History of Africa (English Wikipedia)

Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Retrieved 12 December 2014.

african-archaeology.de

Zangato, É.; Holl, A.F.C. (2010). "On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central Africa". Journal of African Archaeology. 8 (1): 7–23. doi:10.3213/1612-1651-10153.

africanhistoryextra.com

Samuel, isaac. "The myth of Mansa Musa's enslaved entourage". africanhistoryextra.com. Retrieved 2024-08-12.

archive.org

Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral tradition as history. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-10214-2.
"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68708-9.
Mlambo, A. S. (2014). A history of Zimbabwe. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02170-9.
Randrianja, Solofo (2009). "Transforming the island (1100–1599)". Madagascar: A short history. University of Chicago Press.
Huffman, Thomas N. (2005). Mapungubwe : ancient African civilisation on the Limpopo. Internet Archive. Johannesburg : Wits University Press. ISBN 978-1-86814-408-2.
Ajayi; Ade (1976). History of West Africa. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04103-4.
Prunier, Gerard (2014). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 9780195374209. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

books.google.com

Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000-08-03). African Languages: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66629-9.
Meredith, Martin (2011-09-01). The State of Africa: A History of the Continent Since Independence. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-85720-389-2.
Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2.
Diamond (1997), pp. 126–127; Ehret (2002), pp. 64–75, 80–81, 87–88. Diamond, Jared M. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03891-0. Ehret, Christopher (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-2085-X.
Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9783937248462.
Elayi, Josette (2018). Sennacherib, King of Assyria. SBL Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-88414-318-5.
Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 29–31. ISBN 978-0313378577.
Dalal, Roshen (2011). The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 131. ISBN 978-1448847976.
Buchanan, Carole (1974). The Kitara Complex: The Historical Tradition of Western Uganda to the 16th century. Indiana University.
Fage, John (23 October 2013). A History of Africa. Routledge. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1317797272. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
Fanso, Verkijika G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges. Vol. 1. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-47121-0.
McKinney 2004, pp. 468–69. McKinney, Robert C. (2004). The Case of Rhyme versus Reason: Ibn al-Rumi and His Poetics in Context. Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13010-1.
Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-393-6.
Lewis, I. M. (1999-01-01). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. ISBN 9780852552803. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
Niane, Djibril Tamsir (1989). Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou. KARTHALA Editions. pp. 221 Pages. ISBN 9782865372362.
Chirikure, Shadreck; Delius, Peter; Esterhuysen, Amanda; Hall, Simon; Lekgoathi, Sekibakiba; Maulaudzi, Maanda; Neluvhalani, Vele; Ntsoane, Otsile; Pearce, David (2015-10-01). Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State. Real African Publishers Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-1-920655-06-8.
Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (25 February 2003). Mukhtar Haji. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810866041.
Walker, Bethany (2020). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 427. ISBN 978-0-19-998787-0.
Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. ISBN 978-0-932415-19-6.
Trimingham, J. Spencer (2013-09-13). Islam in Ethiopia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-97022-1.
Reefe, Thomas Q. (2022-08-19). The Rainbow and the Kings: A History of the Luba Empire to 1891. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-33490-8.
Prunier (2009), p. 72. Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970583-2.
Horáková, Hana; Werkman, Katerina (2016). "African historians and the production of historical knowledge in Africa: Some reflections". Knowledge Production in and on Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-643-90798-1.
Falola, Toyin; Jennings, Christian (2003). "Introduction". Sources and Methods in African History: Spoken, Written, Unearthed. University Rochester Press. ISBN 978-1-58046-134-4.
Parker, John (2023-03-21). Great Kingdoms of Africa. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-39568-8.
Falola, Toyin (2024-04-05). Decolonizing African History. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-3-906927-51-0.

britannica.com

"Mande | West African, Mali, Griot | Britannica". britannica.com.

cambridge.org

Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2009). "Rereading the History and Historiography of Epistemic Domination and Resistance in Africa". African Studies Review. 52 (1).
Frankema, Ewout (2018). "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885". The Journal for Economic History. 78 (1): 231–267. doi:10.1017/S0022050718000128.
Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. II. The Local Oral Sources". History in Africa. 10: 53–78. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.
Tamrat, Taddesse (1977). Oliver, Roland (ed.). "Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn". The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–182. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
Chittick, Neville (1969). "A New Look at the History of Pate" (PDF). Journal of African History. 10 (3). Cambridge University Press: 375–391. doi:10.1017/S0021853700036331.
Conrad, David; Fisher, Humphrey (1983). "The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources". History in Africa. 10. doi:10.2307/3171690. JSTOR 3171690.
Thornton, John K., ed. (2020). "The Development of States in West Central Africa to 1540". A History of West Central Africa to 1850. New Approaches to African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–55. ISBN 978-1-107-56593-7. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa". Antiquity. 90 (352).
Thornton, John K., ed. (2020). "The Struggle for Ambundu and the Founding of Angola". A History of West Central Africa to 1850. New Approaches to African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–88. ISBN 978-1-107-56593-7. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
Thornton, John (2024). "Mwene Muji: A Medieval Empire in Central Africa?". The Journal of African History. 65 (1): 30–46. doi:10.1017/S0021853724000161. ISSN 0021-8537.

ceon.pl

depot.ceon.pl

Osypińska, Marta (2021). "Animals in the history of the Middle Nile" (PDF). From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. p. 460. ISBN 9788395336256. OCLC 1374884636.
Osypińska, Marta; Osypiński, Piotr (2021). "Exploring the oldest huts and the first cattle keepers in Africa" (PDF). From Faras to Soba: 60 years of Sudanese–Polish cooperation in saving the heritage of Sudan. Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology/University of Warsaw. pp. 187–188. ISBN 9788395336256. OCLC 1374884636.

csan-niger.com

Administration (2020-01-10). "Bayajidda HAUSA Historical Legend Myth or Reality". CSAN Niger (in French). Retrieved 2024-07-07.

d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Blench, Robert (2021). "Was a migration of foragers from the African mainland responsible for the grassy biomes of highland Madagascar?" (PDF). Cambridge University Press.

dailytimes.com.pk

"Tomb Reveals Ancient Egypt's Humiliating Secrets". Daily Times. 29 July 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013.

doi.org

Mouralis, Bernard (2022). "Orality". Encyclopedia of African Religions and Philosophy. Springer. pp. 537–539. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-2068-5_296. ISBN 978-94-024-2066-1.
Southall, Aidan (1974). "State Formation in Africa". Annual Review of Anthropology. 3: 153–165. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.03.100174.001101. JSTOR 2949286.
Campbell, Gwyn (2016). "Malagasy empires (Sakalava and Merina)". The Encyclopedia of Empire. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe056. ISBN 978-1-118-45507-4. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
Hogan, Jack (2016). "Lozi Empire". The Encyclopedia of Empire. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe053. ISBN 978-1-118-45507-4. Retrieved 2025-01-23.
González-Ruibal, Alfredo (2024-11-23). "Traditions of Equality: The Archaeology of Egalitarianism and Egalitarian Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa (First and Second Millennium CE)". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 32 (1): 6. doi:10.1007/s10816-024-09678-1. ISSN 1573-7764.
Stilwell, Sean (2013). "Slavery in African History". Slavery and Slaving in African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 38. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139034999.003. ISBN 978-1-139-03499-9. For most Africans between 10000 BCE to 500 CE, the use of slaves was not an optimal political or economic strategy. But in some places, Africans came to see the value of slavery. In the large parts of the continent where Africans lived in relatively decentralized and small-scale communities, some big men used slavery to grab power to get around broader governing ideas about reciprocity and kinship, but were still bound by those ideas to some degree. In other parts of the continent early political centralization and commercialization led to expanded use of slaves as soldiers, officials, and workers.
Chukwu, Lawson; Akpowoghaha, G. N. (2023). "Colonialism in Africa: An Introductory Review". Political Economy of Colonial Relations and Crisis of Contemporary African Diplomacy. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0245-3_1. ISBN 978-981-99-0244-6.
Frankema, Ewout (2018). "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885". The Journal for Economic History. 78 (1): 231–267. doi:10.1017/S0022050718000128.
Walls, A (2011). "African Christianity in the History of Religions". Studies in World Christianity. 2 (2). Edinburgh University Press: 183–203. doi:10.3366/swc.1996.2.2.183.
Jimoh, Anselm Kole (2017). Ukpokolo, Isaac E. (ed.). "An African Theory of Knowledge". Themes, Issues and Problems in African Philosophy. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 121–136. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40796-8_8. ISBN 978-3-319-40796-8. Retrieved 2024-11-28.
Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
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"The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes". Nature. 84 (2127): 133–134. August 1910. Bibcode:1910Natur..84..133.. doi:10.1038/084133a0. hdl:2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t07w6zm1b. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 3942233.
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worldhistory.org

"Swahili Coast". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
"Swahili Coast". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-11-14.