Hugo Black (English Wikipedia)

Van Der Veer, Virginia (April 1968). "Hugo Black and the K.K.K." American Heritage. 19 (3). Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Rehnquist, William H. (1987). The Supreme Court. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-688-05714-4.
Tushnet, Mark V. (1993), The Warren Court in historical and political perspective, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, p. 105, ISBN 0-8139-1459-0
Magee, James (1980), Mr. Justice Black: Absolutist on the Court, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, ISBN 0-8139-0784-5

billofrightsinstitute.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"BRI". Billofrightsinstitute.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Cohen, Adam (2021). Supreme Inequality. Penguin. p. 19. ISBN 978-0735221529. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
Hugo Black of Alabama: How His Roots and Early Career Shaped the Great Champion of the Constitution. NewSouth Books. 2018. ISBN 978-1588383976.
Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 15–35. ISBN 978-1598133561.
Baker, Bruce E. (2007). What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South. University of Virginia Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0813926605. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
Laura Kalman (1990). Abe Fortas. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300173695. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
Wiecek, William (2006). The birth of the modern Constitution: the United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953. Cambridge University Press. p. 517. ISBN 978-0521848206. Archived from the original on January 14, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Black had signed an undated letter of resignation on August 26, the day before his August 27 admission to Bethesda. The letter was delivered to President Nixon by Black's messenger on September 17; Bob Woodward; Scott Armstrong (1981). The Brethren: inside the Supreme Court. Avon Books. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
Roger Daniels (2015). Franklin D. Roosevelt: Road to the New Deal, 1882–1939. University of Illinois Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-252-09762-1. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State
No Establishment of Religion – America's Original Contribution to Religious Liberty

cafe.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"'Hungry for a Spiritual Revival': The School Prayer Amendment and the Rise of the New Right". CAFE. December 16, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

The Political Theology of Justice Hugo Black

chicagotribune.com (Global: 143^rd place; English: 80^th place)

archives.chicagotribune.com

"I Quit Klan: Black's Defense". Chicago Tribune. October 2, 1937. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.

coastal.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

digitalcommons.coastal.edu

Yarbrough, Tinsley (1987). "The Constitutional Faith of Mr. Justice Black". Journal of Political Science. 15 (1). ISSN 0098-4612. Black railed against judges who would substitute their policy judgments for the Constitution's language and the intent of its framers ... At one point or another, all jurists cite language and historical intent in defending their interpretations of constitutional provisions. But arguably no other American judge has been as consistent, committed, and sincere an apostle of interpretivism as Justice Black was

constitutingamerica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Justice Hugo Black (1886–1971) – Constituting America". constitutingamerica.org. June 20, 2017. Retrieved May 19, 2022.

criticalpast.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Justice Hugo Black admits his membership in Ku Klux Klan in an address to the nation through radio in Washington D.C." (video). criticalpast.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2016.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hindman, Alex E. (2026). "Justice Hugo Black's Constitutional Evolution on Legislative Oversight". The Forum. 24 (1): 23–49. doi:10.1515/for-2025-0002. ISSN 2194-6183.
Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1): 1–31. doi:10.2307/1599085. JSTOR 1599085. S2CID 158225420. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
Wood, Sandra L. (1997). "In the Shadow of the Chief: The Role of the Senior Associate Justice". Journal of Supreme Court History. 1997: 25. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1997.tb00109.x. S2CID 145064343.
Christensen, George A. (2008), "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited", Journal of Supreme Court History, 33 (1): 17–41, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x, S2CID 145227968

dol.gov (Global: 5,942^nd place; English: 3,761^st place)

"U.S. Department of Labor – History – Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938". Dol.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.

encyclopediaofalabama.org (Global: 4,544^th place; English: 2,706^th place)

Suitts, Steve. "Hugo L. Black". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2020.

fas.org (Global: 730^th place; English: 519^th place)

McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 3, 2022.

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caselaw.lp.findlaw.com

"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on February 8, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on March 2, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2006.
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713, 714 (1971). (Black, J., concurring) Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on January 2, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on June 17, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on May 2, 2006. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2006.

caselaw.findlaw.com

"Breithaupt v. Abram". Findlaw. Retrieved October 12, 2022.

fjc.gov (Global: 1,770^th place; English: 793^rd place)

"Black, Hugo Lafayette". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

funerals.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pesaresi, Josephine Black "Simple and Cheap" My Father Said, Monday, 26 November 2007 Archived April 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Funeral Consumers Alliance.

heinonline.org (Global: 3,098^th place; English: 1,655^th place)

Wood, Sandra L. (1997). "In the Shadow of the Chief: The Role of the Senior Associate Justice". Journal of Supreme Court History. 1997: 25. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1997.tb00109.x. S2CID 145064343.
Landynski, Jacob W. (1976–1977). "In Search of Justice Black's Fourth Amendment". Fordham Law Review. 45: 453.

johnlilburne.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

John Lilburne. The Pedigree of America's Constitution: An Alternative Explanation. Gilder, Eric and Hagger, Mervyn. British and American Studies (University of the West, Timișoara) 14 (2008): 217–226."John Lilburne Research Institute – Reference – Hugo L. Black and John Lilburne". Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1): 1–31. doi:10.2307/1599085. JSTOR 1599085. S2CID 158225420. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

justia.com (Global: 673^rd place; English: 333^rd place)

supreme.justia.com

"Justice Hugo Black". Justia Law. Retrieved May 13, 2026.
"Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971)". Justia Law. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942)
"Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964), at 17–18". Justia US Supreme Court Center. February 17, 1964. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
"Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
"Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15, 395 U.S. 621 (1969)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
"Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission 334 U.S. 410 (1948)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
"Oyama v. California 332 U.S. 633". Justia Law. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
"Graham v. Richardson 403 U.S. 365 (1971)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
Levy v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 68 (1968)
Glona v. American Guarantee & Liability Insurance Co., 391 U.S. 77 (1968)
Labine v. Vincent, 401 U.S. 532 (1971)
Boutilier v. Immigrantion and Naturalization Service, 387 U.S. 118 (1967)

latimes.com (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

"Edgar Ray Killen, the KKK leader convicted in the 'Mississippi Burning' killings, dies in prison". Los Angeles Times. January 12, 2018.

law.com (Global: 4,099^th place; English: 2,063^rd place)

Mauro, Tony. "When Supreme Court Clerkships Become a Family Tradition". National Law Journal. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.The original version of this story was published on The National Law Journal.

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scholarship.law.edu

Bermen, Daniel M. Berman (1959) "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years". Catholic University Law Review. 8 (2): 103–116 online Archived March 11, 2024, at the Wayback Machine.
Berman, Daniel M. (1959). "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years". Catholic University Law Review. 8 (2).

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

chroniclingamerica.loc.gov

"Black Describes Lobby Inquiry Tells Radio Audience "You Will Pay Bill" in Increased Utility Rates". Chronicling America Library of Congress. August 9, 1935. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2019.

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fdrlibrary.marist.edu

"FDR Press Conference #398" (PDF). September 14, 1937. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2016 – via FDR Presidential Library & Museum.

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Ariens, Michael. "Sherman Minton biography". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.

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"Foes Seek to Block Mob Law". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. November 15, 1937. p. 22. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020 – via Google News Archive Search.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"Senate Quickly Confirms Reed Nomination". The New York Times. January 26, 1938. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
"Hugo Black Suffers Stroke; Condition Listed as Serious". The New York Times. September 23, 1971. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years". The New York Times. September 25, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2024.

openjurist.org (Global: low place; English: 6,648^th place)

"In re George Anastaplo, Petitioner". Open Jurist. US (366). United States Supreme Court: 82. December 14, 1960. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.

oyez.org (Global: 9,085^th place; English: 4,947^th place)

"Hugo L. Black". Oyez. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023.
Hugo L. Black, Official Supreme Court media at Archived September 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Oyez.org.

scotusblog.com (Global: 6,074^th place; English: 2,913^th place)

Hamm, Andrew (October 9, 2018). "A look back at Justice Hugo Black's first day on the bench". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1): 1–31. doi:10.2307/1599085. JSTOR 1599085. S2CID 158225420. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
Wood, Sandra L. (1997). "In the Shadow of the Chief: The Role of the Senior Associate Justice". Journal of Supreme Court History. 1997: 25. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.1997.tb00109.x. S2CID 145064343.
Christensen, George A. (2008), "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited", Journal of Supreme Court History, 33 (1): 17–41, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x, S2CID 145227968

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Eschner, Kat (February 27, 2017). "This Supreme Court Justice Was a KKK Member". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2024.

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Christensen, George A. (1983), "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2013., Yearbook, Supreme Court Historical Society.

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See "Harvard Jew Appointed by Hugo Black To Be Law Clerk", Archived September 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine The Harvard Crimson (October 5, 1937). Retrieved March 22, 2014.

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time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

"Hugo La Fayette Black". Time. August 26, 1935. Cover. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
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Reimann, Matt (August 15, 2017). "A U.S. Supreme Court justice was in the Ku Klux Klan – and he remained on the bench for 34 years". Timeline.com. San Francisco, CA: Medium Corporation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.

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"Engel v. Vitale". Tourolaw.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

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chicagounbound.uchicago.edu

Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1): 1–31. doi:10.2307/1599085. JSTOR 1599085. S2CID 158225420. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.

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Yoder, Edwin M. Jr. (March 16, 1986). "Justice Black At Home". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 25, 2020. Book review of Mr. Justice and Mrs. Black; The Memoirs of Hugo L. Black and Elizabeth Black.
Biskupic, Joan; Barbash, Fred (August 26, 1998). "Retired Justice Lewis Powell Dies at 90". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 3, 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Suitts, Steve. "Hugo L. Black". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on March 1, 2015. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
"The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Photo". The Digs: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
"I Quit Klan: Black's Defense". Chicago Tribune. October 2, 1937. Archived from the original on August 31, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
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"Hugo L. Black". Oyez. Archived from the original on March 6, 2023.
"Black, Hugo Lafayette". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
Van Der Veer, Virginia (April 1968). "Hugo Black and the K.K.K." American Heritage. 19 (3). Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
Bermen, Daniel M. Berman (1959) "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years". Catholic University Law Review. 8 (2): 103–116 online Archived March 11, 2024, at the Wayback Machine.
Reimann, Matt (August 15, 2017). "A U.S. Supreme Court justice was in the Ku Klux Klan – and he remained on the bench for 34 years". Timeline.com. San Francisco, CA: Medium Corporation. Archived from the original on February 8, 2021. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
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"Black Describes Lobby Inquiry Tells Radio Audience "You Will Pay Bill" in Increased Utility Rates". Chronicling America Library of Congress. August 9, 1935. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
"U.S. Department of Labor – History – Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938". Dol.gov. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019.
"Foes Seek to Block Mob Law". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. November 15, 1937. p. 22. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved September 3, 2020 – via Google News Archive Search.
"Senate Quickly Confirms Reed Nomination". The New York Times. January 26, 1938. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
Ariens, Michael. "Sherman Minton biography". Archived from the original on July 14, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Leuchtenburg, William E. (Fall 1973). "A Klansman Joins the Court: The Appointment of Hugo L. Black". University of Chicago Law Review. 41 (1): 1–31. doi:10.2307/1599085. JSTOR 1599085. S2CID 158225420. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
Hamm, Andrew (October 9, 2018). "A look back at Justice Hugo Black's first day on the bench". SCOTUSblog. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
Laura Kalman (1990). Abe Fortas. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300173695. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
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"Engel v. Vitale". Tourolaw.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
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"United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on March 2, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2006.
"In re George Anastaplo, Petitioner". Open Jurist. US (366). United States Supreme Court: 82. December 14, 1960. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
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"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on January 2, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
John Lilburne. The Pedigree of America's Constitution: An Alternative Explanation. Gilder, Eric and Hagger, Mervyn. British and American Studies (University of the West, Timișoara) 14 (2008): 217–226."John Lilburne Research Institute – Reference – Hugo L. Black and John Lilburne". Archived from the original on August 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2006.
"The Fourteenth Amendment and the Incorporation Debate". Law.umkc.edu. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
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"Breedlove v. Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw. Archived from the original on January 17, 2005. Retrieved February 18, 2006.
"Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15, 395 U.S. 621 (1969)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
"Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission 334 U.S. 410 (1948)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
"Oyama v. California 332 U.S. 633". Justia Law. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
"Graham v. Richardson 403 U.S. 365 (1971)". Justia Law. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
Black had signed an undated letter of resignation on August 26, the day before his August 27 admission to Bethesda. The letter was delivered to President Nixon by Black's messenger on September 17; Bob Woodward; Scott Armstrong (1981). The Brethren: inside the Supreme Court. Avon Books. pp. 183–184. ISBN 978-0-380-52183-8. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
"Hugo Black Suffers Stroke; Condition Listed as Serious". The New York Times. September 23, 1971. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
Pesaresi, Josephine Black "Simple and Cheap" My Father Said, Monday, 26 November 2007 Archived April 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Funeral Consumers Alliance.
Christensen, George A. (1983), "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices". Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2013., Yearbook, Supreme Court Historical Society.
"The Digs". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on March 17, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
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Hindman, Alex E. (2026). "Justice Hugo Black's Constitutional Evolution on Legislative Oversight". The Forum. 24 (1): 23–49. doi:10.1515/for-2025-0002. ISSN 2194-6183.
Yarbrough, Tinsley (1987). "The Constitutional Faith of Mr. Justice Black". Journal of Political Science. 15 (1). ISSN 0098-4612. Black railed against judges who would substitute their policy judgments for the Constitution's language and the intent of its framers ... At one point or another, all jurists cite language and historical intent in defending their interpretations of constitutional provisions. But arguably no other American judge has been as consistent, committed, and sincere an apostle of interpretivism as Justice Black was
"Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years". The New York Times. September 25, 1971. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 29, 2024.

Hugo Black (English Wikipedia)

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