma 2004, pp. 1–2. Sharma, Suresh K.; Sharma, Usha (2004). Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Hinduism. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-956-0.
Klostermaier 2014, p. 2. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2014). A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-672-2.
Klostermaier 2007b, p. 7. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007b). Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-026-3.
Michaels 2004, p. 18; see also Lipner 2009, p. 77; and Smith, Brian K. (2008). "Hinduism". In Neusner, Jacob (ed.). Sacred Texts and Authority. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 101. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
Doniger 2014, p. 20. Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9.
Halbfass 1991, pp. 1–22. Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991). Tradition and Reflection. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0361-7.
Flood 1996, pp. 1, 7. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Lockard 2007, p. 50; Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12 Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Flood 1996, p. 16. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Halbfass 1991, p. 15. Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991). Tradition and Reflection. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0361-7.
Nicholson 2010. Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. South Asia across the disciplines. Vol. 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14986-0.
Flood 1996, p. 35. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Halbfass 1991, p. 1. Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991). Tradition and Reflection. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0361-7.
Nicholson 2010, p. 2; Lorenzen 2006, pp. 1–36 Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. South Asia across the disciplines. Vol. 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14986-0. Lorenzen, David N. (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
Lorenzen 2006, p. 36. Lorenzen, David N. (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
Nicholson 2010, p. 2. Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. South Asia across the disciplines. Vol. 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14986-0.
Lorenzen 2006, pp. 24–33. Lorenzen, David N. (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
Lorenzen 2006, p. 27. Lorenzen, David N. (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
Lorenzen 2006, pp. 26–27. Lorenzen, David N. (2006). Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History. Yoda Press. ISBN 978-81-902272-6-1.
Michaels 2004, p. 44. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Pennington 2005, pp. 76–77. Pennington, Brian K. (2005). Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516655-2.
Pennington 2005, pp. 4–5 and Chapter 6. Pennington, Brian K. (2005). Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516655-2.
Hackel in Nicholson 2010. Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. South Asia across the disciplines. Vol. 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14986-0.
Flood 1996, p. 258. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, pp. 256–261. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 257. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 259. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 249. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 265. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 267. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, pp. 267–268. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Hansen, Thomas Blom (1999). The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4008-2305-5. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
Hatcher 2015, p. 239. Hatcher, Brian A. (2015). Hinduism in the Modern World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-04631-6.
Werner 2005, pp. 13, 45. Werner, Karel (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79753-9.
Johnson & Grim 2013, p. 400. Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-32303-8.
See also (Klostermaier 2007, p. 199) Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 474. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
Beck 2005, p. 65 and Chapter 5. Beck, Guy L., ed. (2005). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6415-1.
Bryant & Ekstrand 2004, pp. 15–17. Bryant, Edwin F.; Ekstrand, Maria, eds. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12256-X.
Bryant & Ekstrand 2004, pp. 38–43. Bryant, Edwin F.; Ekstrand, Maria, eds. (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12256-X.
Nettl, Bruno; Stone, Ruth M.; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: the Indian subcontinent. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
Dalal 2010, p. 209. Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
Flood 1996, p. 113. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Hiltebeitel 2002. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Flood 1996. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
West 2010. West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438119137.
Singh 2004. Singh, Kunj Bihari (2004) [1963]. "Manipur Vaishnavism: A Sociological Interpretation". In Rowena Robinson (ed.). Sociology of Religion in India. Themes in Indian Sociology, 3. New Delhi: Sage Publ. India. pp. 125–132. ISBN 0-7619-9781-4.
Cœdès 1968; Pande 2006; Acri, Creese & Griffiths 2011. Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1. Pande, Govind Chandra, ed. (2006). India's Interaction with Southeast Asia. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, vol. 1, part 3. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations. ISBN 978-8187586241. Acri, Andrea; Creese, Helen; Griffiths, Arlo, eds. (2011). From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayaṇa in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Hefner 1989; Kinney, Klokke & Kieven 2003. Hefner, Robert W. (1989). Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09413-7. Kinney, Ann R.; Klokke, Marijke J.; Kieven, Lydia (2003). Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2779-3.
Phuong & Lockhart 2011; Pande 2006, p. 231. Phuong, Tran Ky; Lockhart, Bruce (2011). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. NUS Press. ISBN 978-9971-69-459-3. Pande, Govind Chandra, ed. (2006). India's Interaction with Southeast Asia. History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, vol. 1, part 3. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations. ISBN 978-8187586241.
West 2010, p. 357, quote: "The Kalasha [...] religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash [...] However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.". West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1438119137.
Carney 2020. Carney, Gerald T. (2020). "Baba Premananda Bharati: his trajectory into and through Bengal Vaiṣṇavism to the West". In Ferdinando Sardella; Lucian Wong (eds.). The Legacy of Vaiṣṇavism in Colonial Bengal. Routledge Hindu Studies Series. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 135–160. ISBN 978-1-138-56179-3.
Flood 1996, pp. 35–39. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Roer 1908, pp. 1–5; "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) purva-kanda, and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the jnana kanda, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttara-kanda or posterior part, and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal Self." "Shankara's Introduction". The Brīhād Aranyaka Upanishad. Translated by Roer, Edward. 1908.
Werner 2005, pp. 10, 58, 66. Werner, Karel (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79753-9.
Monier-Williams 1974, pp. 25–41. Monier-Williams, Monier (1974). Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4212-6531-5.
Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. B. Quaritch. p. 60. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 13. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46966-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Hayakawa, Atsushi (2014). Circulation of Fire in the Veda. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-90472-0.
Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). Feeding the Dead: Ancestor Worship in Ancient India. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-989643-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Swami Prabhupādā, A. C. Bhaktivedanta (1986). Bhagavad-gītā as it is. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-89213-268-3. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Lochtefeld 2002a, pp. 55–56. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
The Far East and Australasia, 2003 – Regional surveys of the world. Routledge. 2003. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Hindu spirituality – Volume 25 of Documenta missionalia. Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana. 1999. p. 1. ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Klostermaier, Klaus (1985). Philosophy East & West. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 61–71. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
Pal, Jagat (2004). Karma, Dharma and Moksha: Conceptual Essays on Indian Ethics. Abhijeet Publications. ISBN 978-81-88683-23-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
Fort, Andrew O. (1998). Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3904-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
Chapple, Christopher Key (1986). Karma and Creativity. SUNY Press. pp. 60–64. ISBN 978-0-88706-250-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-19-989643-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Keown, Damien (2013). Buddhism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 32–38. ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Michaels 2004, p. xiv. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Kramer 1986, pp. 34–. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Singh 2008, pp. 206–. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
Flood 1996, p. 226. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Muller, Max (1878). Lectures on the Origins and Growth of Religions: As Illustrated by the Religions of India. Longmans Green & Co. pp. 260–271.
Wilkins, William Joseph (1882). Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Purānic. Calcutta: London Missionary Society. p. 8. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
Monier-Williams 1974, pp. 20–37. Monier-Williams, Monier (1974). Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4212-6531-5.
Buttimer, Anne; Wallin, L. (1999). Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Springer. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-0-7923-5651-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Mabry, John R. (2006). Noticing the Divine: An Introduction to Interfaith Spiritual Guidance. New York: Morehouse. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-8192-2238-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R.; et al. (2016). Communication Between Cultures. Cengage. pp. 140–144. ISBN 978-1-305-88806-7. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Werner 2005, pp. 9, 15, 49, 54, 86. Werner, Karel (2005). A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79753-9.
Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. pp. 19–20, 48 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Bassuk, Daniel E (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
McDaniel, June (2004). Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-19-534713-5.
Hawley, John Stratton; Narayanan, Vasudha (2006). The life of Hinduism. University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-520-24914-1. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Kinsley, David R. (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. ISBN 978-81-208-1522-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Rajadhyaksha (1959). The six systems of Indian philosophy. p. 95. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Under the circumstances God becomes an unnecessary metaphysical assumption. Naturally the Sankhyakarikas do not mention God, Vachaspati interprets this as rank atheism.
Coward 2008, p. 114: "For the Mimamsa the ultimate reality is nothing other than the eternal words of the Vedas. They did not accept the existence of a single supreme creator god, who might have composed the Veda. According to the Mimamsa, gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the mantras that speak their names. The power of the gods, then, is nothing other than the power of the mantras that name them." Coward, Harold (2008). The perfectibility of human nature in eastern and western thought. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7336-8.
Neville, Robert (2001). Religious truth. SUNY Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7914-4778-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Mimamsa theorists (theistic and atheistic) decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God was insufficient. They also thought there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Veda or an independent God to validate the Vedic rituals.
Klostermaier 2007, pp. 337–338. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Lochtefeld 2002a, p. 427. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
Klostermaier 2007, pp. 36–37. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Lochtefeld 2002a, pp. 98–100; also see articles on karmamārga and jnanamārga Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
Huyler, Stephen (2002). Meeting God: Elements of Hindu Devotion. Yale University Press. pp. 10–11, 71. ISBN 978-0-300-08905-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Fowler 1997, pp. 41–50. Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Foulston, Lynn (2012). Cush, Denise; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. pp. 21–22, 868. ISBN 978-1-135-18978-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 262. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Williams, Raymond Brady (2018). Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 153–154. ISBN 978-1-108-42114-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
Lochtefeld 2002a, p. 51. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
Fuller 2004, pp. 204–05. Fuller, Christopher John (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
Jacobsen 2013, pp. 4, 22, 27, 140–148, 157–158. Jacobsen, Knut A. (2013). Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-59038-9.
Bhardwaj 1983, p. 2. Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04951-2.
Sharma, Krishan; Sinha, Anil Kishore; Banerjee, Bijon Gopal (2009). Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage. Northern Book Centre. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-81-89091-09-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Maw, Geoffrey Waring (1997). Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-85072-190-1. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jacobsen 2013, pp. 157–158. Jacobsen, Knut A. (2013). Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-59038-9.
Michaels 2004, pp. 288–289. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Eck 2012, pp. 7–9. Eck, Diana L. (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.
Glucklich, Ariel (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016. The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas [in Puranas].
Holm & Bowker 2001, p. 68. Holm, Jean; Bowker, John (2001) [1994]. Sacred Place (pb.). Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5303-7. ISBN 978-1-6235-6623-4
Rocher 1986, p. ^{[page needed]}. Rocher, Ludo (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5.
Eck 2013, pp. 152–154. Eck, Diana L. (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.
Klostermaier 2010, p. 553, note 55. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3.
Dalal 2010, chapter Kumbh Mela. Dalal, Roshen (2010). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Delhi: Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341517-6.
Eck 2012, pp. 9–11. Eck, Diana L. (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.
Bhardwaj 1983, p. 6. Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04951-2.
Eck 2012, p. 9. Eck, Diana L. (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.
Maclean, Kama (2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 978-0-19-971335-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Lochtefeld 2002a, p. 68. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
Bhardwaj 1983, pp. 3–5. Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04951-2.
Amazzone, Laura (2012). Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7618-5314-5. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Holm & Bowker 2001, pp. 69–77. Holm, Jean; Bowker, John (2001) [1994]. Sacred Place (pb.). Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-5303-7. ISBN 978-1-6235-6623-4
Lingat 1973, pp. 98–99. Lingat, Robert (1973). The Classical Law of India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01898-3.
Bhardwaj 1983, p. 4. Bhardwaj, Surinder Mohan (1983). Hindu Places of Pilgrimage in India: A Study in Cultural Geography. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04951-2.
Smith, Vincent Arthur (1977). Research Articles in Epigraphy, Archaeology, and Numismatics of India. Sheikh Mubarak Ali.
K. Krishna Murthy (1987). Early Indian Secular Architecture. Sundeep Prakashan. pp. 5–16. ISBN 978-81-85067-01-8.
James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 330–331. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
James C. Harle (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. pp. 43–47, 67–68, 467–480. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
B. Richmond (1956). Time Measurement and Calendar Construction. Brill Archive. pp. 80–82. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
Orazio Marucchi (2011). Christian Epigraphy: An Elementary Treatise with a Collection of Ancient Christian Inscriptions Mainly of Roman Origin. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-521-23594-5., Quote: "the lunar year consists of 354 days".
Anita Ganeri (2003). Buddhist Festivals Through the Year. BRB. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-58340-375-4.
John E. Cort (2001). Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–146. ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2.
Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
Michaels 2004, pp. 188–197. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Monier-Williams 1974. Monier-Williams, Monier (1974). Brahmanism and Hinduism: Or, Religious Thought and Life in India, as Based on the Veda and Other Sacred Books of the Hindus. Elibron Classics. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4212-6531-5.
Walker 1968, p. 257. Walker, Benjamin (1968). The Hindu world: an encyclopaedic survey of Hinduism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-62465-0.
Fuller 2004, p. 83, "Chapter 4". Fuller, Christopher John (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
Gwynne, Paul (2011). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5 footnote 16. ISBN 978-1-4443-6005-9.
Olcott, H.S. (1906). The Theosophist. Vol. XXVII. Theosophical Publishing House. pp. 146 with footnote. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016., Quote: "It is well known that Vaishnavas abhor animal sacrifice. In this province, like nearly all Bengalis, they celebrate Durga Puja, but their ceremonies are bloodless".
Fuller 2004, pp. 101–102, Quote: "Blood sacrifice was a clear case in point, (, , , ) sacrifice was a barbarity inconsistent with Hinduism's central tenet of non-violence. [...] Contemporary opposition to animal sacrifice rests on an old foundation, although it also stems from the very widespread influence of reformism, whose antipathy to ritual killing has spread well beyond the self-consciously nationalist political classes".. Fuller, Christopher John (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
Nicholson 2010, p. 169, Quote: "The acceptance of the principle of non-violence has been so through that animal sacrifice among Hindus today is uncommon, and many Indians are of the opinion that such things as cow slaughter were never practiced in ancient India". Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010). Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History. South Asia across the disciplines. Vol. 3. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14986-0.
Bekoff, Marc (2009). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-313-35256-0. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Michaels 2004, p. 316. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Lockard 2007, p. 50. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
Lockard 2007, p. 52. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
Gomez 2013, p. 42. Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. "Buddhism in India". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8.
Michaels 2004, pp. 32–36. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Flood 1996, p. 21. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Michaels 2004, p. 38. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
Souza, Teotonio R. De (1994). Discoveries, Missionary Expansion, and Asian Cultures. Concept Publishing Company. p. 80. ISBN 978-81-7022-497-6.
Vir, Dharam (1988). Education and Polity in Nepal: An Asian Experiment. Northern Book Centre. pp. 56. ISBN 978-81-85119-39-7.
Younger, Paul (2010). New homelands: Hindu communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–17. ISBN 978-0195391640. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
Masud, Muhammad Khalid (2005). Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. Harvard University Press. pp. 193–203. ISBN 978-0-19-597911-4. JSTOR 846021.
Barua 2015, Ch. 2 and 8. Barua, Ankur (2015). Debating 'Conversion' in Hinduism and Christianity. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-84701-9.
Elst, Koenraad (2001). Decolonizing the Hindu Mind: Ideological Development of Hindu Revivalism. Rupa & Company. ISBN 978-81-7167-519-7.
Pradhan, K. L. (2012). Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-8069-813-2.
Marsh 2015, pp. 67–94. Marsh, Donna (11 May 2015). Doing Business in the Middle East: A cultural and practical guide for all business professionals. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-3567-4.

bps.go.id

sp2010.bps.go.id

"Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion Adhered to] (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.

britannica.com

"The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
"Sanatana dharma | Hinduism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
Smart, Ninian (2007). "Polytheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
"Bhakti". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
"Puja". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
"Gopura". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
"Nagara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.

cambridge.org

Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

cia.gov

"The World Factbook". Retrieved 6 August 2010.
"The World Factbook". Retrieved 10 May 2011.
"Qatar - The World Factbook". May 2024.
"The World Factbook". Retrieved 10 May 2011.
"Middle East OMAN". CIA The World Factbook. 22 September 2021.

columbia.edu

cup.columbia.edu

Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1957d). "Dharma and Moksha" (PDF). Philosophy East and West. 7 (2): 41–48. doi:10.2307/1396833. JSTOR 1396833.^{[permanent dead link]}

d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Babary, Abrar; Zeeshan, Mahwish. "Reminiscent of Hinduism: An Insight of Katas Raj Mandir" (PDF). The Explorer: Journal of Social Sciences. 1 (4): 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.

dictionary.com

"Hinduism". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.

doi.org

There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
Bilimoria, Prabhu & Sharma 2007; see also Koller 1968. Bilimoria, Purushottama; Prabhu, Joseph; Sharma, Renuka, eds. (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138062696. Koller, John M. (1968). "Puruṣārtha as Human Aims". Philosophy East and West. 18 (4): 315–319. doi:10.2307/1398408. JSTOR 1398408.
Gonda 1975; Bakker 1997; Howe 2001; Stuart-Fox 2002. Gonda, Jan (1975). "The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. Bakker, F.L. (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 153 (1): 15–41. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003943. JSTOR 27864809. S2CID 162277591. Howe, Leo (2001). Hinduism & Hierarchy in Bali. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-914-7. Stuart-Fox, David J. (2002). Pura Besakih: Temple, religion and society in Bali. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9067181464.
Sharma 2002. Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1163/15685270252772759. JSTOR 3270470.
Thapar 1989, p. 222: "Al-Hind was therefore a geographical identity and the Hindus were all the people who lived on this land." Thapar 1993, p. 77 Thapar, Romila (1989). "Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History and the Modern Search for a Hindu Identity". Modern Asian Studies. 23 (2): 209–231. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00001049. S2CID 145293468.
- O'Conell, Joseph T. (1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 340–344. doi:10.2307/599467. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 599467.
- Hacker, Paul (2006). "Dharma in Hinduism". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 34 (5): 479–496. doi:10.1007/s10781-006-9002-4. S2CID 170922678.
- Smith 1998. Smith, Brian K. (1998). "Questioning Authority: Constructions and Deconstructions of Hinduism". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 2 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1007/s11407-998-0001-9. JSTOR 20106612. S2CID 144929213.
- Quack, Johannes; Binder, Stefan (22 February 2018). "Atheism and Rationalism in Hinduism". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0196.
- Lorenzen 1999, p. 648. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
- Lorenzen 1999, pp. 648, 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
- Anderson, Edward; Longkumer, Arkotong (2 October 2018). "'Neo-Hindutva': evolving forms, spaces, and expressions of Hindu nationalism". Contemporary South Asia. 26 (4): 371–377. doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1548576. hdl:20.500.11820/8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09. ISSN 0958-4935.
- Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (1): 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 40220058. S2CID 146169730.
- Coburn, Thomas B. (September 1984). ""Scripture" in India: Towards a Typology of the Word in Hindu Life". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 52 (3): 435–459. doi:10.1093/jaarel/52.3.435.
- Lorenzen 1999, p. 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
- Sayers, Matthew R. (June 2015). "The Śrāddha : The Development of Ancestor Worship in Classical Hinduism: The Śrāddha". Religion Compass. 9 (6): 182–197. doi:10.1111/rec3.12155. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- Van Buitenen, J. A. B. (April–July 1957). "Dharma and Moksa". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 33–40. doi:10.2307/1396832. JSTOR 1396832.
- Koller 1968. Koller, John M. (1968). "Puruṣārtha as Human Aims". Philosophy East and West. 18 (4): 315–319. doi:10.2307/1398408. JSTOR 1398408.
- Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire". Numen. 22 (2): 145–160. doi:10.2307/3269765. JSTOR 3269765.
- Potter, Karl H. (1958). "Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View". Philosophy East and West. 8 (1/2): 49–63. doi:10.2307/1397421. ISSN 0031-8221. JSTOR 1397421.
- Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1957d). "Dharma and Moksha" (PDF). Philosophy East and West. 7 (2): 41–48. doi:10.2307/1396833. JSTOR 1396833.^{[permanent dead link]}
- Sayers, Matthew R. (1 November 2015). McGovern, Nathan (ed.). "Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 8 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1093/jhs/hiv034. ISSN 1756-4255. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- Raghavendrachar, H.N. (1944). "Monism in the Vedas" (PDF). Section A – Arts. The Half-yearly Journal of the Mysore University. 4 (2): 137–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015.
  Werner, K. (1982). "Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00158575. S2CID 163754819.
  Coward, H. (1995). "The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas". Book Review. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 8 (1): 45–47. doi:10.7825/2164-6279.1116. There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition
- Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). "Karma, causation, and divine intervention". Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 135–149 [145]. doi:10.2307/1399374. JSTOR 1399374. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- Rankin, John (1 June 1984). "Teaching Hinduism: Some Key Ideas". British Journal of Religious Education. 6 (3): 133–160. doi:10.1080/0141620840060306. ISSN 0141-6200.
- For Vedic school, see: Smith, Brian K. (1986). "Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India". Numen. 33 (1): 65–89. doi:10.2307/3270127. JSTOR 3270127.
- Siqueira, Thomas N. (March 1935). "The Vedic Sacraments". Thought. 9 (4): 598–609. doi:10.5840/thought1935945.
- Gonda, Jan (1963). "The Indian Mantra". Oriens. 16: 244–297. doi:10.1163/18778372-01601016.
- Bharati, Agehananda (1963). "Pilgrimage in the Indian Tradition". History of Religions. 3 (1): 135–167. doi:10.1086/462476. S2CID 162220544.
- Sinha 1998, pp. 27–41 Sinha, Amita (1998). "Design of Settlements in the Vaastu Shastras". Journal of Cultural Geography. 17 (2). Taylor & Francis: 27–41. doi:10.1080/08873639809478319.
- Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India". The Art Bulletin. 90 (2). Taylor & Francis: 171–194. doi:10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389. S2CID 154135978.
- Silverberg 1969, pp. 442–443 Silverberg, James (1969). "Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Interdisciplinary Symposium". The American Journal of Sociology. 75 (3): 442–443. doi:10.1086/224812.
- de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica. 43 (3): 235–249. doi:10.1177/000169930004300304. JSTOR 4201209. S2CID 220432103.
- Uttara Kennedy, Arvind Sharma and Clive J.C. Philips (2018). "The Sheltering of Unwanted Cattle, Experiences in India and Implications for Cattle Industries Elsewhere". Animals. 8 (5): 64. doi:10.3390/ani8050064. PMC 5981275. PMID 29701646.
- Mansingh, Ajai (2016). "Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment". Caribbean Quarterly. 41 (1). A Journal of Caribbean Culture: 62. doi:10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- Stein, Burton (February 1960). "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple". The Journal of Asian Studies. 19 (2): 163–176. doi:10.2307/2943547. JSTOR 2943547. S2CID 162283012.
- Widgery 1930. Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611.
- Radhakrishnan, S. (1922). "The Hindu Dharma". International Journal of Ethics. 33 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1086/intejethi.33.1.2377174.
- J. J. Navone, S. J. (1956). "Sankara and the Vedic Tradition". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 17 (2): 248–255. doi:10.2307/2104222. ISSN 0031-8205. JSTOR 2104222.
- Sharma 2002, p. 27. Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1163/15685270252772759. JSTOR 3270470.

encyclopedia.com

There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
"Dharma" Archived 26 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "Hinduism". Online Etymology Dictionary.

fao.org

Surveys studying food habits of Indians include:
- Delgado, Christopher L.; Narrod, Claire A.; Tiongco, Marites (24 July 2003). "Growth and Concentration in India". Policy, Technical, and Environmental Determinants and Implications of the Scaling-Up of Livestock Production in Four Fast-Growing Developing Countries: A Synthesis. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. An analysis of consumption data originating from National Sample Survey (NSS) shows that 42 percent of households are vegetarian, in that they never eat fish, meat or eggs. The remaining 58 percent of households are less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians.

globalreligiousfutures.org

"Pew-Templeton: Global Religious Futures Project". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2021.

gordonconwell.edu

"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2015.

gov.bd

bbs.gov.bd

"SVRS 2010" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 176 (Table P–14). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.

gov.mu

"Resident population by religion and sex" (PDF). Statistics Mauritius. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

gov.np

cbs.gov.np

"2011 Nepal Census Report" (PDF). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013.

gu.se

spraakdata.gu.se

Marvin Harris. India's scared cow (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.

hafsite.org

Venkataraman, Swaminathan; Deshpande, Pawan. "Hinduism: Not Cast In Caste". Hindu American Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Anderson, Edward; Longkumer, Arkotong (2 October 2018). "'Neo-Hindutva': evolving forms, spaces, and expressions of Hindu nationalism". Contemporary South Asia. 26 (4): 371–377. doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1548576. hdl:20.500.11820/8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09. ISSN 0958-4935.
Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.

harvard.edu

people.fas.harvard.edu

Michael 2004. Michael, Witzel (2004). "Kalash Religion (extract from 'The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents')" (PDF). In A. Griffiths; J. E. M. Houben (eds.). The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual. Groningen: Forsten. pp. 581–636.

himalayanacademy.com

"Basics of Hinduism". Kauai's Hindu Monastery. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

hindustantimes.com

"UK Hindu population to be studied". Hindustan Times. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

hinduwebsite.com

V, Jayaram. "The Hindu Caste System". Hinduwebsite. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

history.com

"Hinduism". History.com. 30 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

ibiblio.org

For translation of deva in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: Monier-Williams 2001, p. 492. For translation of devatā as "godhead, divinity", see: Monier-Williams 2001, p. 495. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
Monier Williams, काम, kāma Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, p. 271, see 3rd column
Monier-Williams 2001. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007.

indiatimes.com

mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com

"Was Ram born in Ayodhya?". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2023.

iucn.org

Gloria Pungetti, Anna Maclvor. "Preliminary Literature Review On Scared Species" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.

johnwiley.com.au

media.johnwiley.com.au

"Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations" (PDF). January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013.

jstor.org

There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
Bilimoria, Prabhu & Sharma 2007; see also Koller 1968. Bilimoria, Purushottama; Prabhu, Joseph; Sharma, Renuka, eds. (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138062696. Koller, John M. (1968). "Puruṣārtha as Human Aims". Philosophy East and West. 18 (4): 315–319. doi:10.2307/1398408. JSTOR 1398408.
Gonda 1975; Bakker 1997; Howe 2001; Stuart-Fox 2002. Gonda, Jan (1975). "The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. Bakker, F.L. (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 153 (1): 15–41. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003943. JSTOR 27864809. S2CID 162277591. Howe, Leo (2001). Hinduism & Hierarchy in Bali. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-914-7. Stuart-Fox, David J. (2002). Pura Besakih: Temple, religion and society in Bali. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9067181464.
Sharma 2002. Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1163/15685270252772759. JSTOR 3270470.
O'Conell, Joseph T. (1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 340–344. doi:10.2307/599467. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 599467.
Smith 1998. Smith, Brian K. (1998). "Questioning Authority: Constructions and Deconstructions of Hinduism". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 2 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1007/s11407-998-0001-9. JSTOR 20106612. S2CID 144929213.
Lorenzen 1999, p. 648. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
Lorenzen 1999, pp. 648, 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (1): 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 40220058. S2CID 146169730.
Scaligero, Massimo (1955). "The Tantra and the Spirit of the West". East and West. 5 (4): 291–296. JSTOR 29753633.
Lorenzen 1999, p. 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
Van Buitenen, J. A. B. (April–July 1957). "Dharma and Moksa". Philosophy East and West. 7 (1/2): 33–40. doi:10.2307/1396832. JSTOR 1396832.
Koller 1968. Koller, John M. (1968). "Puruṣārtha as Human Aims". Philosophy East and West. 18 (4): 315–319. doi:10.2307/1398408. JSTOR 1398408.
Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire". Numen. 22 (2): 145–160. doi:10.2307/3269765. JSTOR 3269765.
Potter, Karl H. (1958). "Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View". Philosophy East and West. 8 (1/2): 49–63. doi:10.2307/1397421. ISSN 0031-8221. JSTOR 1397421.
Ingalls, Daniel H. H. (1957d). "Dharma and Moksha" (PDF). Philosophy East and West. 7 (2): 41–48. doi:10.2307/1396833. JSTOR 1396833.^{[permanent dead link]}
Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). "Karma, causation, and divine intervention". Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 135–149 [145]. doi:10.2307/1399374. JSTOR 1399374. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
For Vedic school, see: Smith, Brian K. (1986). "Ritual, Knowledge, and Being: Initiation and Veda Study in Ancient India". Numen. 33 (1): 65–89. doi:10.2307/3270127. JSTOR 3270127.
Raj, Dhooleka S. (2003). Where Are You From?: Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23382-9. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pn917.
de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica. 43 (3): 235–249. doi:10.1177/000169930004300304. JSTOR 4201209. S2CID 220432103.
Stein, Burton (February 1960). "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple". The Journal of Asian Studies. 19 (2): 163–176. doi:10.2307/2943547. JSTOR 2943547. S2CID 162283012.
Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuān". Archives of Asian Art. 34: 56–73. JSTOR 20111117.
Widgery 1930. Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611.
J. J. Navone, S. J. (1956). "Sankara and the Vedic Tradition". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 17 (2): 248–255. doi:10.2307/2104222. ISSN 0031-8205. JSTOR 2104222.
Sharma 2002, p. 27. Sharma, Arvind (2002). "On Hindu, Hindustān, Hinduism and Hindutva". Numen. 49 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1163/15685270252772759. JSTOR 3270470.
Masud, Muhammad Khalid (2005). Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas. Harvard University Press. pp. 193–203. ISBN 978-0-19-597911-4. JSTOR 846021.

laurasianacademy.com

ejvs.laurasianacademy.com

Witzel 1995, pp. 3–4. Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1 (4). Praeger. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.

livepopulation.com

"Population of India Today". livepopulation.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2018.

loc.gov

Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 145–146. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.
Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 146–148. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.

lccn.loc.gov

Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 145–146. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.
Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 146–148. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.

lowyinstitute.org

"The remarkable political influence of the Indian diaspora in the US". www.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 17 March 2021.

merriam-webster.com

"Hinduism". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
"Definition of RAMAISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

mkgandhi.org

MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3

msu.edu

libguides.lib.msu.edu

Lochtefeld, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Archived 27 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine

nbs.gov.sc

"Seychelles Population and Housing Census 2022". National Bureau of Statistics Seychelles. 21 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

necrometrics.com

"Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides". necrometrics.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.

newsgram.com

"Ekadasi: Why Ekadasi is celebrated in Hinduism?-by Dr Bharti Raizada". NewsGram. 22 May 2017.^{[permanent dead link]}

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Uttara Kennedy, Arvind Sharma and Clive J.C. Philips (2018). "The Sheltering of Unwanted Cattle, Experiences in India and Implications for Cattle Industries Elsewhere". Animals. 8 (5): 64. doi:10.3390/ani8050064. PMC 5981275. PMID 29701646.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Uttara Kennedy, Arvind Sharma and Clive J.C. Philips (2018). "The Sheltering of Unwanted Cattle, Experiences in India and Implications for Cattle Industries Elsewhere". Animals. 8 (5): 64. doi:10.3390/ani8050064. PMC 5981275. PMID 29701646.

npr.org

Taylor, Alan (14 January 2013). "Kumbh Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
Memmott, Mark (14 January 2013). "Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbh Mela May Draw 100 Million". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.

ntu.edu.tw

ccbs.ntu.edu.tw

Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). "Karma, causation, and divine intervention". Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 135–149 [145]. doi:10.2307/1399374. JSTOR 1399374. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.

nzasia.org.nz

Sweetman 2004. Sweetman, Will (2004). "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 6 (2): 12–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013.
Sweetman 2004, pp. 14–15. Sweetman, Will (2004). "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 6 (2): 12–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013.

ochs.org.uk

"Is Hinduism monotheistic?". The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. 15 June 2004. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Sayers, Matthew R. (1 November 2015). McGovern, Nathan (ed.). "Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 8 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1093/jhs/hiv034. ISSN 1756-4255. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

pbs.gov.pk

"Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
"Population by religion in Pakistan" (PDF).

pewforum.org

- "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
- The global religious landscape: Hindus Archived 9 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research (2012)
- "The Future of World Religions" (PDF). Pew Research. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2015.
- Wormald, Benjamin (2 April 2015). "The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
- "Table: Religious Composition (%) by Country" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Global Religious Composition. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
- "The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism". A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups. Pew Research Foundation. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
pewresearch.org
- "Hindus". 18 December 2012.
- "By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims". Pew Research Center. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
ramakrishnavivekananda.info
- "Complete-Works/Volume 5/Epistles - First Series". ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
routledge.com
- Ramstedt 2004, pp. 93–108, Robert Hefner. Hindu Reform in an Islamising Java: Pluralism and Peril. Ramstedt, Martin, ed. (2004). Hinduism in Modern Indonesia: A Minority Religion Between Local, National, and Global Interests. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1533-6.
sanskritdictionary.com
- "View Dictionary". sanskritdictionary.com. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1988). "Sanskrit English Dictionary". sanskritdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
scribd.com
- Klostermaier: "Brahman, derived from the root bŗh = to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified speech-act" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end." Klostermaier 2007, p. 55 quotes Madhav M. Deshpande (1990), Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds, p.4. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
scroll.in
scroll.in
- Dube, Mukul (10 January 2016). "A short note on the short history of Hinduism". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
- "How ISKCON took Hinduism to the US heartland". scroll.in. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
amp.scroll.in
- "Short note on the short history of Hinduism". 10 January 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
  The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
- There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
  The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
- There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
  The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
- There is no single-word translation for dharma in Western languages.(Widgery 1930)(Rocher 2003)
  The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma, defines dharma as follows: "the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order." See Dharma (righteousness, ethics). Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611. Rocher, Ludo. "The Dharmasastra". In Flood (2003).
- Gonda 1975; Bakker 1997; Howe 2001; Stuart-Fox 2002. Gonda, Jan (1975). "The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–47. Bakker, F.L. (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 153 (1): 15–41. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003943. JSTOR 27864809. S2CID 162277591. Howe, Leo (2001). Hinduism & Hierarchy in Bali. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-914-7. Stuart-Fox, David J. (2002). Pura Besakih: Temple, religion and society in Bali. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 978-9067181464.
- Thapar 1989, p. 222: "Al-Hind was therefore a geographical identity and the Hindus were all the people who lived on this land." Thapar 1993, p. 77 Thapar, Romila (1989). "Imagined Religious Communities? Ancient History and the Modern Search for a Hindu Identity". Modern Asian Studies. 23 (2): 209–231. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00001049. S2CID 145293468.
  - Hacker, Paul (2006). "Dharma in Hinduism". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 34 (5): 479–496. doi:10.1007/s10781-006-9002-4. S2CID 170922678.
  - Smith 1998. Smith, Brian K. (1998). "Questioning Authority: Constructions and Deconstructions of Hinduism". International Journal of Hindu Studies. 2 (3): 313–339. doi:10.1007/s11407-998-0001-9. JSTOR 20106612. S2CID 144929213.
  - Lorenzen 1999, p. 648. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
  - Lorenzen 1999, pp. 648, 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
  - Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  - Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (1): 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 40220058. S2CID 146169730.
  - Lorenzen 1999, p. 655. Lorenzen, David N. (1999). "Who Invented Hinduism?". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41 (4): 630–659. doi:10.1017/s0010417599003084. JSTOR 179424. S2CID 247327484.
  - Raghavendrachar, H.N. (1944). "Monism in the Vedas" (PDF). Section A – Arts. The Half-yearly Journal of the Mysore University. 4 (2): 137–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015.
    Werner, K. (1982). "Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00158575. S2CID 163754819.
    Coward, H. (1995). "The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas". Book Review. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 8 (1): 45–47. doi:10.7825/2164-6279.1116. There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition
  - Bharati, Agehananda (1963). "Pilgrimage in the Indian Tradition". History of Religions. 3 (1): 135–167. doi:10.1086/462476. S2CID 162220544.
  - Branfoot, Crispin (2008). "Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India". The Art Bulletin. 90 (2). Taylor & Francis: 171–194. doi:10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389. S2CID 154135978.
  - de Zwart, Frank (July 2000). "The Logic of Affirmative Action: Caste, Class and Quotas in India". Acta Sociologica. 43 (3): 235–249. doi:10.1177/000169930004300304. JSTOR 4201209. S2CID 220432103.
  - Stein, Burton (February 1960). "The Economic Function of a Medieval South Indian Temple". The Journal of Asian Studies. 19 (2): 163–176. doi:10.2307/2943547. JSTOR 2943547. S2CID 162283012.
  - Widgery 1930. Widgery, Alban G. (January 1930). "The Principles of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977. JSTOR 2377977. S2CID 170183611.
singstat.gov.sg
- Singapore Department of Statistics (12 January 2011). "Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
stanford.edu
plato.stanford.edu
- Culp, John (2008). "Panentheism". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.). Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
state.gov
state.gov
- "Bhutan". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
- "Suriname". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
2009-2017.state.gov
- "United Arab Emirates". U.S. Department of State.
- "Indonesia: Religious Freedoms Report 2010". US State Department. 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2021. The Ministry of Religious Affairs estimates that 10 million Hindus live in the country and account for approximately 90 percent of the population in Bali. Hindu minorities also reside in Central and East Kalimantan, the city of Medan (North Sumatra), South and Central Sulawesi, and Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara). Hindu groups such as Hare Krishna and followers of the Indian spiritual leader Sai Baba are present in small numbers. Some indigenous religious groups, including the "Naurus" on Seram Island in Maluku Province, incorporate Hindu and animist beliefs, and many have also adopted some Protestant teachings.
2001-2009.state.gov
- "Vietnam". State.gov. 22 October 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
statistics.gov.lk
- "The Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka-2011". Department of Census and Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
stats.govt.nz
- "Table 26, 2018 Census Data – Tables" (xlsx). Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
su.se
erg.su.se
- "Hinduism in Europe" (PDF). Microsoft Word. 28 April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
sudhirlaw.com
- "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955". Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
sutrajournal.com
- Sanderson, Alexis (March 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part One". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- Sanderson, Alexis (May 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Two". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- Sanderson, Alexis (July 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Three". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
sydney.edu.au
josa-publications.sydney.edu.au
- Sharma, A (1985). "Did the Hindus have a name for their own religion?". The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. 17 (1): 94–98 [95]. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
tandfonline.com
- Mansingh, Ajai (2016). "Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment". Caribbean Quarterly. 41 (1). A Journal of Caribbean Culture: 62. doi:10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
thearda.com
- "National Profiles | World Religion". www.thearda.com.
- "National Profiles; World Religion". www.thearda.com.
theatlantic.com
- Taylor, Alan (14 January 2013). "Kumbh Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  Memmott, Mark (14 January 2013). "Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbh Mela May Draw 100 Million". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
thehindu.com
- "Srirangam temple rich with elaborate details". The Hindu. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via www.thehindu.com.
- Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). "Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
uni-mysore.ac.in
eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in
- Raghavendrachar, H.N. (1944). "Monism in the Vedas" (PDF). Section A – Arts. The Half-yearly Journal of the Mysore University. 4 (2): 137–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015.
  Werner, K. (1982). "Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00158575. S2CID 163754819.
  Coward, H. (1995). "The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas". Book Review. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 8 (1): 45–47. doi:10.7825/2164-6279.1116. There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition
usyd.edu.au
stanford.library.usyd.edu.au
- Wainwright, William (2012). "Concepts of God". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
utexas.edu
repositories.lib.utexas.edu
- Sayers, Matthew R. (May 2008). Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism (Thesis thesis). Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- Sayers, Matthew Rae. Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism (PhD thesis). University of Texas. p. 12. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
vedabase.io
- Sarvopaniṣado gāvo, etc. (Gītā Māhātmya 6). Gītā Dhyānam, cited in "Introduction". Bhagavad-gītā [As It Is]. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Bhaktivedanta VedaBase.
vedagyana.info
- ఏడవ అధ్యాయము – 7. వివాహ ధర్మ వర్ణనము [Chapter 7 – 7. Description of Marriage]. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020.
web.archive.org
- Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2003, pp. 1–17. Sharma, Arvind (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
- Among its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period (Flood 1996, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (Samuel 2008, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the Indus Valley civilisation (Narayanan 2009, p. 11; Lockard 2007, p. 52; Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3; Jones & Ryan 2007, p. xviii) the śramaṇa or renouncer traditions of northeastern India (Flood 1996, p. 16; Gomez 2013, p. 42), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture (Bronkhorst 2007); and "popular or local traditions" (Flood 1996, p. 16) and prehistoric cultures "that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence."Doniger 2010, p. 66) Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3. Narayanan, Vasudha (2009). Hinduism. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5620-2. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. "Buddhism in India". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India. Brill. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7.
- For translation of deva in singular noun form as "a deity, god", and in plural form as "the gods" or "the heavenly or shining ones", see: Monier-Williams 2001, p. 492. For translation of devatā as "godhead, divinity", see: Monier-Williams 2001, p. 495. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
- Zaehner, R. C. (1992). Hindu Scriptures. Penguin Random House. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-0-679-41078-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- Flood 1996, p. 7. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
- Ellinger, Herbert (1996). Hinduism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-56338-161-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
- "Hindu Countries 2023". World Population Review. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- Vertovec, Steven (2013). The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns. Routledge. pp. 1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143. ISBN 978-1-136-36705-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
- - "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  - Flood 1996, p. 3-6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 2003, p. 3. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  - Dube, Mukul (10 January 2016). "A short note on the short history of Hinduism". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  - "Short note on the short history of Hinduism". 10 January 2016. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  - Lochtefeld, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Archived 27 January 2024 at the Wayback Machine
  - Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12; Flood 1996, p. 16; Lockard 2007, p. 50 Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
  - MK Gandhi, The Essence of Hinduism Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Editor: VB Kher, Navajivan Publishing, see page 3
  - Sweetman 2004. Sweetman, Will (2004). "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 6 (2): 12–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013.
  - Clarke 2011, p. 28. Clarke, Matthew (2011). Development and Religion: Theology and Practice. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-85793-073-6. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  - Flood 1996, pp. 113, 134, 155–161, 167–168. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 14. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - "Definition of RAMAISM". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  - "Srirangam temple rich with elaborate details". The Hindu. 3 April 2014. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via www.thehindu.com.
  - "Was Ram born in Ayodhya?". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  - Insoll, Timothy (2001). Archaeology and world religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-22155-9. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Taylor, Patrick; Case, Frederick I. (2013). The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions: Volume 1: A – L; Volume 2: M – Z. University of Illinois Press. pp. 902–903. ISBN 978-0-252-09433-0. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  - Sharma, A (1985). "Did the Hindus have a name for their own religion?". The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. 17 (1): 94–98 [95]. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  - Culp, John (2008). "Panentheism". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2017 ed.). Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Flood 1996, pp. 1, 7. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 16. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 35. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Sweetman 2004, pp. 14–15. Sweetman, Will (2004). "The prehistory of Orientalism: Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg's Account of Hinduism" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 6 (2): 12–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2013.
  - Flood 1996, p. 258. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, pp. 256–261. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 257. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 259. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 249. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 265. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 267. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, pp. 267–268. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Hansen, Thomas Blom (1999). The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4008-2305-5. Archived from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  - Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  - "As Nepal Strives to Become More Inclusive, Are Muslims Being Left Behind?". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  - "How ISKCON took Hinduism to the US heartland". scroll.in. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  - "Hinduism in Europe" (PDF). Microsoft Word. 28 April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  - The global religious landscape: Hindus Archived 9 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research (2012)
  - Nettl, Bruno; Stone, Ruth M.; Porter, James; Rice, Timothy (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: the Indian subcontinent. Routledge. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 113. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Wainwright, William (2012). "Concepts of God". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  - "The spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 16 January 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  - Haider, Suhasini (3 February 2018). "Tattooed 'blue-skinned' Hindu Pushtuns look back at their roots". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  - Rajesh Joshi. "Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021.
  - Flood 2003, pp. 68–69, See Michael Witzel quote. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  - Flood 2003, p. 4. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  - Flood 1996, pp. 35–39. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Sarvopaniṣado gāvo, etc. (Gītā Māhātmya 6). Gītā Dhyānam, cited in "Introduction". Bhagavad-gītā [As It Is]. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020 – via Bhaktivedanta VedaBase.
  - Michelis, Elizabeth De (2005). A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8772-8. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  - Balfour, Edward (1885). The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. B. Quaritch. p. 60. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  - Laumakis, Stephen J. (2008). An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46966-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). Feeding the Dead: Ancestor Worship in Ancient India. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-989643-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (May 2008). Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism (Thesis thesis). Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (June 2015). "The Śrāddha : The Development of Ancestor Worship in Classical Hinduism: The Śrāddha". Religion Compass. 9 (6): 182–197. doi:10.1111/rec3.12155. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  - "Dharma" Archived 26 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions: "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."
  - Swami Prabhupādā, A. C. Bhaktivedanta (1986). Bhagavad-gītā as it is. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-89213-268-3. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Monier Williams, काम, kāma Archived 19 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine Monier-Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary, p. 271, see 3rd column
  - The Far East and Australasia, 2003 – Regional surveys of the world. Routledge. 2003. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-85743-133-9. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Hindu spirituality – Volume 25 of Documenta missionalia. Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana. 1999. p. 1. ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Klostermaier, Klaus (1985). Philosophy East & West. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 61–71. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  - Pal, Jagat (2004). Karma, Dharma and Moksha: Conceptual Essays on Indian Ethics. Abhijeet Publications. ISBN 978-81-88683-23-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  - Fort, Andrew O. (1998). Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3904-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  - Chapple, Christopher Key (1986). Karma and Creativity. SUNY Press. pp. 60–64. ISBN 978-0-88706-250-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (2013). Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-19-989643-1. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Sayers, Matthew Rae. Feeding the ancestors: ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism (PhD thesis). University of Texas. p. 12. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (1 November 2015). McGovern, Nathan (ed.). "Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 8 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1093/jhs/hiv034. ISSN 1756-4255. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Keown, Damien (2013). Buddhism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 28, 32–38. ISBN 978-0-19-966383-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Chakravarti, Sitansu (1991). Hinduism, a way of life. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-208-0899-7. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Gill, N.S. "Henotheism". About, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
  - Flood 1996, p. 226. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
  - Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
  - Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
  - Muller, Max (1878). Lectures on the Origins and Growth of Religions: As Illustrated by the Religions of India. Longmans Green & Co. pp. 260–271.
    Wilkins, William Joseph (1882). Hindu Mythology: Vedic and Purānic. Calcutta: London Missionary Society. p. 8. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  - Raghavendrachar, H.N. (1944). "Monism in the Vedas" (PDF). Section A – Arts. The Half-yearly Journal of the Mysore University. 4 (2): 137–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015.
    Werner, K. (1982). "Men, gods and powers in the Vedic outlook". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 114 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00158575. S2CID 163754819.
    Coward, H. (1995). "The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas". Book Review. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 8 (1): 45–47. doi:10.7825/2164-6279.1116. There is little doubt that the theo-monistic category is an appropriate one for viewing a wide variety of experiences in the Hindu tradition
  - Monier-Williams 2001. Monier-Williams, Monier (2001) [1872]. English Sanskrit dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-206-1509-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
  - Buttimer, Anne; Wallin, L. (1999). Nature and Identity in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Springer. pp. 64–68. ISBN 978-0-7923-5651-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  - Mabry, John R. (2006). Noticing the Divine: An Introduction to Interfaith Spiritual Guidance. New York: Morehouse. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-0-8192-2238-1. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  - Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R.; et al. (2016). Communication Between Cultures. Cengage. pp. 140–144. ISBN 978-1-305-88806-7. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  - Harlan, Lindsey (1992). Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives. University of California Press. pp. 19–20, 48 with footnotes. ISBN 978-0-520-07339-5. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  - Bassuk, Daniel E (1987). Incarnation in Hinduism and Christianity: The Myth of the God-Man. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–4. ISBN 978-1-349-08642-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  - Hawley, John Stratton; Narayanan, Vasudha (2006). The life of Hinduism. University of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-520-24914-1. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Kinsley, David R. (1998). Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahāvidyās. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 115–119. ISBN 978-81-208-1522-3. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  - Reichenbach, Bruce R. (April 1989). "Karma, causation, and divine intervention". Philosophy East and West. 39 (2): 135–149 [145]. doi:10.2307/1399374. JSTOR 1399374. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
  - Rajadhyaksha (1959). The six systems of Indian philosophy. p. 95. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Under the circumstances God becomes an unnecessary metaphysical assumption. Naturally the Sankhyakarikas do not mention God, Vachaspati interprets this as rank atheism.
  - Neville, Robert (2001). Religious truth. SUNY Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-7914-4778-9. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Mimamsa theorists (theistic and atheistic) decided that the evidence allegedly proving the existence of God was insufficient. They also thought there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Veda or an independent God to validate the Vedic rituals.
  - Flood 2003, pp. 200–203. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  - Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 145–146. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.
  - Heitzman & Worden 1996, pp. 146–148. Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert L. (1996). India: a country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 96019266. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020.
  - Huyler, Stephen (2002). Meeting God: Elements of Hindu Devotion. Yale University Press. pp. 10–11, 71. ISBN 978-0-300-08905-9. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  - Foulston, Lynn (2012). Cush, Denise; et al. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. pp. 21–22, 868. ISBN 978-1-135-18978-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  - Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey. Oxford University Press. pp. 23, 262. ISBN 978-0-19-804220-4. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Williams, Raymond Brady (2018). Introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 153–154. ISBN 978-1-108-42114-0. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  - Sharma, Krishan; Sinha, Anil Kishore; Banerjee, Bijon Gopal (2009). Anthropological Dimensions of Pilgrimage. Northern Book Centre. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-81-89091-09-5. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  - Maw, Geoffrey Waring (1997). Pilgrims in Hindu Holy Land: Sacred Shrines of the Indian Himalayas. Sessions Book Trust. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-85072-190-1. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  - Glucklich, Ariel (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016. The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas [in Puranas].
  - Maclean, Kama (2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 978-0-19-971335-6. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  - Amazzone, Laura (2012). Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7618-5314-5. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  - B. Richmond (1956). Time Measurement and Calendar Construction. Brill Archive. pp. 80–82. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  - Christopher John Fuller (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 978-0-69112-04-85. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
  - Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007). A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition. State University of New York Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  - Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  - Babary, Abrar; Zeeshan, Mahwish. "Reminiscent of Hinduism: An Insight of Katas Raj Mandir" (PDF). The Explorer: Journal of Social Sciences. 1 (4): 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
  - Surveys studying food habits of Indians include:
    Delgado, Christopher L.; Narrod, Claire A.; Tiongco, Marites (24 July 2003). "Growth and Concentration in India". Policy, Technical, and Environmental Determinants and Implications of the Scaling-Up of Livestock Production in Four Fast-Growing Developing Countries: A Synthesis. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020. An analysis of consumption data originating from National Sample Survey (NSS) shows that 42 percent of households are vegetarian, in that they never eat fish, meat or eggs. The remaining 58 percent of households are less strict vegetarians or non-vegetarians.
    Marvin Harris. India's scared cow (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
    Gloria Pungetti, Anna Maclvor. "Preliminary Literature Review On Scared Species" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
    Mansingh, Ajai (2016). "Stewards of Creation Covenant: Hinduism and the Environment". Caribbean Quarterly. 41 (1). A Journal of Caribbean Culture: 62. doi:10.1080/00086495.1995.11672075. Archived from the original on 7 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
    Yayasan, Bumi Kita (2005). "The Hidden Life of Bali". In Gouyon, Anne (ed.). The natural guide to Bali: enjoy nature, meet the people, make a difference. Equinox Publishing (Asia). p. 51. ISBN 978-979-3780-00-9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
    Olcott, H.S. (1906). The Theosophist. Vol. XXVII. Theosophical Publishing House. pp. 146 with footnote. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2016., Quote: "It is well known that Vaishnavas abhor animal sacrifice. In this province, like nearly all Bengalis, they celebrate Durga Puja, but their ceremonies are bloodless".
    Bekoff, Marc (2009). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-313-35256-0. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
    Witzel 1995, pp. 3–4. Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1 (4). Praeger. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
    Flood 1996, p. 21. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
    "By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims". Pew Research Center. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
    "Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut" [Population by Region and Religion Adhered to] (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
    "Religious Demographics of Pakistan 2023" (PDF). pbs.gov.pk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
    "The Future of World Religions" (PDF). Pew Research. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 May 2015.
    "Table: Religious Composition (%) by Country" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Global Religious Composition. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
    "2011 Nepal Census Report" (PDF). 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013.
    "Population of India Today". livepopulation.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
    "Resident population by religion and sex" (PDF). Statistics Mauritius. p. 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
    "Bhutan". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
    "Suriname". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 30 November 2009.
    "The Census of Population and Housing of Sri Lanka-2011". Department of Census and Statistics. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
    "SVRS 2010" (PDF). Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. p. 176 (Table P–14). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
    "Pew-Templeton: Global Religious Futures Project". www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
    Singapore Department of Statistics (12 January 2011). "Census of population 2010: Statistical Release 1 on Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
    "Table 26, 2018 Census Data – Tables" (xlsx). Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
    "Chapter 1 Global Religious Populations" (PDF). January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2013.
    "The Global Religious Landscape – Hinduism". A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups. Pew Research Foundation. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
    "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
    "Sanatana dharma | Hinduism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
    Monier-Williams, Monier (1988). "Sanskrit English Dictionary". sanskritdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
    Sanderson, Alexis (March 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part One". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
    Sanderson, Alexis (May 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Two". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
    Sanderson, Alexis (July 2016). "Tolerance, Exclusivity, Inclusivity, and Persecution in Indian Religion During the Early Mediaeval Period – Part Three". Sutra Journal. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
    "Hinduism". History.com. 30 September 2019. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
    "Basics of Hinduism". Kauai's Hindu Monastery. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
    "Is Hinduism monotheistic?". The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. 15 June 2004. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
    "Complete-Works/Volume 5/Epistles - First Series". ramakrishnavivekananda.info. Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
    ఏడవ అధ్యాయము – 7. వివాహ ధర్మ వర్ణనము [Chapter 7 – 7. Description of Marriage]. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020.
    Smart, Ninian (2007). "Polytheism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2007.
    "Hindu Marriage Act, 1955". Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
    "Bhakti". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
    "Puja". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
    Taylor, Alan (14 January 2013). "Kumbh Mela: The Largest Gathering on Earth". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
    Memmott, Mark (14 January 2013). "Biggest Gathering On Earth' Begins In India; Kumbh Mela May Draw 100 Million". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
    "Manu Smriti Laws of Manu" (PDF). 1.87–1.91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2010.
    V, Jayaram. "The Hindu Caste System". Hinduwebsite. Archived from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
    Venkataraman, Swaminathan; Deshpande, Pawan. "Hinduism: Not Cast In Caste". Hindu American Foundation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
    "Gopura". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
    "Nagara". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  wiktionary.org
  en.wiktionary.org
  - Hinduism is derived from Persian hindu- and the -ism suffix. It is first recorded in 1786, in the generic sense of "polytheism of India".^{[web 4]}
  - Hinduism is derived from Persian hindu- and the -ism suffix. It is first recorded in 1786, in the generic sense of "polytheism of India".^{[web 4]}
  wiley.com
  onlinelibrary.wiley.com
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (June 2015). "The Śrāddha : The Development of Ancestor Worship in Classical Hinduism: The Śrāddha". Religion Compass. 9 (6): 182–197. doi:10.1111/rec3.12155. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
  worldcat.org
  search.worldcat.org
  - O'Conell, Joseph T. (1973). "The Word 'Hindu' in Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava Texts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 93 (3): 340–344. doi:10.2307/599467. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 599467.
  - Lipner 2009, p. 8. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Lipner 2009, p. 8 Quote: "[...] one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, henotheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu." Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Lipner 2009, pp. 377, 398. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Lipner 2009, pp. 15–17. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Lipner 2009, p. 16. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Michaels 2004, p. 18; see also Lipner 2009, p. 77; and Smith, Brian K. (2008). "Hinduism". In Neusner, Jacob (ed.). Sacred Texts and Authority. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 101. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Anderson, Edward; Longkumer, Arkotong (2 October 2018). "'Neo-Hindutva': evolving forms, spaces, and expressions of Hindu nationalism". Contemporary South Asia. 26 (4): 371–377. doi:10.1080/09584935.2018.1548576. hdl:20.500.11820/8da58c02-ac36-46f1-a4f6-71ad6be1be09. ISSN 0958-4935.
  - Chacko, Priya (2019c). "Marketizing Hindutva: The state, society, and markets in Hindu nationalism". Modern Asian Studies. 53 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1017/S0026749X17000051. hdl:2440/117274. ISSN 0026-749X. S2CID 149588748. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  - Berg, Travis Vande; Kniss, Fred (2008). "ISKCON and Immigrants: The Rise, Decline, and Rise Again of a New Religious Movement". The Sociological Quarterly. 49 (1): 79–104. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2007.00107.x. ISSN 0038-0253. JSTOR 40220058. S2CID 146169730.
  - Lipner 2009, pp. 371–375. Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
  - Potter, Karl H. (1958). "Dharma and Mokṣa from a Conversational Point of View". Philosophy East and West. 8 (1/2): 49–63. doi:10.2307/1397421. ISSN 0031-8221. JSTOR 1397421.
  - Sayers, Matthew R. (1 November 2015). McGovern, Nathan (ed.). "Feeding the Dead: Ancestor worship in ancient India". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 8 (3): 336–338. doi:10.1093/jhs/hiv034. ISSN 1756-4255. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  - Rankin, John (1 June 1984). "Teaching Hinduism: Some Key Ideas". British Journal of Religious Education. 6 (3): 133–160. doi:10.1080/0141620840060306. ISSN 0141-6200.
  - Pal, Pratapaditya, ed. (1995). Ganesh, the benevolent. Bombay: Marg Publications. ISBN 81-85026-31-9. OCLC 34752006.
  - Jhingran, Saral (1989). Aspects of Hindu Morality. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-208-0574-3. OCLC 905765957.
  - Chandra, Suresh (1998). Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses (1st ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 178. ISBN 978-81-7625-039-9. OCLC 40479929.
  - Jain 2015, pp. 130–157. Jain, Andrea (2015). Selling Yoga: from Counterculture to Pop culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-939024-3. OCLC 878953765.
  - Olivelle, Patrick (1993). The Āśrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–29, 84–111. ISBN 978-0-19-508327-9. OCLC 466428084.
  - J. J. Navone, S. J. (1956). "Sankara and the Vedic Tradition". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 17 (2): 248–255. doi:10.2307/2104222. ISSN 0031-8205. JSTOR 2104222.
  worldpoliticsreview.com
  - "As Nepal Strives to Become More Inclusive, Are Muslims Being Left Behind?". www.worldpoliticsreview.com. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  worldpopulationreview.com
  - "Hindu Countries 2023". World Population Review. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.