Iridium (English Wikipedia)

Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows". Scientific American. 286 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286c..76B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76. PMID 11857903.
Kyte, Frank T.; Zhiming Zhou; John T. Wasson (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..417K. doi:10.1038/292417a0.
Jung, D.; Demazeau, Gérard (1995). "High Oxygen Pressure and the Preparation of New Iridium (VI) Oxides with Perovskite Structure: Sr₂MIrO₆ (M = Ca, Mg)". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 115 (2): 447–455. Bibcode:1995JSSCh.115..447J. doi:10.1006/jssc.1995.1158. {{cite journal}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 96 (help)
Gong, Y.; Zhou, M.; Kaupp, M.; Riedel, S. (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. Bibcode:2009ACIE...48.7879G. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837.
Scheler, Thomas; Marqués, Miriam; Konôpková, Zuzana; Guillaume, Christophe L.; Howie, Ross T.; Gregoryanz, Eugene (19 November 2013). "High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Trihydride" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (21) 215503. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111u5503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.215503. PMID 24313503.
Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. (1982). "Oxidative addition of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (13): 3723–3725. Bibcode:1982JAChS.104.3723H. doi:10.1021/ja00377a032.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VIII. The platinum metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1017–1034. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1017W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1017.Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 385–407. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Watson, Wm; Brownrigg, William (1749). "Several Papers concerning a New Semi-Metal, Called Platina; Communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Wm. Watson F. R. S". Philosophical Transactions. 46 (491–496): 584–596. Bibcode:1749RSPT...46..584W. doi:10.1098/rstl.1749.0110.
Mössbauer, R. L. (1958). "Gammastrahlung in Ir¹⁹¹". Zeitschrift für Physik A (in German). 151 (2): 124–143. Bibcode:1958ZPhy..151..124M. doi:10.1007/BF01344210.
Chen, Hsin-Yu; Vitale, Salvatore; Foucart, Francois (2021-10-01). "The Relative Contribution to Heavy Metals Production from Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 920 (1). American Astronomical Society: L3. arXiv:2107.02714. Bibcode:2021ApJ...920L...3C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac26c6. hdl:1721.1/142310.
Arlandini, Claudio; Kappeler, Franz; Wisshak, Klaus; Gallino, Roberto; Lugaro, Maria; Busso, Maurizio; Straniero, Oscar (1999). "Neutron Capture in Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures". The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 886–900. arXiv:astro-ph/9906266. Bibcode:1999ApJ...525..886A. doi:10.1086/307938.
Scott, E. R. D.; Wasson, J. T.; Buchwald, V. F. (1973). "The chemical classification of iron meteorites—VII. A reinvestigation of irons with Ge concentrations between 25 and 80 ppm". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (8): 1957–1983. Bibcode:1973GeCoA..37.1957S. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90151-8.
Xiao, Z.; Laplante, A. R. (2004). "Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals—a review". Minerals Engineering. 17 (9–10): 961–979. Bibcode:2004MiEng..17..961X. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2004.04.001.
Goldberg, Hodge; Kay, V; Stallard, M; Koide, M (1986). "Some comparative marine chemistries of platinum and iridium". Applied Geochemistry. 1 (2): 227–232. Bibcode:1986ApGC....1..227G. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(86)90006-5.
Wells, Boothe (1988). "Iridium in marine organisms". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 52 (6): 1737–1739. Bibcode:1988GeCoA..52.1737W. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90242-6.
Sawlowicz, Z (1993). "Iridium and other platinum-group elements as geochemical markers in sedimentary environments". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 104 (4): 253–270. Bibcode:1993PPP...104..253S. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(93)90136-7.
Crocket, Macdougall; Harriss, R (1973). "Gold, palladium and iridium in marine sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (12): 2547–2556. Bibcode:1973GeCoA..37.2547C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90264-0.
Barker, J; Edward, A (1968). "Accretion rate of cosmic matter from iridium and osmium contents of deep-sea sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 32 (6): 627–645. Bibcode:1968GeCoA..32..627B. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(68)90053-7.
Colodner, D; Edmond, J (1992). "Post-depositional mobility of platinum, iridium and rhenium in marine sediments". Nature. 358 (6385): 402–404. Bibcode:1992Natur.358..402C. doi:10.1038/358402a0.
Alvarez, Luis W.; Alvarez, Walter; Asaro, Frank; Michel, Helen V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction". Science. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. Bibcode:1980Sci...208.1095A. doi:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095. PMID 17783054.
Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, Glen T.; Kring, David A.; Pilkington, Mark; Zanoguera, Antonio Camargo; Jacobsen, Stein B.; Boynton, William V. (1991). "Chicxulub Crater; a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". Geology. 19 (9): 867–871. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..867H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2.
Toutain, J.-P.; Meyer, G. (1989). "Iridium-Bearing Sublimates at a Hot-Spot Volcano (Piton De La Fournaise, Indian Ocean)". Geophysical Research Letters. 16 (12): 1391–1394. Bibcode:1989GeoRL..16.1391T. doi:10.1029/GL016i012p01391.
Crookes, W. (1908). "On the Use of Iridium Crucibles in Chemical Operations". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 80 (541): 535–536. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..80..535C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0046. JSTOR 93031.
Ikariya, Takao; Blacker, A. John (2007). "Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Bifunctional Transition Metal-Based Molecular Catalysts†". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1300–1308. Bibcode:2007AcChR..40.1300I. doi:10.1021/ar700134q. PMID 17960897.
Halmshaw, R. (1954). "The use and scope of Iridium 192 for the radiography of steel". British Journal of Applied Physics. 5 (7): 238–243. Bibcode:1954BJAP....5..238H. doi:10.1088/0508-3443/5/7/302.
Ulbricht, Christoph; Beyer, Beatrice; Friebe, Christian; Winter, Andreas; Schubert, Ulrich S. (2009). "Recent Developments in the Application of Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex Systems". Advanced Materials. 21 (44): 4418–4441. Bibcode:2009AdM....21.4418U. doi:10.1002/adma.200803537.

amazonaws.com (Global: 3,611^th place; English: 2,190^th place)

d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com

Singerling, Sheryl A.; Schulte, Ruth F. (August 2021). "Platinum-Group Metals". 2018 Minerals Yearbook (PDF). USGS. p. 57.11.

anl.gov (Global: 8,120^th place; English: 6,195^th place)

ead.anl.gov

"Iridium" (PDF). Human Health Fact Sheet. Argonne National Laboratory. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Lide, D. R. (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th ed.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press. ISBN 9780849304712.
Emsley, J. (2003). "Iridium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 201–204. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
Lagowski, J. J., ed. (2004). Chemistry Foundations and Applications. Vol. 2. Thomson Gale. pp. 250–251. ISBN 978-0028657233.
Mager Stellman, J. (1998). "Iridium". Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. International Labour Organization. pp. 63.19. ISBN 978-92-2-109816-4. OCLC 35279504.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VIII. The platinum metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1017–1034. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1017W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1017.Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 385–407. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Thomson, T. (1831). A System of Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies. Vol. 1. Baldwin & Cradock, London; and William Blackwood, Edinburgh. p. 693.
Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 414–418. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Haynes, W. M.; Lide, David R.; Bruno, Thomas J., eds. (2017). "Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3.
Frankel, C. (1999). The End of the Dinosaurs: Chicxulub Crater and Mass Extinctions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47447-4. OCLC 40298401.
Pepper, J. H. (1861). The Playbook of Metals: Including Personal Narratives of Visits to Coal, Lead, Copper, and Tin Mines, with a Large Number of Interesting Experiments Relating to Alchemy and the Chemistry of the Fifty Metallic Elements. Routledge, Warne, and Routledge. p. 455.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Chen, Hsin-Yu; Vitale, Salvatore; Foucart, Francois (2021-10-01). "The Relative Contribution to Heavy Metals Production from Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 920 (1). American Astronomical Society: L3. arXiv:2107.02714. Bibcode:2021ApJ...920L...3C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac26c6. hdl:1721.1/142310.
Arlandini, Claudio; Kappeler, Franz; Wisshak, Klaus; Gallino, Roberto; Lugaro, Maria; Busso, Maurizio; Straniero, Oscar (1999). "Neutron Capture in Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures". The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 886–900. arXiv:astro-ph/9906266. Bibcode:1999ApJ...525..886A. doi:10.1086/307938.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Mager Stellman, J. (1998). "Iridium". Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. International Labour Organization. pp. 63.19. ISBN 978-92-2-109816-4. OCLC 35279504.
Dixon, Joshua; Brownrigg, William (1801). The literary life of William Brownrigg. To which are added an account of the coal mines near Whitehaven: And Observations on the means of preventing epidemic fevers. p. 52. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.
Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1760). Versuche mit dem neuen mineralischen Körper Platina del pinto genannt. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.
Trigg, G. L. (1995). "Recoilless Emission and Absorption of Radiation". Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 179–190. ISBN 978-0-486-28526-9. OCLC 31409781.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

emergency.cdc.gov

"Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)" (PDF). Radiation Emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004-08-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

cenmag.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

2014.cenmag.org

Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η²-O₂)IrO₂]⁺; see C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines.

chimicibicocca.altervista.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crabtree, R. H. (2005). The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals (PDF). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471662563. OCLC 224478241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-19.

ciaaw.org (Global: 9,183^rd place; English: low place)

"Standard Atomic Weights: Iridium". CIAAW. 2017.

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

desy.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

bib-pubdb1.desy.de

Scheler, Thomas; Marqués, Miriam; Konôpková, Zuzana; Guillaume, Christophe L.; Howie, Ross T.; Gregoryanz, Eugene (19 November 2013). "High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Trihydride" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (21) 215503. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111u5503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.215503. PMID 24313503.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)₃³⁻; see Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 1117. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Ir(–2) has been observed in IrVO₂^–; see Le-Shi Chen; Yun-Zhu Liu; Jiao-Jiao Chen; Si-Dun Wang; Tong-Mei Ma; Xiao-Na Li; Sheng-Gui He (2022). "Water–Gas Shift Catalyzed by Iridium–Vanadium Oxide Clusters IrVO₂^– with Iridium in a Rare Oxidation State of −II". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 126 (32): 5294–5301. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03974.
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Pergola, R. D.; Garlaschelli, L.; Matinengo, S. (1990). Dodecacarbonyltetrairidium: Ir₄(CO)₁₂. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 28. pp. 245–247. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch63. ISBN 978-0-470-13259-3.
Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837.
Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Arblaster, J. W. (1989). "Densities of Osmium and Iridium". Platinum Metals Review. 33: 14–16. doi:10.1595/003214089X3311416.
Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows". Scientific American. 286 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286c..76B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76. PMID 11857903.
Kyte, Frank T.; Zhiming Zhou; John T. Wasson (1981). "High noble metal concentrations in a late Pliocene sediment". Nature. 292 (5822): 417–420. Bibcode:1981Natur.292..417K. doi:10.1038/292417a0.
Hunt, L. B. (1987). "A History of Iridium". Platinum Metals Review. 31 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1595/003214087X3113241.
Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. doi:10.1595/003214095X394164164.
Darling, A.S. (1960). "Iridium Platinum Alloys". Platinum Metals Review. 4: 18–26. doi:10.1595/003214060X411826.
Biggs, T.; Taylor, S. S.; van der Lingen, E. (2005). "The Hardening of Platinum Alloys for Potential Jewellery Application". Platinum Metals Review. 49 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1595/147106705X24409.
Munson, Ronald A. (1968). "The synthesis of iridium disulfide and nickel diarsenide having the pyrite structure". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (2): 389–390. doi:10.1021/ic50060a047.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Jung, D.; Demazeau, Gérard (1995). "High Oxygen Pressure and the Preparation of New Iridium (VI) Oxides with Perovskite Structure: Sr₂MIrO₆ (M = Ca, Mg)". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 115 (2): 447–455. Bibcode:1995JSSCh.115..447J. doi:10.1006/jssc.1995.1158. {{cite journal}}: templatestyles stripmarker in |title= at position 96 (help)
Gong, Y.; Zhou, M.; Kaupp, M.; Riedel, S. (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. Bibcode:2009ACIE...48.7879G. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837.
Scheler, Thomas; Marqués, Miriam; Konôpková, Zuzana; Guillaume, Christophe L.; Howie, Ross T.; Gregoryanz, Eugene (19 November 2013). "High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Trihydride" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (21) 215503. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111u5503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.215503. PMID 24313503.
Esteruelas, Miguel A.; López, Ana M.; Oliván, Montserrat (2016). "Polyhydrides of Platinum Group Metals: Nonclassical Interactions and σ-Bond Activation Reactions". Chemical Reviews. 116 (15): 8770–8847. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00080. hdl:10261/136216. PMID 27268136.
Černý, R.; Joubert, J.-M.; Kohlmann, H.; Yvon, K. (2002). "Mg
₆Ir
₂H
₁₁, a new metal hydride containing saddle-like IrH⁵⁻
₄ and square-pyramidal IrH⁴⁻
₅ hydrido complexes". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 340 (1–2): 180–188. doi:10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00050-6.
Gulliver, D. J.; Levason, W. (1982). "The chemistry of ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum in the higher oxidation states". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 46: 1–127. doi:10.1016/0010-8545(82)85001-7.
Renner, H.; Schlamp, G.; Kleinwächter, I.; Drost, E.; Lüschow, H. M.; Tews, P.; Panster, P.; Diehl, M.; et al. (2002). "Platinum group metals and compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_075. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Schmidtke, Hans-Herbert (1970). "Pentaammineiridium(III) Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 12. pp. 243–247. doi:10.1002/9780470132432.ch42. ISBN 978-0-470-13171-8.
Crabtree, R. H. (1979). "Iridium compounds in catalysis". Accounts of Chemical Research. 12 (9): 331–337. doi:10.1021/ar50141a005.
Janowicz, A. H.; Bergman, R. G. (1982). "Carbon-hydrogen activation in completely saturated hydrocarbons: direct observation of M + R–H → M(R)(H)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (1): 352–354. doi:10.1021/ja00365a091.
Hoyano, J. K.; Graham, W. A. G. (1982). "Oxidative addition of the carbon-hydrogen bonds of neopentane and cyclohexane to a photochemically generated iridium(I) complex". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104 (13): 3723–3725. Bibcode:1982JAChS.104.3723H. doi:10.1021/ja00377a032.
Hartwig, John F. (2011). "Regioselectivity of the Borylation of Alkanes and Arenes". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (4): 1992–2002. doi:10.1039/c0cs00156b. PMID 21336364.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VIII. The platinum metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1017–1034. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1017W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1017.Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 385–407. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Watson, Wm; Brownrigg, William (1749). "Several Papers concerning a New Semi-Metal, Called Platina; Communicated to the Royal Society by Mr. Wm. Watson F. R. S". Philosophical Transactions. 46 (491–496): 584–596. Bibcode:1749RSPT...46..584W. doi:10.1098/rstl.1749.0110.
Griffith, W. P. (2004). "Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Part II: Osmium and iridium – events surrounding their discoveries". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 182–189. doi:10.1595/147106704x4844.
"XVI. On two metals, found in the black powder remaining after the solution of platina". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 94: 411–418. 1804. doi:10.1098/rstl.1804.0018.
Mössbauer, R. L. (1958). "Gammastrahlung in Ir¹⁹¹". Zeitschrift für Physik A (in German). 151 (2): 124–143. Bibcode:1958ZPhy..151..124M. doi:10.1007/BF01344210.
Chen, Hsin-Yu; Vitale, Salvatore; Foucart, Francois (2021-10-01). "The Relative Contribution to Heavy Metals Production from Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 920 (1). American Astronomical Society: L3. arXiv:2107.02714. Bibcode:2021ApJ...920L...3C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac26c6. hdl:1721.1/142310.
Arlandini, Claudio; Kappeler, Franz; Wisshak, Klaus; Gallino, Roberto; Lugaro, Maria; Busso, Maurizio; Straniero, Oscar (1999). "Neutron Capture in Low-Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures". The Astrophysical Journal. 525 (2): 886–900. arXiv:astro-ph/9906266. Bibcode:1999ApJ...525..886A. doi:10.1086/307938.
Scott, E. R. D.; Wasson, J. T.; Buchwald, V. F. (1973). "The chemical classification of iron meteorites—VII. A reinvestigation of irons with Ge concentrations between 25 and 80 ppm". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (8): 1957–1983. Bibcode:1973GeCoA..37.1957S. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90151-8.
Xiao, Z.; Laplante, A. R. (2004). "Characterizing and recovering the platinum group minerals—a review". Minerals Engineering. 17 (9–10): 961–979. Bibcode:2004MiEng..17..961X. doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2004.04.001.
Seymour, R. J.; O'Farrelly, J. I. (2012). "Platinum-Group Metals". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1612012019052513.a01.pub3. ISBN 978-0471238966.
Goldberg, Hodge; Kay, V; Stallard, M; Koide, M (1986). "Some comparative marine chemistries of platinum and iridium". Applied Geochemistry. 1 (2): 227–232. Bibcode:1986ApGC....1..227G. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(86)90006-5.
Wells, Boothe (1988). "Iridium in marine organisms". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 52 (6): 1737–1739. Bibcode:1988GeCoA..52.1737W. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90242-6.
Sawlowicz, Z (1993). "Iridium and other platinum-group elements as geochemical markers in sedimentary environments". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 104 (4): 253–270. Bibcode:1993PPP...104..253S. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(93)90136-7.
Crocket, Macdougall; Harriss, R (1973). "Gold, palladium and iridium in marine sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 37 (12): 2547–2556. Bibcode:1973GeCoA..37.2547C. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(73)90264-0.
Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B (2001). "Iridium and Osmium as Tracers of Extraterrestrial Matter in Marine Sediments". Accretion of Extraterrestrial Matter Throughout Earth's History. pp. 163–178. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8694-8_10. ISBN 978-1-4613-4668-5.
Barker, J; Edward, A (1968). "Accretion rate of cosmic matter from iridium and osmium contents of deep-sea sediments". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 32 (6): 627–645. Bibcode:1968GeCoA..32..627B. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(68)90053-7.
Colodner, D; Edmond, J (1992). "Post-depositional mobility of platinum, iridium and rhenium in marine sediments". Nature. 358 (6385): 402–404. Bibcode:1992Natur.358..402C. doi:10.1038/358402a0.
Alvarez, Luis W.; Alvarez, Walter; Asaro, Frank; Michel, Helen V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction". Science. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. Bibcode:1980Sci...208.1095A. doi:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095. PMID 17783054.
Hildebrand, A. R.; Penfield, Glen T.; Kring, David A.; Pilkington, Mark; Zanoguera, Antonio Camargo; Jacobsen, Stein B.; Boynton, William V. (1991). "Chicxulub Crater; a possible Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary impact crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico". Geology. 19 (9): 867–871. Bibcode:1991Geo....19..867H. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2.
Toutain, J.-P.; Meyer, G. (1989). "Iridium-Bearing Sublimates at a Hot-Spot Volcano (Piton De La Fournaise, Indian Ocean)". Geophysical Research Letters. 16 (12): 1391–1394. Bibcode:1989GeoRL..16.1391T. doi:10.1029/GL016i012p01391.
Gilchrist, Raleigh (1943). "The Platinum Metals". Chemical Reviews. 32 (3): 277–372. doi:10.1021/cr60103a002.
Ohriner, E. K. (2008). "Processing of Iridium and Iridium Alloys". Platinum Metals Review. 52 (3): 186–197. doi:10.1595/147106708X333827.
Hunt, L. B.; Lever, F. M. (1969). "Platinum Metals: A Survey of Productive Resources to industrial Uses". Platinum Metals Review. 13 (4): 126–138. doi:10.1595/003214069X134126138.
Handley, J. R. (1986). "Increasing Applications for Iridium". Platinum Metals Review. 30: 12–13. doi:10.1595/003214086X3011213.
Crookes, W. (1908). "On the Use of Iridium Crucibles in Chemical Operations". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 80 (541): 535–536. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..80..535C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0046. JSTOR 93031.
Egorova, R. V.; Korotkov, B. V.; Yaroshchuk, E. G.; Mirkus, K. A.; Dorofeev, N. A.; Serkov, A. T. (1979). "Spinnerets for viscose rayon cord yarn". Fibre Chemistry. 10 (4): 377–378. doi:10.1007/BF00543390.
Graff, Muriel; Kempf, Bernd; Breme, Jürgen (2005-12-23). "Iridium Alloy for Spark Plug Electrodes". Materials for Transportation Technology. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1002/3527606025.ch1. ISBN 9783527301249.
Cheung, H.; Tanke, R. S.; Torrence, G. P. (2000). "Acetic acid". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_045. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Jones, Jane H. (2000). "The Cativa™ Process for the Manufacture of Acetic Acid". Platinum Metals Review. 44 (3): 94–105. doi:10.1595/003214000X44394105.
Roseblade, S. J.; Pfaltz, A. (2007). "Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1402–1411. doi:10.1021/ar700113g. PMID 17672517.
Ikariya, Takao; Blacker, A. John (2007). "Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Bifunctional Transition Metal-Based Molecular Catalysts†". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1300–1308. Bibcode:2007AcChR..40.1300I. doi:10.1021/ar700134q. PMID 17960897.
Halmshaw, R. (1954). "The use and scope of Iridium 192 for the radiography of steel". British Journal of Applied Physics. 5 (7): 238–243. Bibcode:1954BJAP....5..238H. doi:10.1088/0508-3443/5/7/302.
Pouliot, Jean; Beaulieu, Luc (2010). "Modern Principles of Brachytherapy Physics". Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology. pp. 224–244. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4160-5897-7.00013-5. ISBN 978-1-4160-5897-7.
Ulbricht, Christoph; Beyer, Beatrice; Friebe, Christian; Winter, Andreas; Schubert, Ulrich S. (2009). "Recent Developments in the Application of Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complex Systems". Advanced Materials. 21 (44): 4418–4441. Bibcode:2009AdM....21.4418U. doi:10.1002/adma.200803537.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Crookes, W., ed. (1867). "The Paris Exhibition". The Chemical News and Journal of Physical Science. XV: 182.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 3293031A, Cresswell, Peter & Rhys, David, published 20/12/1966

fmm.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

Vitaly A. Stepanov; Valentina E. Kungurova; Vitaly I. Gvozdev (2010). "Irasite Discovery in Copper-Nickel Ores of Shanuch Deposit (KAMCHATKA)" (PDF). New Data on Minerals. 45: 23. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

handbookofmineralogy.org (Global: 5,269^th place; English: low place)

"Cuproiridsite CuIr₂S₄" (PDF). Handbook of mineralogy.org. Retrieved 3 March 2022.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Esteruelas, Miguel A.; López, Ana M.; Oliván, Montserrat (2016). "Polyhydrides of Platinum Group Metals: Nonclassical Interactions and σ-Bond Activation Reactions". Chemical Reviews. 116 (15): 8770–8847. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00080. hdl:10261/136216. PMID 27268136.
Chen, Hsin-Yu; Vitale, Salvatore; Foucart, Francois (2021-10-01). "The Relative Contribution to Heavy Metals Production from Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Neutron Star–Black Hole Mergers". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 920 (1). American Astronomical Society: L3. arXiv:2107.02714. Bibcode:2021ApJ...920L...3C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac26c6. hdl:1721.1/142310.

iaea.org (Global: 1,135^th place; English: 1,124^th place)

www-nds.iaea.org

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3) 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Crookes, W. (1908). "On the Use of Iridium Crucibles in Chemical Operations". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 80 (541): 535–536. Bibcode:1908RSPSA..80..535C. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0046. JSTOR 93031.

lenntech.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Iridium (Ir) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects". www.lenntech.com. Retrieved 2024-07-27.

matthey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

technology.matthey.com

Griffith, W. P. (2004). "Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Part II: Osmium and iridium – events surrounding their discoveries". Platinum Metals Review. 48 (4): 182–189. doi:10.1595/147106704x4844.

platinum.matthey.com

"Platinum 2013 Interim Review" (PDF). Platinum Today. Johnson Matthey. Retrieved 2014-01-10.

matthey.com

Ryan, Marge (2022-11-16). "Recycling and thrifting: the answer to the iridium question in electrolyser growth".

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

herschel.jpl.nasa.gov

"History/Origin of Chemicals". NASA. Retrieved 1 January 2013.

nibs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mottishaw, J. (1999). "Notes from the Nib Works—Where's the Iridium?". The PENnant. XIII (2). Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2022-09-24.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ir(VIII) has been observed in iridium tetroxide (IrO₄); see Gong, Yu; Zhou, Mingfei; Kaupp, Martin; Riedel, Sebastian (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837.
Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.
Becker, Luann (2002). "Repeated Blows". Scientific American. 286 (3): 76–83. Bibcode:2002SciAm.286c..76B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0302-76. PMID 11857903.
Gong, Y.; Zhou, M.; Kaupp, M.; Riedel, S. (2009). "Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (42): 7879–7883. Bibcode:2009ACIE...48.7879G. doi:10.1002/anie.200902733. PMID 19593837.
Scheler, Thomas; Marqués, Miriam; Konôpková, Zuzana; Guillaume, Christophe L.; Howie, Ross T.; Gregoryanz, Eugene (19 November 2013). "High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium Trihydride" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 111 (21) 215503. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111u5503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.215503. PMID 24313503.
Esteruelas, Miguel A.; López, Ana M.; Oliván, Montserrat (2016). "Polyhydrides of Platinum Group Metals: Nonclassical Interactions and σ-Bond Activation Reactions". Chemical Reviews. 116 (15): 8770–8847. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00080. hdl:10261/136216. PMID 27268136.
Hartwig, John F. (2011). "Regioselectivity of the Borylation of Alkanes and Arenes". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (4): 1992–2002. doi:10.1039/c0cs00156b. PMID 21336364.
Alvarez, Luis W.; Alvarez, Walter; Asaro, Frank; Michel, Helen V. (1980). "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction". Science. 208 (4448): 1095–1108. Bibcode:1980Sci...208.1095A. doi:10.1126/science.208.4448.1095. PMID 17783054.
Roseblade, S. J.; Pfaltz, A. (2007). "Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1402–1411. doi:10.1021/ar700113g. PMID 17672517.
Ikariya, Takao; Blacker, A. John (2007). "Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones with Bifunctional Transition Metal-Based Molecular Catalysts†". Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (12): 1300–1308. Bibcode:2007AcChR..40.1300I. doi:10.1021/ar700134q. PMID 17960897.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nist.gov

Penzes, W. B. (2001). "Time Line for the Definition of the Meter". National Institute for Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
General section citations: Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, R. S. Davis, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 90, No. 4, July–August 1985 (5.5 MB PDF Archived 2017-02-01 at the Wayback Machine); and The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force, Z. J. Jabbour et al., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 2001, 25–46 (3.5 MB PDF)

nvlpubs.nist.gov

General section citations: Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, R. S. Davis, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 90, No. 4, July–August 1985 (5.5 MB PDF Archived 2017-02-01 at the Wayback Machine); and The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force, Z. J. Jabbour et al., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 2001, 25–46 (3.5 MB PDF)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

Waller, I. (1964). "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961: presentation speech". Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962. Elsevier.

rruff.info (Global: 5,858^th place; English: low place)

Garuti, Giorgio; Gazzotti, Moreno; Torres-Ruiz, Jose (1995). "Iridium, Rhodium, and Platinum Sulfides in Chromitites from the Ultramafic Massifs of Finero, Italy, and Ojen, Spain" (PDF). The Canadian Mineralogist. 33: 509–520. Retrieved 2 November 2022.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Wang, Guanjun; Zhou, Mingfei; Goettel, James T.; Schrobilgen, Gary G.; Su, Jing; Li, Jun; Schlöder, Tobias; Riedel, Sebastian (2014). "Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX". Nature. 514 (7523): 475–477. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..475W. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. S2CID 4463905.

umicore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

preciousmetals.umicore.com

Hagelüken, C. (2006). "Markets for the catalysts metals platinum, palladium, and rhodium" (PDF). Metall. 60 (1–2): 31–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009.

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

minerals.usgs.gov

Platinum-Group Metals. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries

usgs.gov

"Mineral Yearbook 2020 tables-only release". USGS.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
Crabtree, R. H. (2005). The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals (PDF). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471662563. OCLC 224478241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-19.
Dixon, Joshua; Brownrigg, William (1801). The literary life of William Brownrigg. To which are added an account of the coal mines near Whitehaven: And Observations on the means of preventing epidemic fevers. p. 52. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.
Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1760). Versuche mit dem neuen mineralischen Körper Platina del pinto genannt. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017.
"Iridium" (PDF). Human Health Fact Sheet. Argonne National Laboratory. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2012. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
Hagelüken, C. (2006). "Markets for the catalysts metals platinum, palladium, and rhodium" (PDF). Metall. 60 (1–2): 31–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009.
General section citations: Recalibration of the U.S. National Prototype Kilogram, R. S. Davis, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, 90, No. 4, July–August 1985 (5.5 MB PDF Archived 2017-02-01 at the Wayback Machine); and The Kilogram and Measurements of Mass and Force, Z. J. Jabbour et al., J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 106, 2001, 25–46 (3.5 MB PDF)
Mottishaw, J. (1999). "Notes from the Nib Works—Where's the Iridium?". The PENnant. XIII (2). Archived from the original on 2023-07-13. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
"Radioisotope Brief: Iridium-192 (Ir-192)" (PDF). Radiation Emergencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004-08-18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-20.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann. pp. 1113–1143, 1294. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 213025882.
Mager Stellman, J. (1998). "Iridium". Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. International Labour Organization. pp. 63.19. ISBN 978-92-2-109816-4. OCLC 35279504.
Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (1st ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9. OCLC 47901436.
Crabtree, R. H. (2005). The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals (PDF). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471662563. OCLC 224478241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-19.
Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. VIII. The platinum metals". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (6). American Chemical Society (ACS): 1017–1034. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1017W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1017.Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 385–407. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Weeks, M. E. (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. pp. 414–418. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
Trigg, G. L. (1995). "Recoilless Emission and Absorption of Radiation". Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 179–190. ISBN 978-0-486-28526-9. OCLC 31409781.
Frankel, C. (1999). The End of the Dinosaurs: Chicxulub Crater and Mass Extinctions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47447-4. OCLC 40298401.

Iridium (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

amazonaws.com (Global: 3,611th place; English: 2,190th place)

d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com

anl.gov (Global: 8,120th place; English: 6,195th place)

ead.anl.gov

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251st place; English: 248th place)

emergency.cdc.gov

cenmag.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

2014.cenmag.org

chimicibicocca.altervista.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ciaaw.org (Global: 9,183rd place; English: low place)

degruyter.com (Global: 927th place; English: 757th place)

desy.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

bib-pubdb1.desy.de

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

espacenet.com (Global: 950th place; English: 813th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

fmm.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

handbookofmineralogy.org (Global: 5,269th place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

iaea.org (Global: 1,135th place; English: 1,124th place)

www-nds.iaea.org

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

lenntech.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

matthey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

technology.matthey.com

platinum.matthey.com

matthey.com

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

herschel.jpl.nasa.gov

nibs.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nist.gov (Global: 708th place; English: 742nd place)

nist.gov

nvlpubs.nist.gov

nobelprize.org (Global: 265th place; English: 450th place)

rruff.info (Global: 5,858th place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

umicore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

preciousmetals.umicore.com

usgs.gov (Global: 119th place; English: 145th place)

minerals.usgs.gov

usgs.gov

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

amazonaws.com (Global: 3,611^th place; English: 2,190^th place)

anl.gov (Global: 8,120^th place; English: 6,195^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

ciaaw.org (Global: 9,183^rd place; English: low place)

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

handbookofmineralogy.org (Global: 5,269^th place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

iaea.org (Global: 1,135^th place; English: 1,124^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nobelprize.org (Global: 265^th place; English: 450^th place)

rruff.info (Global: 5,858^th place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)