Hinduism (English Wikipedia)

Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (18 January 2018). "Media Release – Census reveals Australia's religious diversity on World Religion Day". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 4 June 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

archive.org

Smith (1963, pp. 65–66): "My point, and I think that this is the first step that one must take towards understanding something of the vision of Hindus, is that the mass of religious phenomena that we shelter under the umbrella of that term, is not a unity and does not aspire to be." Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1963) [1961]. The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: Macmillan – via archive.org.
Smith (1963, pp. 65–66): "My point, and I think that this is the first step that one must take towards understanding something of the vision of Hindus, is that the mass of religious phenomena that we shelter under the umbrella of that term, is not a unity and does not aspire to be." Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1963) [1961]. The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: Macmillan – via archive.org.
Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8.
Bhandarkar 1913. Bhandarkar, R. G. (1913). Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism and Minor Religious Systems. Grundriss der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, 3.6. Strassburg: Trübner.
Tattwananda n.d. Tattwananda, Swami (n.d.). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship. Calcutta: Nirmalendra Bikash Sen Gupta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Bowker 2000; Harvey 2001, p. xiii Bowker, John (2000). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7. Harvey, Andrew (2001). Teachings of the Hindu Mystics. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-57062-449-0.
Bowker 2000. Bowker, John (2000). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280094-7.
Harvey 2001, p. xiii. Harvey, Andrew (2001). Teachings of the Hindu Mystics. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1-57062-449-0.
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Muesse 2011, p. 202. Muesse, Mark W. (2011). The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9790-7.
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Thirteen Principal Upanishads. Translated by Hume, Robert. Oxford University Press. 1921.
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"Dharma". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5.
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Smith, Huston (1991). The World's Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions. San Francisco: Harper. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-06-250799-0.
Ranade, R. D. (1926). A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 147–148. ... in certain other places [of Rigveda], an approach is being made to the idea of Transmigration. ... There we definitely know that the whole hymn is address to a departed spirit, and the poet [of the Rigvedic hymn] says that he is going to recall the departed soul in order that it may return again and live.
Kramer 1986, pp. 34–. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
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Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Flood 1996, p. 226; Kramer 1986, pp. 20–21 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Kramer, Kenneth (1986). World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-2781-8.
Bhaskarananda 1994 Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press. ISBN 978-1-884852-02-2.
Radhakrishnan & Moore 1967, pp. 37–39, 401–403, 498–503. Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1967). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
Berntsen, Maxine (1988). The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-88706-662-7.
Taittiriya Upanishad Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Robert Hume (Translator), pp. 281–282;
Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1468-4, pp. 229–231
Harman 2004, pp. 104–106 Harman, William (2004). "Hindu Devotion". In Rinehart, Robin (ed.). Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 99–122. ISBN 978-1-57607-905-8.
"Shiva" in Lochtefeld 2002b, p. 635 Lochtefeld, James G. (2002b). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
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Muesse 2011, p. 216. "rituals daily prescribe routine" Muesse, Mark W. (2011). The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-9790-7.
Kane, PV (1941). "Saṁskāra". History of Dharmasastras. Part I. Vol. II. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. pp. 190–417.
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Kane 1953, p. 573. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Kane 1953, pp. 576–577. Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.
Acharya 1927, p. xviii-xx. Acharya, P. K. (1927). Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra. London: Oxford University Press (Republ. by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
Acharya 1927, p. xviii-xx, Appendix I lists hundreds of Hindu architectural texts. Acharya, P. K. (1927). Indian Architecture according to the Manasara Shilpa Shastra. London: Oxford University Press (Republ. by Motilal Banarsidass). ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
Smith, Huston (1994). "Hinduism: The Stations of Life". The Illustrated World's Religions. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-067440-3.
Jhingran, Saral (1989). Aspects of Hindu Morality. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-208-0574-3. OCLC 905765957.
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Doniger 2000, p. 1041. Doniger, Wendy (2000). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
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Bhaskarananda 1994, p. 112 Bhaskarananda, Swami (1994). Essentials of Hinduism. Viveka Press. ISBN 978-1-884852-02-2.
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Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra I.92.

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Rajesh Joshi. "Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021.

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books.google.com

Lockard 2007, p. 50: "The encounters that resulted from Aryan migration brought together several very different peoples and cultures, reconfiguring Indian society. Over many centuries a fusion of Aryan and Dravidian occurred, a complex process that historians have labeled the Indo-Aryan synthesis."
Lockard 2007, p. 52: "Hinduism can be seen historically as a synthesis of Aryan beliefs with Harappan and other Dravidian traditions that developed over many centuries." Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 12: "A period of consolidation, sometimes identified as one of 'Hindu synthesis', 'Brahmanic synthesis', or 'orthodox synthesis', takes place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishads (c. 500 BCE) and the period of Gupta imperial ascendency (c. 320–467 CE)." Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5.
Among its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period (Flood 1996, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (Samuel 2008, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the Indus Valley civilisation (Narayanan 2009, p. 11; Lockard 2007, p. 52; Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3; Jones & Ryan 2007, p. xviii) the śramaṇa or renouncer traditions of northeastern India (Flood 1996, p. 16; Gomez 2013, p. 42), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture (Bronkhorst 2007); and "popular or local traditions" (Flood 1996, p. 16) and prehistoric cultures "that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence."Doniger 2010, p. 66) Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3. Narayanan, Vasudha (2009). Hinduism. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5620-2. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. "Buddhism in India". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India. Brill. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7.
According to Jones & Ryan 2007, p. 474, "The followers of Vaishnavism are many fewer than those of Shaivism, numbering perhaps 200 million."^[181]^{[dubious – discuss]} Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
Klostermaier: "Brahman, derived from the root bŗh = to grow, to become great, was originally identical with the Vedic word, that makes people prosper: words were the pricipan means to approach the gods who dwelled in a different sphere. It was not a big step from this notion of "reified speech-act" to that "of the speech-act being looked at implicitly and explicitly as a means to an end." Klostermaier 2007, p. 55 quotes Madhav M. Deshpande (1990), Changing Conceptions of the Veda: From Speech-Acts to Magical Sounds, p.4. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4.
Lochtefeld 2002a. Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1.
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Michaels 2004. Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism: Past and Present. Translated by Harshav, Barbara. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08953-9.
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Fowler 1997, pp. 1, 7. Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997). Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-60-8.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
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Flood 1996, p. 6; Parpola 2015, "Chapter 1" Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Singh 2008, p. 433; Flood 1996, p. 6 Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-6186-037-2. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2024. Sindhu means a stream, a river, and in particular the Indus river, but likewise it denotes the territory of the lower Indus valley, or modern Sind... It denotes a geographical unit to which different tribes may belong.
Parpola (2015), "Chapter 9": "In Iranian languages, Proto-Iranian *s became h before a following vowel at a relatively late period, perhaps around 850–600 BCE." Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Flood 1996, p. 6: "The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the river Indus (Sanskrit: Sindhu).". Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Flood 1996, p. 6. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Truschke 2023, p. 262; Singh 2008, p. 433 Truschke, Audrey (2023). "Hindu: A History". Comparative Studies in Society and History: 1–26. doi:10.1017/S0010417522000524. S2CID 256174694. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
Flood 1996, p. 6; Klostermaier 2010, p. 17; Doniger 2014, p. 5; Parpola 2015, p. 5 Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8011-3. Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9. Parpola, Asko (2015). The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022693-0.
Doniger 2014, p. 3. Doniger, Wendy (2014). On Hinduism. Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 978-0-19-936007-9.
Lochtefeld 2002a; Flood 2022, p. 339 Lochtefeld, James G. (2002a). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A–M. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1. Flood, Gavin (2022). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.
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Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2003, pp. 1–17. Sharma, Arvind (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2003, pp. 1–17. Sharma, Arvind (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2003, pp. 1–17. Sharma, Arvind (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition", "way of life" (Sharma 2003, pp. 12–13), etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in Flood 2003, pp. 1–17. Sharma, Arvind (2003). The Study of Hinduism. University of South Carolina Press. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21535-2. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Among its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period (Flood 1996, p. 16) and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans (Samuel 2008, pp. 48–53), but also the religions of the Indus Valley civilisation (Narayanan 2009, p. 11; Lockard 2007, p. 52; Hiltebeitel 2002, p. 3; Jones & Ryan 2007, p. xviii) the śramaṇa or renouncer traditions of northeastern India (Flood 1996, p. 16; Gomez 2013, p. 42), with possible roots in a non-Vedic Indo-Aryan culture (Bronkhorst 2007); and "popular or local traditions" (Flood 1996, p. 16) and prehistoric cultures "that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence."Doniger 2010, p. 66) Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Samuel, Geoffrey (2008). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-69534-3. Narayanan, Vasudha (2009). Hinduism. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4358-5620-2. Lockard, Craig A. (2007). Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-618-38612-3. Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002) [1987]. "Hinduism". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 0-7007-1762-5. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Gomez, Luis O. (2013) [1987]. "Buddhism in India". In Kitagawa, Joseph M. (ed.). The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 3–40. ISBN 978-1-136-87590-8. Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India. Brill. Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Doniger, Wendy (2010). The Hindus: An Alternative History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959334-7.
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Lipner 2009, p. 8 Quote: "[...] one need not be religious in the minimal sense described to be accepted as a Hindu by Hindus, or describe oneself perfectly validly as Hindu. One may be polytheistic or monotheistic, monistic or pantheistic, henotheistic, panentheistic, pandeistic, even an agnostic, humanist or atheist, and still be considered a Hindu." Lipner, Julius (2009). Hindus: their religious beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-86464-7. OCLC 812916971.
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