History of Earth (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of Earth" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

92doi.org

2^nd place

86nih.gov

4^th place

61harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

14web.archive.org

1^st place

9books.google.com

3^rd place

8britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

7nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

6bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

4berkeley.edu

580^th place

462^nd place

3tufts.edu

155^th place

138^th place

3sciencedaily.com

993^rd place

920^th place

2usgs.gov

167^th place

198^th place

2worldcat.org

5^th place

2excite.com

low place

9,059^th place

2nytimes.com

7^th place

2scientificamerican.com

896^th place

674^th place

2space.com

936^th place

713^th place

2snowballearth.org

low place

2amnh.org

1,578^th place

1,521^st place

1archive.org

6^th place

1loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

1telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

24^th place

1ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1nysed.gov

9,712^th place

6,039^th place

1talkorigins.org

9,502^nd place

low place

1washingtonpost.com

34^th place

27^th place

1archive.today

14^th place

1wisc.edu

1,045^th place

746^th place

1arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

1geolsoc.org.uk

low place

1reuters.com

49^th place

47^th place

1planetary.org

5,100^th place

4,194^th place

1northwestern.edu

2,302^nd place

1,389^th place

1funpecrp.com.br

low place

1psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

1jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

1timetree.org

low place

1usra.edu

2,838^th place

2,185^th place

1stratigraphy.org

2,562^nd place

3,215^th place

1lib4ri.ch

low place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

1columbia.edu

488^th place

374^th place

1ucl.ac.uk

1,306^th place

885^th place

1umd.edu

1,747^th place

1,277^th place

1devoniantimes.org

low place

1ck12.org

low place

1waikato.ac.nz

low place

1tolweb.org

2,992^nd place

3,299^th place

1about.com

216^th place

186^th place

1palomar.edu

7,861^st place

5,961^st place

1io9.com

2,391^st place

1,563^rd place

1metmuseum.org

983^rd place

751^st place

about.com

dinosaurs.about.com

Strauss, Bob. "The First Mammals:The Early Mammals of the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods". about.com. Retrieved 12 May 2015.

amnh.org

"A Walking Whale: Ambulocetus". American Museum of Natural History. 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
"Andrewsarchus, "Superb Skull of a Gigantic Beast," Now on View in Whales Exhibit". American Museum of Natural History. 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2016-01-10.

archive.org

Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. LCCN 2001030052. OCLC 45806501.

archive.today

Patel, Kasha (16 June 2023). "Scientists have a controversial theory for how — and how fast — Earth formed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.

arxiv.org

Belbruno, E.; Gott, J. Richard III (2005). "Where Did The Moon Come From?". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1724–1745. arXiv:astro-ph/0405372. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1724B. doi:10.1086/427539.

bbc.co.uk

"The Day the Earth Nearly Died". Horizon. BBC. 2002. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
"The Mass Extinctions: The Late Ordovician Extinction". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-05-22.
"The Mass Extinctions: The Late Cambrian Extinction". BBC. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
Wright, Jo (1999). "New Blood". Walking with Dinosaurs. Episode 1. BBC. Archived from the original on 2005-12-12.
"The Mass Extinctions: The Late Triassic Extinction". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-04-09.

news.bbc.co.uk

"Big crater seen beneath ice sheet". BBC News. 3 June 2006. Retrieved April 18, 2012.

berkeley.edu

evolution.berkeley.edu

"From prokaryotes to eukaryotes". Understanding evolution: your one-stop source for information on evolution. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
"Pannotia". UCMP Glossary. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

ucmp.berkeley.edu

"The Cenozoic Era". University of California Museum of Paleontology. June 2011. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
"Archaeopteryx: An Early Bird". University of California, Berkeley Museum of Paleontology. 1996. Retrieved 2006-04-09.

books.google.com

Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (1996). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare–common differences. Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S.C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. p. preface x. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6.
Miller, G.; Spoolman, Scott (2012). Environmental Science – Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital. Cengage Learning. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-133-70787-5. Retrieved 2014-12-27.
Taylor, Thomas N.; Taylor, Edith L.; Krings, Michael (2006). Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants. Academic Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8.
Patwardhan, A.M. (2010). The Dynamic Earth System. New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited. p. 146. ISBN 978-81-203-4052-7.
McClellan (2006). Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8360-6.^{[page needed]}
Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press, ISBN 1851821252, preface, see [1], accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)
Thomas E. Woods and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, ISBN 1596983280, see accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
Marvin Perry (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789. Cengage Learning. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-1-111-83720-4.

britannica.com

"Slushball Earth hypothesis". Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Pangea | Definition, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
"K–T extinction | Overview & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
"placoderm | fossil fish | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
"Devonian extinctions | Definition & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
"end-Triassic extinction | Evidence & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
Roman Catholicism, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". Encyclopædia Britannica
"Bayt al-Hikmah". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 3, 2016.

ck12.org

"Welcome to CK-12 Foundation | CK-12 Foundation". www.ck12.org. Retrieved 2022-07-15.

columbia.edu

"Carbon Cycle and the Earth's Climate". www.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-15.^{[self-published source?]}

devoniantimes.org

Murphy, Dennis C. (May 20, 2006). "The paleocontinent Euramerica". Devonian Times. Retrieved April 18, 2012.

doi.org

Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14.
Manhesa, Gérard; Allègre, Claude J.; Dupréa, Bernard & Hamelin, Bruno (1980). "Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 47 (3): 370–382. Bibcode:1980E&PSL..47..370M. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2.
Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. 158 (3–4): 141–155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009.
Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470). London: Royal Society: 869–885. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC 1578735. PMID 16754604.
Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (16 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 1103–1124. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1103N. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812.
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. 7 (1). London: Nature Publishing Group: 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025.
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 November 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Early edition, published online before print.
Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?". PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336. PMID 21886479.
P. Goldreich; W.R. Ward (1973). "The Formation of Planetesimals". Astrophysical Journal. 183: 1051–1062. Bibcode:1973ApJ...183.1051G. doi:10.1086/152291.
Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S.B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540.
Onyett, Isaac J.; et al. (14 June 2023). "Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion". Nature. 619 (7970): 539–544. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..539O. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z. PMC 10356600. PMID 37316662.
Kokubo, Eiichiro; Ida, Shigeru (2002). "Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (1): 666–680. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..666K. doi:10.1086/344105.
van Hunen, J.; van den Berg, A.P. (2007). "Plate tectonics on the early Earth: Limitations imposed by strength and buoyancy of subducted lithosphere". Lithos. 103 (1–2): 217–235. Bibcode:2008Litho.103..217V. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.016.
Jacobs, J.A. (1953). "The Earth's inner core". Nature. 172 (4372): 297–298. Bibcode:1953Natur.172..297J. doi:10.1038/172297a0.
Wilde, S.A.; Valley, J.W.; Peck, W.H. & Graham, C.M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6817): 175–178. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..175W. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Cavosie, A.J.; Valley, J.W.; Wilde, S.A.; Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (E.I.M.F.) (2005). "Magmatic δ¹⁸O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 235 (3–4): 663–681. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.235..663C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028.
Belbruno, E.; Gott, J. Richard III (2005). "Where Did The Moon Come From?". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1724–1745. arXiv:astro-ph/0405372. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1724B. doi:10.1086/427539.
Münker, Carsten; Pfänder, Jörg A.; Weyer, Stefan; Büchl, Anette; Kleine, Thorsten; Mezger, Klaus (4 July 2003). "Evolution of Planetary Cores and the Earth-Moon System from Nb/Ta Systematics". Science. 301 (5629): 84–87. Bibcode:2003Sci...301...84M. doi:10.1126/science.1084662. PMID 12843390.
Green, Jack (2011). "Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12 (9): 6051–6076. doi:10.3390/ijms12096051. PMC 3189768. PMID 22016644.
Kleine, T.; Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. (2005). "Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon". Science. 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. doi:10.1126/science.1118842. PMID 16308422.
Halliday, A.N. (2006). "The Origin of the Earth; What's New?". Elements. 2 (4): 205–210. Bibcode:2006Eleme...2..205H. doi:10.2113/gselements.2.4.205.
Halliday, Alex N. (November 28, 2008). "A young Moon-forming giant impact at 70–110 million years accompanied by late-stage mixing, core formation and degassing of the Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1883). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4163–4181. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.4163H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0209. PMID 18826916.
Canup, R.M.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature. 412 (6848): 708–712. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633.
Liu, Lin-Gun (1992). "Chemical composition of the Earth after the giant impact". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 57 (2): 85–97. Bibcode:1992EM&P...57...85L. doi:10.1007/BF00119610.
Newsom, Horton E.; Taylor, Stuart Ross (1989). "Geochemical implications of the formation of the Moon by a single giant impact". Nature. 338 (6210): 29–34. Bibcode:1989Natur.338...29N. doi:10.1038/338029a0.
Kasting, James F. (1993). "Earth's early atmosphere". Science. 259 (5097): 920–926. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..920K. doi:10.1126/science.11536547. PMID 11536547.
Trail, Dustin; Elsila, Jamie; Müller, Ulrich; Lyons, Timothy; Rogers, Karyn (4 February 2022). "Rethinking the Search for the Origins of Life". Eos. 103: 20065. Bibcode:2022EOSTr.10320065T. doi:10.1029/2022eo220065.
Trainer, Melissa G.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Jimenez, Jose L.; McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Tolbert, Margaret A. (28 November 2006). "Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (48): 18035–18042. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608561103. PMC 1838702. PMID 17101962.
Kasting, James F.; Catling, David (2003). "Evolution of a habitable planet". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 41 (1): 429–463. Bibcode:2003ARA&A..41..429K. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049.
Kasting, James F; Howard, M. Tazewell (29 October 2006). "Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1474): 1733–1742. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1902. PMC 1664689. PMID 17008214.
Selsis, Franck (2004). "The Prebiotic Atmosphere of the Earth". Astrobiology: Future Perspectives. pp. 267–286. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2305-7_11. ISBN 978-1-4020-2304-0.
Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Petit, J.M.; Robert, F.; Valsecchi, G.B.; Cyr, K.E. (2000). "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode:2000M&PS...35.1309M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.
Sagan, Carl; Mullen, George (July 7, 1972). "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures". Science. 177 (4043): 52–56. Bibcode:1972Sci...177...52S. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52. PMID 17756316.
Szathmáry, E. (February 2005). "In search of the simplest cell". Nature. 433 (7025): 469–470. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..469S. doi:10.1038/433469a. PMID 15690023.
Luisi, P.L.; Ferri, F. & Stano, P. (2006). "Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2006NW.....93....1L. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0056-z. PMID 16292523.
A. Lazcano; J.L. Bada (June 2004). "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 33 (3): 235–242. Bibcode:2003OLEB...33..235L. doi:10.1023/A:1024807125069. PMID 14515862.
Joyce, G.F. (2002). "The antiquity of RNA-based evolution". Nature. 418 (6894): 214–21. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..214J. doi:10.1038/418214a. PMID 12110897.
Forterre, Patrick (2005). "The two ages of the RNA world, and the transition to the DNA world: a story of viruses and cells". Biochimie. 87 (9–10): 793–803. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2005.03.015. PMID 16164990.
Cech, Thomas R. (11 August 2000). "The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme". Science. 289 (5481): 878–879. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.878. PMID 10960319.
Johnston W, Unrau P, et al. (2001). "RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension". Science. 292 (5520): 1319–1325. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1319J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.5439. doi:10.1126/science.1060786. PMID 11358999.
Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (July 1998). "The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7933–8. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7933L. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933. PMC 20907. PMID 9653118.
Larralde, R.; Robertson, M.P. & Miller, S.L. (August 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158–60. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.8158L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158. PMC 41115. PMID 7667262.
Lindahl, T. (April 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature. 362 (6422): 709–15. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..709L. doi:10.1038/362709a0. PMID 8469282.
Orgel, L. (November 2000). "A simpler nucleic acid". Science. 290 (5495): 1306–7. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1306. PMID 11185405.
Nelson, K.E.; Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (April 2000). "Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3868–71. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3868N. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868. PMC 18108. PMID 10760258.
Davies, Paul (October 6, 2005). "A quantum recipe for life". Nature. 437 (7060): 819. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..819D. doi:10.1038/437819a. PMID 16208350.
Martin, W. & Russell, M.J. (2003). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 59–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMC 1693102. PMID 12594918.
Wächtershäuser, G. (August 2000). "Life as we don't know it". Science. 289 (5483): 1307–8. doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1307. PMID 10979855.
Vasas, V.; Szathmáry, E.; Santos, M. (4 January 2010). "Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (4): 1470–1475. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.1470V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912628107. PMC 2824406. PMID 20080693.
Trevors, J.T. & Psenner, R. (2001). "From self-assembly of life to present-day bacteria: a possible role for nanocells". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25 (5): 573–82. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00592.x. PMID 11742692.
Segré, Daniel; Ben-Eli, Dafna; Deamer, David W.; Lancet, Doron (2001). "The lipid world". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 31 (1/2): 119–145. Bibcode:2001OLEB...31..119S. doi:10.1023/a:1006746807104. PMID 11296516.
Ferris, J.P. (June 1999). "Prebiotic Synthesis on Minerals: Bridging the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds". Biological Bulletin. Evolution: A Molecular Point of View. 196 (3): 311–314. doi:10.2307/1542957. JSTOR 1542957. PMID 10390828.
Hanczyc, M.M.; Fujikawa, S.M. & Szostak, Jack W. (October 2003). "Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division". Science. 302 (5645): 618–622. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..618H. doi:10.1126/science.1089904. PMC 4484575. PMID 14576428.
Hartman, H. (October 1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 28 (4–6): 512–521. Bibcode:1998OLEB...28..515H. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. PMID 11536891.
Hedges, S Blair (2009). "Life". The Timetree of Life. pp. 89–98. doi:10.1093/oso/9780199535033.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-953503-3.
Penny, David; Poole, Anthony (December 1999). "The nature of the last universal common ancestor". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 9 (6): 672–677. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00020-9. PMID 10607605.
Leslie, M. (2009). "On the Origin of Photosynthesis". Science. 323 (5919): 1286–1287. doi:10.1126/science.323.5919.1286. PMID 19264999.
Nisbet, E. G.; Sleep, N. H. (2001). "The habitat and nature of early life". Nature. 409 (6823): 1083–1091. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1083N. doi:10.1038/35059210. PMID 11234022.
Des Marais, David J. (8 September 2000). "When Did Photosynthesis Emerge on Earth?". Science. 289 (5485): 1703–1705. doi:10.1126/science.289.5485.1703.
Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean Era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88..109O. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.
Holland, Heinrich D. (June 2006). "The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470). The Royal Society: 903–915. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838. PMC 1578726. PMID 16754606.
Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (6): 141. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..141B. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0141. hdl:20.500.11937/67718. PMID 28812648.
Andersson, Siv G.E.; Zomorodipour, Alireza; Andersson, Jan O.; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Alsmark, U. Cecilia M.; Podowski, Raf M.; Näslund, A. Kristina; Eriksson, Ann-Sofie; Winkler, Herbert H.; Kurland, Charles G. (November 12, 1998). "The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria". Nature. 396 (6707): 133–140. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..133A. doi:10.1038/24094. PMID 9823893.
Berglsand, Kristin J.; Haselkorn, Robert (June 1991). "Evolutionary Relationships among the Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Chloroplasts: Evidence from the rpoC1 Gene of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120". Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (11): 3446–3455. doi:10.1128/jb.173.11.3446-3455.1991. PMC 207958. PMID 1904436. (PDF)
Takemura, Masaharu (May 2001). "Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 52 (5): 419–425. Bibcode:2001JMolE..52..419T. doi:10.1007/s002390010171. PMID 11443345.
Bell, Philip J (September 2001). "Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus?". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (3): 251–256. Bibcode:2001JMolE..53..251L. doi:10.1007/s002390010215. PMID 11523012.
Gabaldón, Toni; Berend Snel; Frank van Zimmeren; Wieger Hemrika; Henk Tabak; Martijn A. Huynen (March 23, 2006). "Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome". Biology Direct. 1 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-8. PMC 1472686. PMID 16556314.
Bhattacharya, Debashish; Medlin, Linda (1998). "Algal Phylogeny and the Origin of Land Plants". Plant Physiology. 116 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1104/pp.116.1.9. PMC 1539170. (PDF)
Sperling, Erik A; Stockey, Richard G (October 2018). "The Temporal and Environmental Context of Early Animal Evolution: Considering All the Ingredients of an 'Explosion'". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 58 (4): 605–622. doi:10.1093/icb/icy088. PMID 30295813.
Traxler, Matthew F; Rozen, Daniel E (June 2022). "Ecological drivers of division of labour in Streptomyces". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 67: 102148. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2022.102148. PMC 12042799. PMID 35468363.
Torsvik, T.H. (30 May 2003). "The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle". Science. 300 (5624): 1379–1381. doi:10.1126/science.1083469. PMID 12775828.
Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A.; Wilde, Simon A.; Sun, M. (2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent". Earth-Science Reviews. 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.
Zhao, Guochun; Sun, Min; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, Sanzhong (September 2004). "A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup". Earth-Science Reviews. 67 (1–2): 91–123. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003.
Dalziel, I.W.D. (1995). "Earth before Pangea". Scientific American. 272 (1): 58–63. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272a..58D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0195-58.
Hoffman, P.F.; Kaufman, A.J.; Halverson, G.P.; Schrag, D.P. (1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth". Science. 281 (5381): 1342–1346. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1342H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. PMID 9721097.
Condie, Kent C. (2005). "The Supercontinent Cycle and Mantle-Plume Events". Earth as an Evolving Planetary System. pp. 315–VII. doi:10.1016/B978-012088392-9/50009-8. ISBN 978-0-12-088392-9.
Xiao, S.; Laflamme, M. (2009). "On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 24 (1): 31–40. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24...31X. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015. PMID 18952316.
McArthur, J.M.; Howarth, R.J.; Shields, G.A.; Zhou, Y. (2020). "Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy". Geologic Time Scale 2020. pp. 211–238. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00007-3. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.
Wille, M; Nägler, T.F.; Lehmann, B; Schröder, S; Kramers, J.D (June 2008). "Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary". Nature. 453 (7196): 767–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..767W. doi:10.1038/nature07072. PMID 18509331.
Runkel, Anthony C.; Mackey, Tyler J.; Cowan, Clinton A.; Fox, David L. (1 November 2010). "Tropical shoreline ice in the late Cambrian: Implications for Earth's climate between the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event". GSA Today. 2 (11): 4–10. Bibcode:2010GSAT...20....4R. doi:10.1130/GSATG84A.1.
Battistuzzi, Fabia U; Feijao, Andreia; Hedges, S Blair (2004). "A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44. PMC 533871. PMID 15535883.
Battistuzzi, F. U.; Hedges, S. B. (February 2009). "A Major Clade of Prokaryotes with Ancient Adaptations to Life on Land". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (2): 335–343. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn247. PMID 18988685.
Lieberman, Bruce S. (2003). "Taking the Pulse of the Cambrian Radiation". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 229–237. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.229. PMID 21680426.
Landing, E.; Bowring, S. A.; Davidek, K. L.; Rushton, A. W. A.; Fortey, R. A.; Wimbledon, W. A. P. (September 2000). "Cambrian–Ordovician boundary age and duration of the lowest Ordovician Tremadoc Series based on U–Pb zircon dates from Avalonian Wales". Geological Magazine. 137 (5): 485–494. Bibcode:2000GeoM..137..485L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800004507.
Heckman, Daniel S.; Geiser, David M.; Eidell, Brooke R.; Stauffer, Rebecca L.; Kardos, Natalie L.; Hedges, S. Blair (10 August 2001). "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants". Science. 293 (5532): 1129–1133. doi:10.1126/science.1061457. PMID 11498589.
Johnson, E. W.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Suthren, R. J.; Wright, J. L.; Tunnicliff, S. P. (May 1994). "Non-marine arthropod traces from the subaerial Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake District". Geological Magazine. 131 (3): 395–406. Bibcode:1994GeoM..131..395J. doi:10.1017/S0016756800011146.
MacNaughton, Robert B.; Cole, Jennifer M.; Dalrymple, Robert W.; Braddy, Simon J.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Lukie, Terrence D. (2002). "First steps on land: Arthropod trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician eolian sandstone, southeastern Ontario, Canada". Geology. 30 (5): 391. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..391M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0391:FSOLAT>2.0.CO;2.
Clack, Jennifer A. (December 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American. 293 (6): 100–7. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100. PMID 16323697.
Hamon, N.; Sepulchre, P.; Lefebvre, V.; Ramstein, G. (28 November 2013). "The role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (ca. 14 Ma)". Climate of the Past. 9 (6): 2687–2702. Bibcode:2013CliPa...9.2687H. doi:10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013.
Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (30 April 2004). "Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Science. 304 (5671): 725–727. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..725G. doi:10.1126/science.1095443. PMID 15118160.
Reed, David L.; Smith, Vincent S.; Hammond, Shaless L.; Rogers, Alan R.; et al. (2004). "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans". PLOS Biology. 2 (11): e340. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340. PMC 521174. PMID 15502871.
Gibbons, Ann (2003). "Oldest Members of Homo sapiens Discovered in Africa". Science. 300 (5626): 1641. doi:10.1126/science.300.5626.1641. PMID 12805512.

excite.com

apnews.excite.com

Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

funpecrp.com.br

Hoenigsberg, Hugo (30 December 2003). "Evolution without speciation but with selection: LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor in Gilbert's RNA world". Genetics and Molecular Research. 2 (4): 366–375. PMID 15011140.

geolsoc.org.uk

Nield, Ted (2009). "Moonwalk" (PDF). Geoscientist. 18 (9). Geological Society of London: 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2012.

ghostarchive.org

Pearlman, Jonathan (13 November 2013). "Oldest signs of life on Earth found". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2014-12-15.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (6): 141. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..141B. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0141. hdl:20.500.11937/67718. PMID 28812648.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London. 190 (1): 205–221. Bibcode:2001GSLSP.190..205D. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14.
Manhesa, Gérard; Allègre, Claude J.; Dupréa, Bernard & Hamelin, Bruno (1980). "Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 47 (3): 370–382. Bibcode:1980E&PSL..47..370M. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2.
Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (October 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. 158 (3–4): 141–155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009.
Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (16 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 1103–1124. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1103N. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812.
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. 7 (1). London: Nature Publishing Group: 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025.
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 November 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Early edition, published online before print.
P. Goldreich; W.R. Ward (1973). "The Formation of Planetesimals". Astrophysical Journal. 183: 1051–1062. Bibcode:1973ApJ...183.1051G. doi:10.1086/152291.
Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S.B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540.
Onyett, Isaac J.; et al. (14 June 2023). "Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion". Nature. 619 (7970): 539–544. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..539O. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z. PMC 10356600. PMID 37316662.
Kokubo, Eiichiro; Ida, Shigeru (2002). "Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (1): 666–680. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581..666K. doi:10.1086/344105.
van Hunen, J.; van den Berg, A.P. (2007). "Plate tectonics on the early Earth: Limitations imposed by strength and buoyancy of subducted lithosphere". Lithos. 103 (1–2): 217–235. Bibcode:2008Litho.103..217V. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2007.09.016.
Jacobs, J.A. (1953). "The Earth's inner core". Nature. 172 (4372): 297–298. Bibcode:1953Natur.172..297J. doi:10.1038/172297a0.
Wilde, S.A.; Valley, J.W.; Peck, W.H. & Graham, C.M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6817): 175–178. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..175W. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Cavosie, A.J.; Valley, J.W.; Wilde, S.A.; Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (E.I.M.F.) (2005). "Magmatic δ¹⁸O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 235 (3–4): 663–681. Bibcode:2005E&PSL.235..663C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028.
Belbruno, E.; Gott, J. Richard III (2005). "Where Did The Moon Come From?". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (3): 1724–1745. arXiv:astro-ph/0405372. Bibcode:2005AJ....129.1724B. doi:10.1086/427539.
Münker, Carsten; Pfänder, Jörg A.; Weyer, Stefan; Büchl, Anette; Kleine, Thorsten; Mezger, Klaus (4 July 2003). "Evolution of Planetary Cores and the Earth-Moon System from Nb/Ta Systematics". Science. 301 (5629): 84–87. Bibcode:2003Sci...301...84M. doi:10.1126/science.1084662. PMID 12843390.
Kleine, T.; Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. (2005). "Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon". Science. 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. doi:10.1126/science.1118842. PMID 16308422.
Halliday, A.N. (2006). "The Origin of the Earth; What's New?". Elements. 2 (4): 205–210. Bibcode:2006Eleme...2..205H. doi:10.2113/gselements.2.4.205.
Halliday, Alex N. (November 28, 2008). "A young Moon-forming giant impact at 70–110 million years accompanied by late-stage mixing, core formation and degassing of the Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1883). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4163–4181. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.4163H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0209. PMID 18826916.
Canup, R.M.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature. 412 (6848): 708–712. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633.
Liu, Lin-Gun (1992). "Chemical composition of the Earth after the giant impact". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 57 (2): 85–97. Bibcode:1992EM&P...57...85L. doi:10.1007/BF00119610.
Newsom, Horton E.; Taylor, Stuart Ross (1989). "Geochemical implications of the formation of the Moon by a single giant impact". Nature. 338 (6210): 29–34. Bibcode:1989Natur.338...29N. doi:10.1038/338029a0.
Bleeker, W.; Davis, B.W. (May 2004). What is a craton?. Spring meeting. American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:2004AGUSM.T41C..01B. T41C-01.
Kasting, James F. (1993). "Earth's early atmosphere". Science. 259 (5097): 920–926. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..920K. doi:10.1126/science.11536547. PMID 11536547.
Trail, Dustin; Elsila, Jamie; Müller, Ulrich; Lyons, Timothy; Rogers, Karyn (4 February 2022). "Rethinking the Search for the Origins of Life". Eos. 103: 20065. Bibcode:2022EOSTr.10320065T. doi:10.1029/2022eo220065.
Kasting, James F.; Catling, David (2003). "Evolution of a habitable planet". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 41 (1): 429–463. Bibcode:2003ARA&A..41..429K. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049.
Morbidelli, A.; Chambers, J.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Petit, J.M.; Robert, F.; Valsecchi, G.B.; Cyr, K.E. (2000). "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309–1320. Bibcode:2000M&PS...35.1309M. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x.
Sagan, Carl; Mullen, George (July 7, 1972). "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures". Science. 177 (4043): 52–56. Bibcode:1972Sci...177...52S. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52. PMID 17756316.
Szathmáry, E. (February 2005). "In search of the simplest cell". Nature. 433 (7025): 469–470. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..469S. doi:10.1038/433469a. PMID 15690023.
Luisi, P.L.; Ferri, F. & Stano, P. (2006). "Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2006NW.....93....1L. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0056-z. PMID 16292523.
A. Lazcano; J.L. Bada (June 2004). "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 33 (3): 235–242. Bibcode:2003OLEB...33..235L. doi:10.1023/A:1024807125069. PMID 14515862.
Joyce, G.F. (2002). "The antiquity of RNA-based evolution". Nature. 418 (6894): 214–21. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..214J. doi:10.1038/418214a. PMID 12110897.
Johnston W, Unrau P, et al. (2001). "RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension". Science. 292 (5520): 1319–1325. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1319J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.5439. doi:10.1126/science.1060786. PMID 11358999.
Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (July 1998). "The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7933–8. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7933L. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933. PMC 20907. PMID 9653118.
Larralde, R.; Robertson, M.P. & Miller, S.L. (August 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158–60. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.8158L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158. PMC 41115. PMID 7667262.
Lindahl, T. (April 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature. 362 (6422): 709–15. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..709L. doi:10.1038/362709a0. PMID 8469282.
Nelson, K.E.; Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (April 2000). "Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3868–71. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3868N. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868. PMC 18108. PMID 10760258.
Davies, Paul (October 6, 2005). "A quantum recipe for life". Nature. 437 (7060): 819. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..819D. doi:10.1038/437819a. PMID 16208350.
Vasas, V.; Szathmáry, E.; Santos, M. (4 January 2010). "Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (4): 1470–1475. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.1470V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912628107. PMC 2824406. PMID 20080693.
Segré, Daniel; Ben-Eli, Dafna; Deamer, David W.; Lancet, Doron (2001). "The lipid world". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 31 (1/2): 119–145. Bibcode:2001OLEB...31..119S. doi:10.1023/a:1006746807104. PMID 11296516.
Hanczyc, M.M.; Fujikawa, S.M. & Szostak, Jack W. (October 2003). "Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division". Science. 302 (5645): 618–622. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..618H. doi:10.1126/science.1089904. PMC 4484575. PMID 14576428.
Hartman, H. (October 1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 28 (4–6): 512–521. Bibcode:1998OLEB...28..515H. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. PMID 11536891.
Nisbet, E. G.; Sleep, N. H. (2001). "The habitat and nature of early life". Nature. 409 (6823): 1083–1091. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1083N. doi:10.1038/35059210. PMID 11234022.
Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean Era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88..109O. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.
Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (6): 141. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..141B. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0141. hdl:20.500.11937/67718. PMID 28812648.
Andersson, Siv G.E.; Zomorodipour, Alireza; Andersson, Jan O.; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Alsmark, U. Cecilia M.; Podowski, Raf M.; Näslund, A. Kristina; Eriksson, Ann-Sofie; Winkler, Herbert H.; Kurland, Charles G. (November 12, 1998). "The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria". Nature. 396 (6707): 133–140. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..133A. doi:10.1038/24094. PMID 9823893.
Takemura, Masaharu (May 2001). "Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 52 (5): 419–425. Bibcode:2001JMolE..52..419T. doi:10.1007/s002390010171. PMID 11443345.
Bell, Philip J (September 2001). "Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus?". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (3): 251–256. Bibcode:2001JMolE..53..251L. doi:10.1007/s002390010215. PMID 11523012.
Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A.; Wilde, Simon A.; Sun, M. (2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent". Earth-Science Reviews. 59 (1–4): 125–162. Bibcode:2002ESRv...59..125Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9.
Zhao, Guochun; Sun, Min; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, Sanzhong (September 2004). "A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup". Earth-Science Reviews. 67 (1–2): 91–123. Bibcode:2004ESRv...67...91Z. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003.
Dalziel, I.W.D. (1995). "Earth before Pangea". Scientific American. 272 (1): 58–63. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272a..58D. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0195-58.
Hoffman, P.F.; Kaufman, A.J.; Halverson, G.P.; Schrag, D.P. (1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth". Science. 281 (5381): 1342–1346. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1342H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. PMID 9721097.
Xiao, S.; Laflamme, M. (2009). "On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 24 (1): 31–40. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24...31X. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015. PMID 18952316.
Wille, M; Nägler, T.F.; Lehmann, B; Schröder, S; Kramers, J.D (June 2008). "Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary". Nature. 453 (7196): 767–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..767W. doi:10.1038/nature07072. PMID 18509331.
Runkel, Anthony C.; Mackey, Tyler J.; Cowan, Clinton A.; Fox, David L. (1 November 2010). "Tropical shoreline ice in the late Cambrian: Implications for Earth's climate between the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event". GSA Today. 2 (11): 4–10. Bibcode:2010GSAT...20....4R. doi:10.1130/GSATG84A.1.
Landing, E.; Bowring, S. A.; Davidek, K. L.; Rushton, A. W. A.; Fortey, R. A.; Wimbledon, W. A. P. (September 2000). "Cambrian–Ordovician boundary age and duration of the lowest Ordovician Tremadoc Series based on U–Pb zircon dates from Avalonian Wales". Geological Magazine. 137 (5): 485–494. Bibcode:2000GeoM..137..485L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800004507.
Johnson, E. W.; Briggs, D. E. G.; Suthren, R. J.; Wright, J. L.; Tunnicliff, S. P. (May 1994). "Non-marine arthropod traces from the subaerial Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake District". Geological Magazine. 131 (3): 395–406. Bibcode:1994GeoM..131..395J. doi:10.1017/S0016756800011146.
MacNaughton, Robert B.; Cole, Jennifer M.; Dalrymple, Robert W.; Braddy, Simon J.; Briggs, Derek E.G.; Lukie, Terrence D. (2002). "First steps on land: Arthropod trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician eolian sandstone, southeastern Ontario, Canada". Geology. 30 (5): 391. Bibcode:2002Geo....30..391M. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0391:FSOLAT>2.0.CO;2.
Clack, Jennifer A. (December 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American. 293 (6): 100–7. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100. PMID 16323697.
Hamon, N.; Sepulchre, P.; Lefebvre, V.; Ramstein, G. (28 November 2013). "The role of eastern Tethys seaway closure in the Middle Miocene Climatic Transition (ca. 14 Ma)". Climate of the Past. 9 (6): 2687–2702. Bibcode:2013CliPa...9.2687H. doi:10.5194/cp-9-2687-2013.
Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (30 April 2004). "Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Science. 304 (5671): 725–727. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..725G. doi:10.1126/science.1095443. PMID 15118160.

io9.com

George Dvorsky (November 13, 2013). "The world's first big cats came from Asia, not Africa". Io9.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.

jstor.org

Ferris, J.P. (June 1999). "Prebiotic Synthesis on Minerals: Bridging the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds". Biological Bulletin. Evolution: A Molecular Point of View. 196 (3): 311–314. doi:10.2307/1542957. JSTOR 1542957. PMID 10390828.

lib4ri.ch

dora.lib4ri.ch

Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (6): 141. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..141B. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0141. hdl:20.500.11937/67718. PMID 28812648.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. LCCN 2001030052. OCLC 45806501.

metmuseum.org

"Chauvet Cave". Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2002. Retrieved 2006-04-11.

nasa.gov

earthobservatory.nasa.gov

Lindsey, Rebecca; Morrison, David; Simmon, Robert (March 1, 2006). "Ancient crystals suggest earlier ocean". Earth Observatory. NASA. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
N.A.S.A. (31 December 2003). "Isthmus of Panama". N.A.S.A.

solarsystem.nasa.gov

"Pluto: Overview". Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 16 December 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Taylor, G. Jeffrey (April 26, 2004). "Origin of the Earth and Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved 2006-03-27., Taylor (2006) at the NASA website.

nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov

Williams, David R. (2004-09-01). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2010-08-09.

starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov

High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC). "StarChild Question of the Month for October 2001". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

astrobiology.nasa.gov

"NASA Astrobiology". Astrobiology. 2017-06-05. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470). London: Royal Society: 869–885. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC 1578735. PMID 16754604.
Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (16 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 1103–1124. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1103N. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812.
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 November 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Early edition, published online before print.
Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?". PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336. PMID 21886479.
Yin, Qingzhu; Jacobsen, S.B.; Yamashita, K.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Télouk, P.; Albarède, F. (2002). "A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf-W chronometry of meteorites". Nature. 418 (6901): 949–952. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..949Y. doi:10.1038/nature00995. PMID 12198540.
Onyett, Isaac J.; et al. (14 June 2023). "Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion". Nature. 619 (7970): 539–544. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..539O. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z. PMC 10356600. PMID 37316662.
Wilde, S.A.; Valley, J.W.; Peck, W.H. & Graham, C.M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6817): 175–178. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..175W. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Münker, Carsten; Pfänder, Jörg A.; Weyer, Stefan; Büchl, Anette; Kleine, Thorsten; Mezger, Klaus (4 July 2003). "Evolution of Planetary Cores and the Earth-Moon System from Nb/Ta Systematics". Science. 301 (5629): 84–87. Bibcode:2003Sci...301...84M. doi:10.1126/science.1084662. PMID 12843390.
Green, Jack (2011). "Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12 (9): 6051–6076. doi:10.3390/ijms12096051. PMC 3189768. PMID 22016644.
Kleine, T.; Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. (2005). "Hf-W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon". Science. 310 (5754): 1671–1674. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1671K. doi:10.1126/science.1118842. PMID 16308422.
Halliday, Alex N. (November 28, 2008). "A young Moon-forming giant impact at 70–110 million years accompanied by late-stage mixing, core formation and degassing of the Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1883). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4163–4181. Bibcode:2008RSPTA.366.4163H. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0209. PMID 18826916.
Canup, R.M.; Asphaug, E. (2001). "Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation". Nature. 412 (6848): 708–712. Bibcode:2001Natur.412..708C. doi:10.1038/35089010. PMID 11507633.
Kasting, James F. (1993). "Earth's early atmosphere". Science. 259 (5097): 920–926. Bibcode:1993Sci...259..920K. doi:10.1126/science.11536547. PMID 11536547.
Trainer, Melissa G.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Jimenez, Jose L.; McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Tolbert, Margaret A. (28 November 2006). "Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (48): 18035–18042. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608561103. PMC 1838702. PMID 17101962.
Kasting, James F; Howard, M. Tazewell (29 October 2006). "Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1474): 1733–1742. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1902. PMC 1664689. PMID 17008214.
Sagan, Carl; Mullen, George (July 7, 1972). "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures". Science. 177 (4043): 52–56. Bibcode:1972Sci...177...52S. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52. PMID 17756316.
Szathmáry, E. (February 2005). "In search of the simplest cell". Nature. 433 (7025): 469–470. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..469S. doi:10.1038/433469a. PMID 15690023.
Luisi, P.L.; Ferri, F. & Stano, P. (2006). "Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review". Naturwissenschaften. 93 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2006NW.....93....1L. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0056-z. PMID 16292523.
A. Lazcano; J.L. Bada (June 2004). "The 1953 Stanley L. Miller Experiment: Fifty Years of Prebiotic Organic Chemistry". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 33 (3): 235–242. Bibcode:2003OLEB...33..235L. doi:10.1023/A:1024807125069. PMID 14515862.
Peretó, Juli (March 2005). "Controversies on the origin of life". International Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258.
Joyce, G.F. (2002). "The antiquity of RNA-based evolution". Nature. 418 (6894): 214–21. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..214J. doi:10.1038/418214a. PMID 12110897.
Hoenigsberg, Hugo (30 December 2003). "Evolution without speciation but with selection: LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor in Gilbert's RNA world". Genetics and Molecular Research. 2 (4): 366–375. PMID 15011140.
Forterre, Patrick (2005). "The two ages of the RNA world, and the transition to the DNA world: a story of viruses and cells". Biochimie. 87 (9–10): 793–803. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2005.03.015. PMID 16164990.
Cech, Thomas R. (11 August 2000). "The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme". Science. 289 (5481): 878–879. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.878. PMID 10960319.
Johnston W, Unrau P, et al. (2001). "RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension". Science. 292 (5520): 1319–1325. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1319J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.5439. doi:10.1126/science.1060786. PMID 11358999.
Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (July 1998). "The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7933–8. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7933L. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933. PMC 20907. PMID 9653118.
Larralde, R.; Robertson, M.P. & Miller, S.L. (August 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158–60. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.8158L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158. PMC 41115. PMID 7667262.
Lindahl, T. (April 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature. 362 (6422): 709–15. Bibcode:1993Natur.362..709L. doi:10.1038/362709a0. PMID 8469282.
Orgel, L. (November 2000). "A simpler nucleic acid". Science. 290 (5495): 1306–7. doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1306. PMID 11185405.
Nelson, K.E.; Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (April 2000). "Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3868–71. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3868N. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868. PMC 18108. PMID 10760258.
Davies, Paul (October 6, 2005). "A quantum recipe for life". Nature. 437 (7060): 819. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..819D. doi:10.1038/437819a. PMID 16208350.
Martin, W. & Russell, M.J. (2003). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 59–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMC 1693102. PMID 12594918.
Wächtershäuser, G. (August 2000). "Life as we don't know it". Science. 289 (5483): 1307–8. doi:10.1126/science.289.5483.1307. PMID 10979855.
Vasas, V.; Szathmáry, E.; Santos, M. (4 January 2010). "Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (4): 1470–1475. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.1470V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912628107. PMC 2824406. PMID 20080693.
Trevors, J.T. & Psenner, R. (2001). "From self-assembly of life to present-day bacteria: a possible role for nanocells". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 25 (5): 573–82. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00592.x. PMID 11742692.
Segré, Daniel; Ben-Eli, Dafna; Deamer, David W.; Lancet, Doron (2001). "The lipid world". Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere. 31 (1/2): 119–145. Bibcode:2001OLEB...31..119S. doi:10.1023/a:1006746807104. PMID 11296516.
Ferris, J.P. (June 1999). "Prebiotic Synthesis on Minerals: Bridging the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds". Biological Bulletin. Evolution: A Molecular Point of View. 196 (3): 311–314. doi:10.2307/1542957. JSTOR 1542957. PMID 10390828.
Hanczyc, M.M.; Fujikawa, S.M. & Szostak, Jack W. (October 2003). "Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division". Science. 302 (5645): 618–622. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..618H. doi:10.1126/science.1089904. PMC 4484575. PMID 14576428.
Hartman, H. (October 1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 28 (4–6): 512–521. Bibcode:1998OLEB...28..515H. doi:10.1023/A:1006548904157. PMID 11536891.
Penny, David; Poole, Anthony (December 1999). "The nature of the last universal common ancestor". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 9 (6): 672–677. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00020-9. PMID 10607605.
Leslie, M. (2009). "On the Origin of Photosynthesis". Science. 323 (5919): 1286–1287. doi:10.1126/science.323.5919.1286. PMID 19264999.
Nisbet, E. G.; Sleep, N. H. (2001). "The habitat and nature of early life". Nature. 409 (6823): 1083–1091. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.1083N. doi:10.1038/35059210. PMID 11234022.
Olson, John M. (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean Era". Photosynthesis Research. 88 (2): 109–117. Bibcode:2006PhoRe..88..109O. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.
Holland, Heinrich D. (June 2006). "The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470). The Royal Society: 903–915. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838. PMC 1578726. PMID 16754606.
Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (6): 141. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1..141B. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0141. hdl:20.500.11937/67718. PMID 28812648.
Andersson, Siv G.E.; Zomorodipour, Alireza; Andersson, Jan O.; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Alsmark, U. Cecilia M.; Podowski, Raf M.; Näslund, A. Kristina; Eriksson, Ann-Sofie; Winkler, Herbert H.; Kurland, Charles G. (November 12, 1998). "The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria". Nature. 396 (6707): 133–140. Bibcode:1998Natur.396..133A. doi:10.1038/24094. PMID 9823893.
Berglsand, Kristin J.; Haselkorn, Robert (June 1991). "Evolutionary Relationships among the Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Chloroplasts: Evidence from the rpoC1 Gene of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120". Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (11): 3446–3455. doi:10.1128/jb.173.11.3446-3455.1991. PMC 207958. PMID 1904436. (PDF)
Takemura, Masaharu (May 2001). "Poxviruses and the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 52 (5): 419–425. Bibcode:2001JMolE..52..419T. doi:10.1007/s002390010171. PMID 11443345.
Bell, Philip J (September 2001). "Viral eukaryogenesis: was the ancestor of the nucleus a complex DNA virus?". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (3): 251–256. Bibcode:2001JMolE..53..251L. doi:10.1007/s002390010215. PMID 11523012.
Gabaldón, Toni; Berend Snel; Frank van Zimmeren; Wieger Hemrika; Henk Tabak; Martijn A. Huynen (March 23, 2006). "Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome". Biology Direct. 1 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-8. PMC 1472686. PMID 16556314.
Sperling, Erik A; Stockey, Richard G (October 2018). "The Temporal and Environmental Context of Early Animal Evolution: Considering All the Ingredients of an 'Explosion'". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 58 (4): 605–622. doi:10.1093/icb/icy088. PMID 30295813.
Traxler, Matthew F; Rozen, Daniel E (June 2022). "Ecological drivers of division of labour in Streptomyces". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 67: 102148. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2022.102148. PMC 12042799. PMID 35468363.
Torsvik, T.H. (30 May 2003). "The Rodinia Jigsaw Puzzle". Science. 300 (5624): 1379–1381. doi:10.1126/science.1083469. PMID 12775828.
Hoffman, P.F.; Kaufman, A.J.; Halverson, G.P.; Schrag, D.P. (1998). "A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth". Science. 281 (5381): 1342–1346. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.1342H. doi:10.1126/science.281.5381.1342. PMID 9721097.
Xiao, S.; Laflamme, M. (2009). "On the eve of animal radiation: phylogeny, ecology and evolution of the Ediacara biota". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 24 (1): 31–40. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24...31X. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.07.015. PMID 18952316.
Wille, M; Nägler, T.F.; Lehmann, B; Schröder, S; Kramers, J.D (June 2008). "Hydrogen sulphide release to surface waters at the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary". Nature. 453 (7196): 767–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.453..767W. doi:10.1038/nature07072. PMID 18509331.
Battistuzzi, Fabia U; Feijao, Andreia; Hedges, S Blair (2004). "A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44. PMC 533871. PMID 15535883.
Battistuzzi, F. U.; Hedges, S. B. (February 2009). "A Major Clade of Prokaryotes with Ancient Adaptations to Life on Land". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (2): 335–343. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn247. PMID 18988685.
Lieberman, Bruce S. (2003). "Taking the Pulse of the Cambrian Radiation". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43 (1): 229–237. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.229. PMID 21680426.
Heckman, Daniel S.; Geiser, David M.; Eidell, Brooke R.; Stauffer, Rebecca L.; Kardos, Natalie L.; Hedges, S. Blair (10 August 2001). "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants". Science. 293 (5532): 1129–1133. doi:10.1126/science.1061457. PMID 11498589.
Clack, Jennifer A. (December 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American. 293 (6): 100–7. Bibcode:2005SciAm.293f.100C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100. PMID 16323697.
Goren-Inbar, Naama; Alperson, Nira; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Melamed, Yoel; Ben-Nun, Adi; Werker, Ella (30 April 2004). "Evidence of Hominin Control of Fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel". Science. 304 (5671): 725–727. Bibcode:2004Sci...304..725G. doi:10.1126/science.1095443. PMID 15118160.
Reed, David L.; Smith, Vincent S.; Hammond, Shaless L.; Rogers, Alan R.; et al. (2004). "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans". PLOS Biology. 2 (11): e340. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340. PMC 521174. PMID 15502871.
Gibbons, Ann (2003). "Oldest Members of Homo sapiens Discovered in Africa". Science. 300 (5626): 1641. doi:10.1126/science.300.5626.1641. PMID 12805512.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Schopf, J. William (29 June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1470). London: Royal Society: 869–885. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC 1578735. PMID 16754604.
Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (16 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12). New Rochelle, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 1103–1124. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1103N. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC 3870916. PMID 24205812.
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (24 November 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (47): 14518–14521. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. PMC 4664351. PMID 26483481. Early edition, published online before print.
Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). "How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?". PLOS Biology. 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMC 3160336. PMID 21886479.
Onyett, Isaac J.; et al. (14 June 2023). "Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion". Nature. 619 (7970): 539–544. Bibcode:2023Natur.619..539O. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z. PMC 10356600. PMID 37316662.
Green, Jack (2011). "Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 12 (9): 6051–6076. doi:10.3390/ijms12096051. PMC 3189768. PMID 22016644.
Trainer, Melissa G.; Pavlov, Alexander A.; DeWitt, H. Langley; Jimenez, Jose L.; McKay, Christopher P.; Toon, Owen B.; Tolbert, Margaret A. (28 November 2006). "Organic haze on Titan and the early Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (48): 18035–18042. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608561103. PMC 1838702. PMID 17101962.
Kasting, James F; Howard, M. Tazewell (29 October 2006). "Atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1474): 1733–1742. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1902. PMC 1664689. PMID 17008214.
Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (July 1998). "The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7933–8. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.7933L. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933. PMC 20907. PMID 9653118.
Larralde, R.; Robertson, M.P. & Miller, S.L. (August 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: implications for chemical evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158–60. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.8158L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158. PMC 41115. PMID 7667262.
Nelson, K.E.; Levy, M. & Miller, S.L. (April 2000). "Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3868–71. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.3868N. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868. PMC 18108. PMID 10760258.
Martin, W. & Russell, M.J. (2003). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 (1429): 59–85. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1183. PMC 1693102. PMID 12594918.
Vasas, V.; Szathmáry, E.; Santos, M. (4 January 2010). "Lack of evolvability in self-sustaining autocatalytic networks constraints metabolism-first scenarios for the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (4): 1470–1475. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.1470V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0912628107. PMC 2824406. PMID 20080693.
Hanczyc, M.M.; Fujikawa, S.M. & Szostak, Jack W. (October 2003). "Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division". Science. 302 (5645): 618–622. Bibcode:2003Sci...302..618H. doi:10.1126/science.1089904. PMC 4484575. PMID 14576428.
Holland, Heinrich D. (June 2006). "The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 361 (1470). The Royal Society: 903–915. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838. PMC 1578726. PMID 16754606.
Cooper, Geoffrey M. (2000). "The Origin and Evolution of Cells". The Cell: A Molecular Approach (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates.
Berglsand, Kristin J.; Haselkorn, Robert (June 1991). "Evolutionary Relationships among the Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Chloroplasts: Evidence from the rpoC1 Gene of Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120". Journal of Bacteriology. 173 (11): 3446–3455. doi:10.1128/jb.173.11.3446-3455.1991. PMC 207958. PMID 1904436. (PDF)
Gabaldón, Toni; Berend Snel; Frank van Zimmeren; Wieger Hemrika; Henk Tabak; Martijn A. Huynen (March 23, 2006). "Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome". Biology Direct. 1 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-1-8. PMC 1472686. PMID 16556314.
Bhattacharya, Debashish; Medlin, Linda (1998). "Algal Phylogeny and the Origin of Land Plants". Plant Physiology. 116 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1104/pp.116.1.9. PMC 1539170. (PDF)
Traxler, Matthew F; Rozen, Daniel E (June 2022). "Ecological drivers of division of labour in Streptomyces". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 67: 102148. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2022.102148. PMC 12042799. PMID 35468363.
Battistuzzi, Fabia U; Feijao, Andreia; Hedges, S Blair (2004). "A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 4 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-44. PMC 533871. PMID 15535883.
Reed, David L.; Smith, Vincent S.; Hammond, Shaless L.; Rogers, Alan R.; et al. (2004). "Genetic Analysis of Lice Supports Direct Contact between Modern and Archaic Humans". PLOS Biology. 2 (11): e340. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020340. PMC 521174. PMID 15502871.

northwestern.edu

faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu

"The Sun's Evolution".^{[self-published source?]}

nysed.gov

nysm.nysed.gov

Gradstein, Ogg & van Kranendonk 2008 Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin (2008). On the Geological Time Scale 2008 (PDF) (Report). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Fig. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.

nytimes.com

Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
Dreifus, Claudia (2010-05-17). "A Conversation With Jeffrey L. Bada: A Marine Chemist Studies How Life Began". The New York Times.

palomar.edu

anthro.palomar.edu

O'Neil, Dennis (2012). "Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". Palomar College. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-10.

planetary.org

"Space Topics: Pluto and Charon". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Johnston W, Unrau P, et al. (2001). "RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension". Science. 292 (5520): 1319–1325. Bibcode:2001Sci...292.1319J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.5439. doi:10.1126/science.1060786. PMID 11358999.

reuters.com

Steenhuysen, Julie (May 21, 2009). "Study turns back clock on origins of life on Earth". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved May 21, 2009.

sciencedaily.com

"Snowball Earth: New Evidence Hints at Global Glaciation 716.5 Million Years Ago". Science Daily. Mar 4, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
"'Snowball Earth' Hypothesis Challenged". Retrieved 29 September 2012.
"Two Explosive Evolutionary Events Shaped Early History Of Multicellular Life". Science Daily. Jan 3, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2012.

scientificamerican.com

Matson, John (July 7, 2010). "Luminary Lineage: Did an Ancient Supernova Trigger the Solar System's Birth?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
Woese, Carl; Gogarten, J. Peter (October 21, 1999). "When did eukaryotic cells evolve? What do we know about how they evolved from earlier life-forms?". Scientific American. Retrieved 2012-04-13.

snowballearth.org

"Snowball Earth". snowballearth.org. 2006–2009. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
"What caused the snowball earths?". snowballearth.org. 2006–2009. Retrieved 2012-04-13.

space.com

Britt, Robert Roy (2002-07-24). "New Insight into Earth's Early Bombardment". Space.com. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
Moskowitz, Clara (29 March 2012). "Life's Building Blocks May Have Formed in Dust Around Young Sun". Space.com. Retrieved 30 March 2012.

stratigraphy.org

"Stratigraphic Chart 2022" (PDF). International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2022.

talkorigins.org

Stassen, Chris (2005-09-10). "The Age of the Earth". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 2008-12-30.

telegraph.co.uk

Pearlman, Jonathan (13 November 2013). "Oldest signs of life on Earth found". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 2014-12-15.

timetree.org

TimeTree (2023). "TimeTree: the timescale of life". TimeTree: the timescale of life. Temple University. Retrieved 6 February 2023.

tolweb.org

Soltis, Pam; Doug Soltis; Christine Edwards (2005). "Angiosperms". The Tree of Life Project. Retrieved 2006-04-09.

tufts.edu

Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Early Cells". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Ancient Fossils". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-31.
Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Recent Fossils". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-04-09.

ucl.ac.uk

discovery.ucl.ac.uk

McArthur, J.M.; Howarth, R.J.; Shields, G.A.; Zhou, Y. (2020). "Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy". Geologic Time Scale 2020. pp. 211–238. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00007-3. ISBN 978-0-12-824360-2.

umd.edu

geol.umd.edu

"GEOL 104 The Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction: All Good Things..." www.geol.umd.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-15.^{[self-published source?]}

usgs.gov

pubs.usgs.gov

"Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 2006-01-10.
Newman, William L. (2007-07-09). "Age of the Earth". Publications Services, USGS. Retrieved 2007-09-20.

usra.edu

lpi.usra.edu

"Earth-Moon Dynamics". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved September 2, 2022.

waikato.ac.nz

sci.waikato.ac.nz

"Plant Evolution". Evolution for teaching. University of Waikato. October 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2012.

washingtonpost.com

Patel, Kasha (16 June 2023). "Scientists have a controversial theory for how — and how fast — Earth formed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.

web.archive.org

"Age of the Earth". U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 2006-01-10.
Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
Gradstein, Ogg & van Kranendonk 2008 Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; van Kranendonk, Martin (2008). On the Geological Time Scale 2008 (PDF) (Report). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Fig. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Nield, Ted (2009). "Moonwalk" (PDF). Geoscientist. 18 (9). Geological Society of London: 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
"Space Topics: Pluto and Charon". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"Pluto: Overview". Solar System Exploration. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 16 December 2002. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Taylor, G. Jeffrey (April 26, 2004). "Origin of the Earth and Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on October 31, 2004. Retrieved 2006-03-27., Taylor (2006) at the NASA website.
Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Early Cells". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Ancient Fossils". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-03-31.
"The Mass Extinctions: The Late Ordovician Extinction". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-02-21. Retrieved 2006-05-22.
Wright, Jo (1999). "New Blood". Walking with Dinosaurs. Episode 1. BBC. Archived from the original on 2005-12-12.
"The Mass Extinctions: The Late Triassic Extinction". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
Chaisson, Eric J. (2005). "Recent Fossils". Cosmic Evolution. Tufts University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
O'Neil, Dennis (2012). "Early Primate Evolution: The First Primates". Palomar College. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2016-01-10.

wisc.edu

geology.wisc.edu

Wilde, S.A.; Valley, J.W.; Peck, W.H. & Graham, C.M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6817): 175–178. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..175W. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. Retrieved 2013-05-25.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Raven, Peter H.; Johnson, George B. (2002). Biology (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. LCCN 2001030052. OCLC 45806501.
Kump, Lee R. (2010). The earth system. James F. Kasting, Robert G. Crane (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-321-59779-3. OCLC 268789401.