Hydrogen safety (English Wikipedia)

Peter Kushnir. Hydrogen As an Alternative Fuel Archived 2008-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. PB 700-00-3. Vol. 32, Issue 3, May–June 2000. almc.army.mil.

chicagotribune.com

Abderholden, Frank S. (18 December 2019). "Waukegan plant explosion that killed four workers was preventable, federal officials say". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-01-06. Engineering Systems, Inc. conducted an independent investigation into the root cause of the explosion, which determined the cause to be human error that resulted in the mistaken addition of an erroneous ingredient.

cision.com

news.cision.com

"Nel ASA: Status update #5 regarding incident at Kjørbo". News Powered by Cision. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-01.

creativecommons.org

"Hydrogen explosion and fire during the recommissioning of plant equipment post maintenance". www.rshq.qld.gov.au/. November 1, 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-01. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

doi.org

Utgikar, Vivek P; Thiesen, Todd (2005). "Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles". Technology in Society. 27 (3): 315–320. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.04.005.
Cadwallader, L. C.; Herring, J. S. (1999). Safety Issues with Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel (Technical report). doi:10.2172/761801.
Utgikar, Vivek P.; Thiesen, Todd (2005). "Safety of compressed hydrogen fuel tanks: Leakage from stationary vehicles". Technology in Society. 27 (3): 315–320. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.04.005.
Cadwallader, L. C.; Herring, J. S. (1999). Safety Issues with Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel (Technical report). doi:10.2172/761801.

dot.gov

phmsa.dot.gov

"Emergency Response Handbook" (PDF). Piplines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration - Department of Transportation. 2008. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2009. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.

eei.org

"Muskingum River Plant Hydrogen Explosion January 8, 2007" (PDF). American Electric Power. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

eihp.org

Schmidtchen, Ulrich (2002-10-02). "EIHP2 META Proceedings DVW" (PDF). EIHP. Brussels: German Hydrogen Association.

energy.gov

www1.eere.energy.gov

"Hydrogen Safety" (PDF). Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.

energy.gov

Gregory, Frederick D. (February 12, 1997). "Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

environmentalchemistry.com

Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements - Hydrogen - H".

evtalk.co.nz

Dobson, Geoff (12 June 2019). "Exploding hydrogen station leads to FCV halt". EV Talk.

fg-detection.com

"IR3 Flame Detector - FlameSpec-IR3-H2". Fire & Gas Technologies, Inc.

fmglobal.com

"FM Global Hydrogen Datasheets (online): Hydrogen, Data Sheet ID# 7-91". Factory Mutual. April 2021.

fox2detroit.com

Wimbley, Randy (2022-02-25). "2 injured in hydrogen tank explosion at Henry Ford Hospital parking deck". Fox2Detroit.com. Retrieved 2022-02-25.

fuelcellsworks.com

"Massive Hydrogen Tank Blast Rattles Austria's Lebring Industrial Area". www.fuelcellsworks.com. 2023-08-08. Retrieved 2023-11-25.

galvnews.com

Lacombe, James (2020-06-11). "Small industrial explosion rattles Texas City". Galveston County-The Daily News. Retrieved 2020-06-20.

gasworld.com

Sampson, Joanna (2019-06-13). "Preliminary findings from H2 station investigation". gasworld. Retrieved 2019-06-14.
Burgess, Molly (8 April 2020). "60 homes damaged after hydrogen plant explosion". gasworld. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
Burgess, Molly (14 April 2020). "OneH2: Hydrogen plant explosion update". gasworld. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

ghostarchive.org

Diamond Bar Truck Explosion, 2018-02-12, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-06-18
Tractor Trailer Fire Evacuations In Diamond Bar, 2018-02-11, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-06-18

h2incidents.org

"Hydrogen Incident Reporting and Lessons Learned". h2incidents.org.

h2tools.org

"Use of "Quick-Disconnect" Fittings Results in Laboratory Instrument Explosion". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017.
"Hydrogen Tube Trailer Explosion". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017.
"Hydrogen Lab Fire". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017.
"Fire at Hydrogen Fueling Station". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. The initial source of fire was likely a release of hydrogen from a failed weld on a pressure switch.
"Small Fire in Fule Cell Test Stand". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. An electrical short circuit occurred, causing a small electrical fire.
"Incorrect Relief Valve Set Point Leads to Explosion". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. Contributing cause was poor design of the venting system, which was installed in a horizontal position, causing inadequate venting and buildup of static electricity.
"Fuel Cell Evaporation Pad Fire". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. One theory presented the possibility of a spark (caused by static electricity) being the source of the ignition that caused the fire. Due to the proximity of the fuel cell unit to a shrink-wrap packaging machine at the time of the incident, this seemed to be a plausible hypothesis.
"Hydrogen Explosion Due to Inadequate Maintenance". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. As a corrective action, eliminate burst discs from hydrogen storage assembly. Redesign venting system for the pressure relief valves to prevent or inhibit moisture build up and allow moisture drainage.
"Hydrogen Explosion at Coal-Fired Power Plant". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. Explore elimination of rupture disk PRDs and substitution of spring-style relief valves.
"Automated Hydrogen Ball Valve Fails to Open Due to Valve Stem Failure". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. valve stem material incompatibility with hydrogen (causing a material weakening) is suspected
"Gaseous Hydrogen Leak and Explosion". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. A GH2 leak occurred in an underground ASTM A106 Grade B, Schedule XX carbon steel pipe with a 3.5-inch diameter and a 0.6-inch wall thickness. The pipe was coated with coal tar primer and coal tar enamel, wrapped with asbestos felt impregnated with coal tar, coated with a second coat of coal tar enamel, and wrapped in Kraft paper, in accordance with American Water Works Association Standard G203. The source of the leak was an oval hole about 0.15 in x 0.20 in at the inner surface of the pipe and about 2-in in diameter at the outer surface of the pipe. Upon excavation of the pipe, it was noted that the coating was not present at the leak point. This resulted in galvanic corrosion over a 15-year period and the eventual rupture when high-pressure gas was applied to the thin pipe membrane. The pipe was 8 ft 9 in below the concrete pad.
"Leak on Compressor at Fueling Station". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. This allowed greater movement of the shaft, which led to a shaft seal leaking hydrogen.
"Liquid Hydrogen Tank Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (Bleve) Due to Water-Plugged Vent Stack". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017. Place signs on all liquid hydrogen tanks indicating that no water is to be put on the vent stack.
"Liquid Hydrogen Delivery Truck Offloading Valve Failure". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017.
"Hydrogen Explosion at Coal-Fired Power Plant". H2Tools. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. September 2017.

hazardexonthenet.net

"Explosion at hydrogen fuel plant in US damages around 60 buildings". www.hazardexonthenet.net. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

hydrogen-central.com

"Fire brigade responds to fire at hydrogen filling station in Gersthofen – Germany". hydrogen-central.com. June 26, 2024. Retrieved 2024-07-01.

hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info

"Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program testing H2/CNG". Hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-07-05.

hydrogenfuelnews.com

Max, John (2023-07-31). "Hydrogen bus destroyed during fiery refueling disaster - H2 News". www.hydrogenfuelnews.com. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

hydrogeninsight.com

"Hydrogen explosion in Austria". www.hydrogenfuelnews.com. August 8, 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-25. I live more than 3km away... and the blast made my windows shake
"Two workers airlifted to hospital after reported hydrogen gas explosion at Chevron plant in Louisiana". www.hydrogeninsight.com. September 20, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-21.

hyer.eu

Hydrogen explosions Fukushima nuclear plant: what happened? Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine. Hyer.eu. Retrieved on 2012-07-13.

hysafe.org

"Initial Guidance for Using Hydrogen in Confined Spaces" (PDF). HySafe. Retrieved 2012-07-13.

iaea.org

www-pub.iaea.org

"The Fukushima Daiichi Accident. Report by the Director General" (PDF). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2015. p. 54. Retrieved 2 March 2018.

icheme.org

"The explosion at Laporte Industries Ltd Ilford, 5 April 1975" (PDF).

ihs.com

aero-defense.ihs.com

"AIAA G-095-2004, Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" (PDF). AIAA. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
"AIAA G-095-2004, Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" (PDF). AIAA. Retrieved 2008-07-28.

indianexpress.com

"Vasai: 3 people killed, 8 injured in hydrogen cylinder blast". The Indian Express. 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2023-10-10.

iso.org

jsonline.com

Riccioli, Jim. "'A massive boom': Explosion at Waukesha gas company reverberated through the city and left one injured". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved 2019-12-15.

kbs.co.kr

news.kbs.co.kr

"Safety investigation underway on hydrogen bus explosion". news.kbs.co.kr/. December 24, 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-26.

kget.com

"New possible cause of million dollar Bakersfield GET bus fire identified". KGET 17. 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2023-08-20.

koreaherald.com

Herald, The Korea (2019-05-23). "Hydrogen tank explosion kills 2 in Gangneung". www.koreaherald.com. Retrieved 2019-06-14.

koreatimes.co.kr

"Moon's 'hydrogen diplomacy' tarnished by charging station explosion". koreatimes. 2019-06-13. Retrieved 2019-06-14.

latimes.com

Japanese engineers work to contain nuclear reactor damage, Los Angeles Times, March 14, 2011

leftlanenews.com

"Hydrogen truck explodes on way to FCV refueling site [Video]". LeftLaneNews. Retrieved 2019-06-18.

msha.gov

MSHA – Safety Hazard Information – Special Hazards of Acetylene Archived 2016-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. Msha.gov. Retrieved on 2012-07-13.

mytwintiers.com

"Explosion at plant sends multiple people to hospital". WETM - MyTwinTiers.com. 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

nap.edu

"Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants". National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2008.

nasa.gov

appel.nasa.gov

"Explosive Lessons in Hydrogen Safety | APPEL Knowledge Services". appel.nasa.gov. 2 February 2011.

nbclosangeles.com

"Truck Carrying Hydrogen Tanks Catches Fire, Forces Evacs". NBC Southern California. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-18.
"Diamond Bar Evacs Lifted After Hydrogen Fire". NBC Southern California. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-06-18.

nbcsandiego.com

"Tanker Filled With Liquid Hydrogen Catches Fire at El Cajon Business Park".

ndt.net

The Australian Institute for Non Destructive Testing (AINDT), Detection and Quantification of Hydrogen Damage Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine

ndtv.com

"Three Workers Killed, 8 Injured In Explosion At Maharashtra Industrial Unit". NDTV.com. Retrieved 2023-10-10.

nfpa.org

"List of NFPA Codes & Standards". NFPA.
"List of NFPA Codes & Standards". NFPA.

noaa.gov

cameochemicals.noaa.gov

"Hydrogen". cameochemicals.noaa.gov. Retrieved Nov 29, 2020.
"Deuterium". cameochemicals.noaa.gov. Retrieved Nov 29, 2020.

oecd-nea.org

Nuclear Fuel Behaviour in Loss-of-coolant Accident (LOCA) Conditions (PDF). Nuclear Energy Agency, OECD. 2009. p. 140. ISBN 978-92-64-99091-3.

oneh2.com

"Hydrogen Safety Systems Operated Effectively, Prevented Injury at Plant Explosion" (PDF). oneh2.com. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

osti.gov

Cadwallader, L. C.; Herring, J. S. (1999). Safety Issues with Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel (Technical report). doi:10.2172/761801.
Cadwallader, L. C.; Herring, J. S. (1999). Safety Issues with Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel (Technical report). doi:10.2172/761801.

pulsenews.co.kr

"Tank explosion poses setback for Seoul's push for hydrogen economy – Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". pulsenews.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2019-06-14.

qcnews.com

"Tanker carrying refrigerated liquid hydrogen catches fire off I-77 exit". Queen City News. 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-05-15.

qz.com

Huang, Echo (12 June 2019). "A hydrogen fueling station explosion in Norway has left fuel-cell cars nowhere to charge". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-06-12.

reneweconomy.com.au

Parkinson, Giles (2021-08-11). "World's newest and most expensive coal plant explodes after hydrogen leak". RenewEconomy. Retrieved 2021-10-11.

rivieramm.com

Kalyanaraman, M (4 September 2019). "'Only a question of time' until large hydrogen systems are stable". Riviera Maritime Media.

rshq.qld.gov.au

"Hydrogen explosion and fire during the recommissioning of plant equipment post maintenance". www.rshq.qld.gov.au/. November 1, 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-01. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

spectrex.net

spectrex. "40/40M Multi IR Flame Detector".

startribune.com

"Gas explosion injures 1 worker in Waukesha". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2019-12-15.

taiwanenglishnews.com

Charlier, Phillip (2019-04-07). "Chemical plant explosion rocks southern Taiwan, heard more than 30 kilometers away". Taiwan English News. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
Charlier, Phillip (2020-09-30). "Hydrogen tanker crashes and explodes on freeway in Changhua City". Taiwan English News. Retrieved 2020-11-26.

turnto23.com

"GET Bus hydrogen fueling station damaged, 1 bus destroyed in early morning fire". KERO 23 ABC News Bakersfield. 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

veridiam.com

"Veridiam, Inc". Strategic Manufacturing Partner > Veridiam. Retrieved Nov 29, 2020.

vice.com

Koebler, Jason (2020-04-07). "One of the Country's Only Hydrogen Fuel Cell Plants Suffers Huge Explosion". Vice. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

vimeo.com

"Hydrogen Car Safety Test- Fuel Leak H2 vs. Petrol". Vimeo. Retrieved 2020-05-07.

washingtonpost.com

Williams, Mark (January 8, 2007). "Ohio Power Plant Blast Kills 1, Hurts 9". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

wcnc.com

"Hydrogen tanker fire prompts evacuation in Troutman, firefighters say". wcnc.com. April 29, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-15.

web.archive.org

"Canadian Hydrogen Safety Program testing H2/CNG". Hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
Gregory, Frederick D. (February 12, 1997). "Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
MSHA – Safety Hazard Information – Special Hazards of Acetylene Archived 2016-01-22 at the Wayback Machine. Msha.gov. Retrieved on 2012-07-13.
Chernobyl Accident Appendix 1: Sequence of Events Archived 2016-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, World Nuclear Association, November 2009
The Australian Institute for Non Destructive Testing (AINDT), Detection and Quantification of Hydrogen Damage Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine
"Emergency Response Handbook" (PDF). Piplines and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration - Department of Transportation. 2008. p. 115. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2009. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
Peter Kushnir. Hydrogen As an Alternative Fuel Archived 2008-08-08 at the Wayback Machine. PB 700-00-3. Vol. 32, Issue 3, May–June 2000. almc.army.mil.
"Muskingum River Plant Hydrogen Explosion January 8, 2007" (PDF). American Electric Power. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
Hydrogen explosions Fukushima nuclear plant: what happened? Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine. Hyer.eu. Retrieved on 2012-07-13.
"Hydrogen Safety Systems Operated Effectively, Prevented Injury at Plant Explosion" (PDF). oneh2.com. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

wnep.com

"Explosion at Bradford County plant". wnep.com. April 21, 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-17.

world-nuclear.org

Chernobyl Accident Appendix 1: Sequence of Events Archived 2016-01-14 at the Wayback Machine, World Nuclear Association, November 2009

youtube.com

Diamond Bar Truck Explosion, 2018-02-12, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-06-18
Tractor Trailer Fire Evacuations In Diamond Bar, 2018-02-11, archived from the original on 2021-12-21, retrieved 2019-06-18
Hydrogen Tanker Catches Fire, retrieved 2023-05-15
Tanker carrying refrigerated liquid hydrogen catches fire off I-77 exit, 29 April 2023, retrieved 2023-05-15
Fire engulfs Golden Empire Transit hydrogen bus and fueling station, 19 July 2023, retrieved 2023-08-20

zehllaw.com

"Praxair Texas City Hydrogen Plant Explosion". Zehl & Associates. 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2020-06-20.