Humanzee (English Wikipedia)

"If the Chinese succeed in their present attempts with artificial insemination to crossbreed a human being with a chimpanzee, producing the novel and useful 'humanzee,' it would be arguably patentable matter". The portmanteau is older, dating to the 1920s, but then did not refer to a hybrid but to a "human-like" chimpanzee, trained to wear clothes etc.; c.f. "Snooky the Humanzee", a chimpanzee actor in the 1920s. Lev Soudek, Structure of Substandard Words in British and American English, Vydavatelʹstvo SAV, 1967, p. 199. eCVAzQEACAAJ, lvg_AAAAIAAJ, 1_ZZAAAAMAAJ on Google Books. OCLC 124579.
Damiani, Saint Petri (1853). Constantinus Caietanus (ed.). Chap. 29: De simia, et quo pacto simia capi possit.. Opus 52: De Bono Religiosi Status et Variarum Animantium Topologia (in Latin). Vol. 145. pp. 789, 790. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Ait [Alexander papa] enim quia nuper comes Gulielmus in Liguriae partibus habitans marem habebat simiae, qui vulgo maimo dicitur, cum quo et uxor eius, ut erat impudica prorsus ac petulans, lascivius jocabatur. Nam et ego duos eius filios vidi, quos de episcopo quodam plectibilis lupa pepererat; ... cum femina fera concubuit; ... Enimvero nuper allatus est praefato papae, et simul et nobis grandiusculus quidam puer; et si jam, ut dicitur, vicennalis, tamen prorsus elinguis et maimoni forma consimilis, ita ut eodem vocabulo nuncupetur. ("For [ Pope Alexander II ] says that recently Count William who lived in the area of Liguria had a male ape, who was called maimo [?], with which also his wife, as she was exceedingly impudent and wanton, played in a more lascivious manner. For I also have seen two sons of hers which the punishable whore bore of a certain bishop. ... the beast mated with the woman; ... So then, according to the pope's account, at the same time as for us, a rather large boy was born; and although, as it is said, he is already 20 years old, he is still unable to speak and looks like the maimo, so he is called by that same name.")
Zucchelli, Antonio (1712). "Relazioni del viaggio e missione di Congo nell'Etiopia inferiore occidentale".
Grant, John (2018). "8: Stalinist Russia". Corrupted Science: Fraud, Ideology and Politics in Science. Tucson, AZ: See Sharp Press. ISBN 978-1947071001.
"Li Guong, of the genetics research bureau of the Academy of Science treats it seriously. 'My personal view is that it is possible [...] We also did experimental work on this before the Cultural Revolution, but we were stopped. At the moment, we plan to arrange further tests.'" Timothy McNulty, "Chinese Aim To Implant Human Sperm In Chimps", St. Petersburg Independent 12 February 1981, p. 19. "Chinese May Resume Experiments to Create 'Near-Human' Ape", Houston Post (from Chicago Tribune), 15 February 1981, p. 19, cited after Justin Leiber, Can Animals and Machines be Persons?: A Dialogue, Hackett Publishing, 1985 p. 71.

doi.org

Prüfer, Kay; Munch, Kasper; Hellmann, Ines; Akagi, Keiko; Miller, Jason R.; Walenz, Brian; Koren, Sergey; Sutton, Granger; Kodira, Chinnappa; Winer, Roger; Knight, James R.; Mullikin, James C.; Meader, Stephen J.; Ponting, Chris P.; Lunter, Gerton (June 2012). "The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes". Nature. 486 (7404): 527–531. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..527P. doi:10.1038/nature11128. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3498939. PMID 22722832.
Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (2021-04-23). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
Arnold, Michael L.; Meyer, Axel (2006). "Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 109 (4): 261–276. Bibcode:2006Zool..109..261A. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.006. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 16945512.
Winder, Isabelle C.; Winder, Nick P. (2014). "Reticulate evolution and the human past: an anthropological perspective". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (4): 300–311. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.922613. ISSN 1464-5033. PMID 24932745.
Fan, Yuxin; Elena, Linardopoulou; Friedman, Cynthia; Williams, Eleanor; Trask, Barbara J. (2002). "Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13–2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes". Genome Research. 12 (11): 1651–1662. doi:10.1101/gr.337602. PMC 187548. PMID 12421751.
IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA (October 1991). "Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (20): 9051–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9051I. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051. PMC 52649. PMID 1924367.
Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W (2002). "Direct Evidence for a Pan–Homo Clade". Chromosome Research. 10 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1023/A:1014222311431. PMID 11863072. S2CID 20147726.
Bedford JM (August 1977). "Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa". Anat. Rec. 188 (4): 477–87. doi:10.1002/ar.1091880407. PMID 409311. S2CID 19052254.
Lanzendorf, S. E.; Holmgren, W. J.; Johnson, D. E.; Scobey, M. J.; Jeyendran, R. S. (1992). "Hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 31 (4): 264–7. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080310407. PMID 1571161. S2CID 26770937.
Rossiianov, Kirill (2002). "Beyond species: Il'ya Ivanov and his experiments on cross-breeding humans with anthropoid apes". Science in Context. 15 (2): 277–316. doi:10.1017/S0269889702000455. PMID 12467272. S2CID 41098906.
Skidmore, J A; Billah, M; Binns, M; Short, R V; Allen, W R (7 April 1999). "Hybridizing Old and New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1420): 649–656. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0685. PMC 1689826. PMID 10331286.
Anonymous (1996). "Mutant Chimp Gets Gene Check". Science. 274 (5288): 727e–0. doi:10.1126/science.274.5288.727e.
Ely JJ, Leland M, Martino M, Swett W, Moore CM (1998). "Technical note: chromosomal and mtDNA analysis of Oliver". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 105 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<395::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 9545080.
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.
Berger, L.R.; Hawks, J.D.; Dirks, P.H.G.M.; Elliott, M.; Roberts, E.M. (2017). "Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.24234. PMC 5423770. PMID 28483041.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Prüfer, Kay; Munch, Kasper; Hellmann, Ines; Akagi, Keiko; Miller, Jason R.; Walenz, Brian; Koren, Sergey; Sutton, Granger; Kodira, Chinnappa; Winer, Roger; Knight, James R.; Mullikin, James C.; Meader, Stephen J.; Ponting, Chris P.; Lunter, Gerton (June 2012). "The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes". Nature. 486 (7404): 527–531. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..527P. doi:10.1038/nature11128. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3498939. PMID 22722832.
Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (2021-04-23). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
Arnold, Michael L.; Meyer, Axel (2006). "Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 109 (4): 261–276. Bibcode:2006Zool..109..261A. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.006. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 16945512.
IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA (October 1991). "Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (20): 9051–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9051I. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051. PMC 52649. PMID 1924367.
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.

macroevolution.net

McCarthy, Eugene (2008). On the Origin of New Forms of Life A New Theory (PDF). United States: macroevolution.net. p. 34.

news.google.com

"Li Guong, of the genetics research bureau of the Academy of Science treats it seriously. 'My personal view is that it is possible [...] We also did experimental work on this before the Cultural Revolution, but we were stopped. At the moment, we plan to arrange further tests.'" Timothy McNulty, "Chinese Aim To Implant Human Sperm In Chimps", St. Petersburg Independent 12 February 1981, p. 19. "Chinese May Resume Experiments to Create 'Near-Human' Ape", Houston Post (from Chicago Tribune), 15 February 1981, p. 19, cited after Justin Leiber, Can Animals and Machines be Persons?: A Dialogue, Hackett Publishing, 1985 p. 71.

newscientist.com

Pain, Stephanie. "The Soviet Ape-Man Scandal". The New Scientist. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
Pain, Stephanie (20 August 2008). "Blasts from the past: The Soviet ape-man scandal". New Scientist.

newspapers.com

"The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland on February 12, 1981 · 3". 12 February 1981.

newsweek.com

Hugo, Kristin (2018-02-18). "Could Chimps and Humans Mate? Tales of 'Humanzee' Hybrid Are Murky and Likely Impossible". Newsweek.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Prüfer, Kay; Munch, Kasper; Hellmann, Ines; Akagi, Keiko; Miller, Jason R.; Walenz, Brian; Koren, Sergey; Sutton, Granger; Kodira, Chinnappa; Winer, Roger; Knight, James R.; Mullikin, James C.; Meader, Stephen J.; Ponting, Chris P.; Lunter, Gerton (June 2012). "The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes". Nature. 486 (7404): 527–531. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..527P. doi:10.1038/nature11128. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3498939. PMID 22722832.
Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (2021-04-23). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
Arnold, Michael L.; Meyer, Axel (2006). "Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 109 (4): 261–276. Bibcode:2006Zool..109..261A. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.006. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 16945512.
Winder, Isabelle C.; Winder, Nick P. (2014). "Reticulate evolution and the human past: an anthropological perspective". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (4): 300–311. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.922613. ISSN 1464-5033. PMID 24932745.
Fan, Yuxin; Elena, Linardopoulou; Friedman, Cynthia; Williams, Eleanor; Trask, Barbara J. (2002). "Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13–2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes". Genome Research. 12 (11): 1651–1662. doi:10.1101/gr.337602. PMC 187548. PMID 12421751.
IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA (October 1991). "Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (20): 9051–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9051I. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051. PMC 52649. PMID 1924367.
Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W (2002). "Direct Evidence for a Pan–Homo Clade". Chromosome Research. 10 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1023/A:1014222311431. PMID 11863072. S2CID 20147726.
Chandley, AC; Short, RV; Allen, WR (1975). "Cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids". Journal of Reproduction and Fertility (23): 356–70. PMID 1060807.
Bedford JM (August 1977). "Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa". Anat. Rec. 188 (4): 477–87. doi:10.1002/ar.1091880407. PMID 409311. S2CID 19052254.
Lanzendorf, S. E.; Holmgren, W. J.; Johnson, D. E.; Scobey, M. J.; Jeyendran, R. S. (1992). "Hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 31 (4): 264–7. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080310407. PMID 1571161. S2CID 26770937.
Rossiianov, Kirill (2002). "Beyond species: Il'ya Ivanov and his experiments on cross-breeding humans with anthropoid apes". Science in Context. 15 (2): 277–316. doi:10.1017/S0269889702000455. PMID 12467272. S2CID 41098906.
Skidmore, J A; Billah, M; Binns, M; Short, R V; Allen, W R (7 April 1999). "Hybridizing Old and New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1420): 649–656. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0685. PMC 1689826. PMID 10331286.
Ely JJ, Leland M, Martino M, Swett W, Moore CM (1998). "Technical note: chromosomal and mtDNA analysis of Oliver". Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 105 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<395::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 9545080.
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.
Berger, L.R.; Hawks, J.D.; Dirks, P.H.G.M.; Elliott, M.; Roberts, E.M. (2017). "Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.24234. PMC 5423770. PMID 28483041.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Prüfer, Kay; Munch, Kasper; Hellmann, Ines; Akagi, Keiko; Miller, Jason R.; Walenz, Brian; Koren, Sergey; Sutton, Granger; Kodira, Chinnappa; Winer, Roger; Knight, James R.; Mullikin, James C.; Meader, Stephen J.; Ponting, Chris P.; Lunter, Gerton (June 2012). "The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes". Nature. 486 (7404): 527–531. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..527P. doi:10.1038/nature11128. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3498939. PMID 22722832.
Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (2021-04-23). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
Fan, Yuxin; Elena, Linardopoulou; Friedman, Cynthia; Williams, Eleanor; Trask, Barbara J. (2002). "Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13–2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes". Genome Research. 12 (11): 1651–1662. doi:10.1101/gr.337602. PMC 187548. PMID 12421751.
IJdo JW, Baldini A, Ward DC, Reeders ST, Wells RA (October 1991). "Origin of human chromosome 2: an ancestral telomere–telomere fusion". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (20): 9051–5. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.9051I. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.20.9051. PMC 52649. PMID 1924367.
Skidmore, J A; Billah, M; Binns, M; Short, R V; Allen, W R (7 April 1999). "Hybridizing Old and New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 266 (1420): 649–656. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0685. PMC 1689826. PMID 10331286.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.
Berger, L.R.; Hawks, J.D.; Dirks, P.H.G.M.; Elliott, M.; Roberts, E.M. (2017). "Homo naledi and Pleistocene hominin evolution in subequatorial Africa". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.24234. PMC 5423770. PMID 28483041.

nytimes.com

Roth, Annie (15 July 2020). "Scientists Accidentally Bred the Fish Version of a Liger". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.

parascope.com

"10. Oliver the Mutant Chimp". Archived from the original on 2005-12-28. Retrieved 2006-03-11.

researchgate.net

Vervaecke, Hilde; Elsacker, Van (January 1992). "Hybrids between common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) in captivity". Mammalia. 56: 667–669 – via ResearchGate.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Wimmer R, Kirsch S, Rappold GA, Schempp W (2002). "Direct Evidence for a Pan–Homo Clade". Chromosome Research. 10 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1023/A:1014222311431. PMID 11863072. S2CID 20147726.
Bedford JM (August 1977). "Sperm/egg interaction: the specificity of human spermatozoa". Anat. Rec. 188 (4): 477–87. doi:10.1002/ar.1091880407. PMID 409311. S2CID 19052254.
Lanzendorf, S. E.; Holmgren, W. J.; Johnson, D. E.; Scobey, M. J.; Jeyendran, R. S. (1992). "Hemizona assay for measuring zona binding in the lowland gorilla". Molecular Reproduction and Development. 31 (4): 264–7. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080310407. PMID 1571161. S2CID 26770937.
Rossiianov, Kirill (2002). "Beyond species: Il'ya Ivanov and his experiments on cross-breeding humans with anthropoid apes". Science in Context. 15 (2): 277–316. doi:10.1017/S0269889702000455. PMID 12467272. S2CID 41098906.
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D (June 2006). "Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 441 (7097): 1103–8. Bibcode:2006Natur.441.1103P. doi:10.1038/nature04789. PMID 16710306. S2CID 2325560.
Wakeley J (March 2008). "Complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees". Nature. 452 (7184): E3–4, discussion E4. Bibcode:2008Natur.452....3W. doi:10.1038/nature06805. PMID 18337768. S2CID 4367089. "Patterson et al. suggest that the apparently short divergence time between humans and chimpanzees on the X chromosome is explained by a massive interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of these two species. However, Patterson et al. do not statistically test their own null model of simple speciation before concluding that speciation was complex, and—even if the null model could be rejected—they do not consider other explanations of a short divergence time on the X chromosome. These include natural selection on the X chromosome in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, changes in the ratio of male-to-female mutation rates over time, and less extreme versions of divergence with gene flow. I therefore believe that their claim of hybridization is unwarranted." Wade, Nicholas. "Two Splits Between Human and Chimp Lines Suggested", The New York Times, 18 May 2006. For a chromosomal homology map between these species see. Pratas, D; Silva, R; Pinho, A; Ferreira, P (May 18, 2015). "An alignment-free method to find and visualise rearrangements between pairs of DNA sequences". Scientific Reports. 5: 10203. Bibcode:2015NatSR...510203P. doi:10.1038/srep10203. PMC 4434998. PMID 25984837.

theguardian.com

Davis, Nicola (2019-08-03). "First human-monkey chimera raises concern among scientists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-09-14.

web.archive.org

"10. Oliver the Mutant Chimp". Archived from the original on 2005-12-28. Retrieved 2006-03-11.

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

A hybrid between the American paddlefish (Family: Polyodontidae) and the Russian sturgeon (Family: Acipenseridae), created in a freak lab accident in 2019 when Hungarian scientists attempted to induce gynogenesis in female sturgeons with paddlefish sperm.

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Prüfer, Kay; Munch, Kasper; Hellmann, Ines; Akagi, Keiko; Miller, Jason R.; Walenz, Brian; Koren, Sergey; Sutton, Granger; Kodira, Chinnappa; Winer, Roger; Knight, James R.; Mullikin, James C.; Meader, Stephen J.; Ponting, Chris P.; Lunter, Gerton (June 2012). "The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes". Nature. 486 (7404): 527–531. Bibcode:2012Natur.486..527P. doi:10.1038/nature11128. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3498939. PMID 22722832.
Caparros, Miguel; Prat, Sandrine (2021-04-23). "A Phylogenetic Networks perspective on reticulate human evolution". iScience. 24 (4): 102359. Bibcode:2021iSci...24j2359C. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102359. ISSN 2589-0042. PMC 8054162. PMID 33898948.
Arnold, Michael L.; Meyer, Axel (2006). "Natural hybridization in primates: one evolutionary mechanism". Zoology (Jena, Germany). 109 (4): 261–276. Bibcode:2006Zool..109..261A. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2006.03.006. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 16945512.
Winder, Isabelle C.; Winder, Nick P. (2014). "Reticulate evolution and the human past: an anthropological perspective". Annals of Human Biology. 41 (4): 300–311. doi:10.3109/03014460.2014.922613. ISSN 1464-5033. PMID 24932745.
Davis, Nicola (2019-08-03). "First human-monkey chimera raises concern among scientists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-09-14.

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"If the Chinese succeed in their present attempts with artificial insemination to crossbreed a human being with a chimpanzee, producing the novel and useful 'humanzee,' it would be arguably patentable matter". The portmanteau is older, dating to the 1920s, but then did not refer to a hybrid but to a "human-like" chimpanzee, trained to wear clothes etc.; c.f. "Snooky the Humanzee", a chimpanzee actor in the 1920s. Lev Soudek, Structure of Substandard Words in British and American English, Vydavatelʹstvo SAV, 1967, p. 199. eCVAzQEACAAJ, lvg_AAAAIAAJ, 1_ZZAAAAMAAJ on Google Books. OCLC 124579.