Isotopes of thorium (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Isotopes of thorium" in English language version.

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Thirolf, Peter (April 29, 2024). "Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer". Physics. 17 71. doi:10.1103/Physics.17.71.
von der Wense, Lars (28 September 2020). "Ticking Toward a Nuclear Clock". Physics. Vol. 13.

arxiv.org

Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈 Th = ⁠ 1 / 6 ⁠ (𝜈 a + 2 𝜈 b + 2 𝜈 c + 𝜈 d) = 2020407384335 (2) kHz$ .
Campbell, C.J.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (12) 120802: 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Physical Review Letters. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294. A half-life of 7±1 μs has been measured
Elwell, R.; Schneider, Christian; Jeet, Justin; Terhune, J. E. S.; Morgan, H. W. T.; Alexandrova, A. N.; Tran Tan, Hoang Bao; Derevianko, Andrei; Hudson, Eric R. (18 April 2024). "Laser excitation of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host". arXiv:2404.12311 [physics.atom-ph]. a narrow, laser-linewidth-limited spectral feature at 148.38219(4)_stat(20)_sys nm (2020407.3(5)_stat(30)_sys GHz) that decays with a lifetime of 568(13)_stat(20)_sys s. This feature is assigned to the excitation of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomeric state, whose energy is found to be 8.355733(2)_stat(10)_sys eV in ²²⁹Th:LiSrAlF₆.
Tkalya, Eugene V.; Schneider, Christian; Jeet, Justin; Hudson, Eric R. (25 November 2015). "Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in ²²⁹Th". Physical Review C. 92 (5) 054324. arXiv:1509.09101. Bibcode:2015PhRvC..92e4324T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.054324. S2CID 118374372.
Minkov, Nikolay; Pálffy, Adriana (23 May 2017). "Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (21) 212501. arXiv:1704.07919. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118u2501M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.212501. PMID 28598657. S2CID 40694257.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Thirolf, Peter G. (March 2018). "Towards a ²²⁹Th-based nuclear clock". Measurement Techniques. 60 (12): 1178–1192. arXiv:1811.03889. Bibcode:2018MeasT..60.1178V. doi:10.1007/s11018-018-1337-1. S2CID 119359298.
Thirolf, Peter G.; et al. (March 2020). 'Phase Transition' in the 'Thorium-Isomer Story'. XXXVI Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics (1–7 November 2019) (PDF). Acta Physica Polonica B. Vol. 51, no. 3. Piaski, Pisz County, Poland. pp. 561–570. arXiv:2108.13388. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.51.561. Originally presented as Characterization of the elusive ^229mTh isomer – milestones towards a nuclear clock.
Raeder, S.; Sonnenschein, V.; Gottwald, T.; Moore, I.D.; Reponen, M.; Rothe, S.; Trautmann, N.; Wendt, K. (July 2011). "Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes - towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (16) 165005. arXiv:1105.4646. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44p5005R. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/16/165005. S2CID 118379032.
Jeet, Justin; Schneider, Christian; Sullivan, Scott T.; Rellergert, Wade G.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Cassanho, A.; et al. (23 June 2015). "Results of a Direct Search Using Synchrotron Radiation for the Low-Energy". Physical Review Letters. 114 (25): 253001. arXiv:1502.02189. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114y3001J. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.253001. PMID 26197124. S2CID 1322253.
Stellmer, S.; Kazakov, G.; Schreitl, M.; Kaser, H.; Kolbe, M.; Schumm, T. (2018). "On an attempt to optically excite the nuclear isomer in Th-229". Physical Review A. 97 (6): 062506. arXiv:1803.09294. Bibcode:2018PhRvA..97f2506S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.97.062506. S2CID 4946329.
Borisyuk, P. V.; Chubunova, E. V.; Kolachevsky, N. N.; Lebedinskii, Yu Yu; Vasiliev, O. S.; Tkalya, E. V. (2018-04-01). "Excitation of ²²⁹Th nuclei in laser plasma: the energy and half-life of the low-lying isomeric state". arXiv:1804.00299 [nucl-th].
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; et al. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Masuda, T.; Yoshimi, A.; Fujieda, A.; Fujimoto, H.; Haba, H.; Hara, H.; et al. (12 September 2019). "X-ray pumping of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 573 (7773): 238–242. arXiv:1902.04823. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..238M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1542-3. PMID 31511686. S2CID 119083861.
Sikorsky, Tomas; Geist, Jeschua; Hengstler, Daniel; Kempf, Sebastian; Gastaldo, Loredana; Enss, Christian; et al. (2 October 2020). "Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter". Physical Review Letters. 125 (14) 142503. arXiv:2005.13340. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125n2503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.142503. PMID 33064540. S2CID 218900580.

cern.ch

cds.cern.ch

E. Ruchowska (2006). "Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Physical Review C. 73 (4): 044326. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130.

s3.cern.ch

Thirolf, Peter G.; Seiferle, Benedict; von der Wense, Lars (2019-10-28). "The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 52 (20) 203001. Bibcode:2019JPhB...52t3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8.

ciaaw.org

"Standard Atomic Weights: Thorium". CIAAW. 2013.

degruyter.com

Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

doe.gov

ne.doe.gov

Report to Congress on the extraction of medical isotopes from U-233 Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Department of Energy. March 2001

doi.org

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
Varga, Z.; Nicholl, A.; Mayer, K. (2014). "Determination of the ²²⁹Th half-life". Physical Review C. 89 (6): 064310. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.89.064310.
Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
E. Ruchowska (2006). "Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Physical Review C. 73 (4): 044326. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; et al. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. Bibcode:2024PhRvL.132r2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501. The nuclear resonance for the Th⁴⁺ ions in Th:CaF₂ is measured at the wavelength 148.3821(5) nm, frequency 2020.409(7) THz, and the fluorescence lifetime in the crystal is 630(15) s, corresponding to an isomer half-life of 1740(50) s for a nucleus isolated in vacuum.
Zhang, Chuankun; Ooi, Tian; Higgins, Jacob S.; Doyle, Jack F.; von der Wense, Lars; Beeks, Kjeld; Leitner, Adrian; Kazakov, Georgy; Li, Peng; Thirolf, Peter G.; Schumm, Thorsten; Ye, Jun (4 September 2024). "Frequency ratio of the ^229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the ⁸⁷Sr atomic clock". Nature. 633 (8028): 63–70. arXiv:2406.18719. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6. The transition frequency between the $I = 5/2$ ground state and the $I = 3/2$ excited state is determined as: $𝜈 Th = ⁠ 1 / 6 ⁠ (𝜈 a + 2 𝜈 b + 2 𝜈 c + 𝜈 d) = 2020407384335 (2) kHz$ .
Peik, E.; Tamm, Chr. (2003-01-15). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Campbell, C.J.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (12) 120802: 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Yang, H. B.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with Z > 82 and N < 126". Physical Review C. 105 (L051302). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.105e1302Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L051302. S2CID 248935764.
Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Physical Review Letters. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294. A half-life of 7±1 μs has been measured
Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
Karpeshin, F.F.; Trzhaskovskaya, M.B. (November 2007). "Impact of the electron environment on the lifetime of the ²²⁹Th^m low-lying isomer". Physical Review C. 76 (5) 054313. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76e4313K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.054313.
Tkalya, Eugene V.; Schneider, Christian; Jeet, Justin; Hudson, Eric R. (25 November 2015). "Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in ²²⁹Th". Physical Review C. 92 (5) 054324. arXiv:1509.09101. Bibcode:2015PhRvC..92e4324T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.054324. S2CID 118374372.
Minkov, Nikolay; Pálffy, Adriana (23 May 2017). "Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (21) 212501. arXiv:1704.07919. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118u2501M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.212501. PMID 28598657. S2CID 40694257.
Thirolf, Peter (April 29, 2024). "Shedding Light on the Thorium-229 Nuclear Clock Isomer". Physics. 17 71. doi:10.1103/Physics.17.71.
Tkalya, E.V.; Varlamov, V.O.; Lomonosov, V.V.; Nikulin, S.A. (1996). "Processes of the nuclear isomer ^229mTh(3/2⁺, 3.5±1.0 eV) Resonant excitation by optical photons". Physica Scripta. 53 (3): 296–299. Bibcode:1996PhyS...53..296T. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/53/3/003. S2CID 250744766.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Thirolf, Peter G. (March 2018). "Towards a ²²⁹Th-based nuclear clock". Measurement Techniques. 60 (12): 1178–1192. arXiv:1811.03889. Bibcode:2018MeasT..60.1178V. doi:10.1007/s11018-018-1337-1. S2CID 119359298.
Thirolf, Peter G.; et al. (March 2020). 'Phase Transition' in the 'Thorium-Isomer Story'. XXXVI Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics (1–7 November 2019) (PDF). Acta Physica Polonica B. Vol. 51, no. 3. Piaski, Pisz County, Poland. pp. 561–570. arXiv:2108.13388. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.51.561. Originally presented as Characterization of the elusive ^229mTh isomer – milestones towards a nuclear clock.
Raeder, S.; Sonnenschein, V.; Gottwald, T.; Moore, I.D.; Reponen, M.; Rothe, S.; Trautmann, N.; Wendt, K. (July 2011). "Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes - towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (16) 165005. arXiv:1105.4646. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44p5005R. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/16/165005. S2CID 118379032.
Kroger, L.A.; Reich, C.W. (1976). "Features of the low energy level scheme of ²²⁹Th as observed in the α-decay of ²³³U". Nuclear Physics A. 259 (1): 29–60. Bibcode:1976NuPhA.259...29K. doi:10.1016/0375-9474(76)90494-2.
Reich, C. W.; Helmer, R. G. (Jan 1990). "Energy separation of the doublet of intrinsic states at the ground state of ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 64 (3). American Physical Society: 271–273. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..64..271R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.271. PMID 10041937.
Helmer, R. G.; Reich, C. W. (April 1994). "An Excited State of ²²⁹Th at 3.5 eV". Physical Review C. 49 (4): 1845–1858. Bibcode:1994PhRvC..49.1845H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.49.1845. PMID 9969412.
B. R. Beck; et al. (2007-04-06). "Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 98 (14): 142501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98n2501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.142501. PMID 17501268. S2CID 12092700.
Jeet, Justin; Schneider, Christian; Sullivan, Scott T.; Rellergert, Wade G.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Cassanho, A.; et al. (23 June 2015). "Results of a Direct Search Using Synchrotron Radiation for the Low-Energy". Physical Review Letters. 114 (25): 253001. arXiv:1502.02189. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114y3001J. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.253001. PMID 26197124. S2CID 1322253.
Yamaguchi, A.; Kolbe, M.; Kaser, H.; Reichel, T.; Gottwald, A.; Peik, E. (May 2015). "Experimental search for the low-energy nuclear transition in ²²⁹Th with undulator radiation". New Journal of Physics. 17 (5): 053053. Bibcode:2015NJPh...17e3053Y. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/5/053053.
Stellmer, S.; Kazakov, G.; Schreitl, M.; Kaser, H.; Kolbe, M.; Schumm, T. (2018). "On an attempt to optically excite the nuclear isomer in Th-229". Physical Review A. 97 (6): 062506. arXiv:1803.09294. Bibcode:2018PhRvA..97f2506S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.97.062506. S2CID 4946329.
Zhao, Xinxin; Martinez de Escobar, Yenny Natali; Rundberg, Robert; Bond, Evelyn M.; Moody, Allen; Vieira, David J. (18 October 2012). "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer". Physical Review Letters. 109 (16) 160801. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109p0801Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160801. PMID 23215066.
Peik, Ekkehard; Zimmermann, Kai (2013-07-03). "Comment on "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer"". Physical Review Letters. 111 (1) 018901. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111a8901P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.018901. PMID 23863029. While we do not exclude that the decay of the ^229mTh isomer has contributed to the photon emission observed in [1], we conclude that the sought-after signal would be heavily masked by background from other nuclear decays and radioluminescence induced in the MgF₂ plates.
Thirolf, Peter G.; Seiferle, Benedict; von der Wense, Lars (2019-10-28). "The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 52 (20) 203001. Bibcode:2019JPhB...52t3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; et al. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Masuda, T.; Yoshimi, A.; Fujieda, A.; Fujimoto, H.; Haba, H.; Hara, H.; et al. (12 September 2019). "X-ray pumping of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 573 (7773): 238–242. arXiv:1902.04823. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..238M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1542-3. PMID 31511686. S2CID 119083861.
Sikorsky, Tomas; Geist, Jeschua; Hengstler, Daniel; Kempf, Sebastian; Gastaldo, Loredana; Enss, Christian; et al. (2 October 2020). "Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter". Physical Review Letters. 125 (14) 142503. arXiv:2005.13340. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125n2503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.142503. PMID 33064540. S2CID 218900580.
Kraemer, Sandro; Moens, Janni; Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, Michail; Bara, Silvia; Beeks, Kjeld; Chhetri, Premaditya; Chrysalidis, Katerina; Claessens, Arno; Cocolios, Thomas E.; Correia, João G. M.; Witte, Hilde De; Ferrer, Rafael; Geldhof, Sarina; Heinke, Reinhard; Hosseini, Niyusha (May 2023). "Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 617 (7962): 706–710. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..706K. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05894-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37225880.
Knight, G. B.; Macklin, R. L. (1 January 1949). "Radiations of Uranium Y". Physical Review. 75 (1): 34–38. Bibcode:1949PhRv...75...34K. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.34.
Krasinskas, Alyssa M; Minda, Justina; Saul, Scott H; Shaked, Abraham; Furth, Emma E (2004). "Redistribution of thorotrast into a liver allograft several years following transplantation: a case report". Mod. Pathol. 17 (1): 117–120. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800008. PMID 14631374.
Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F. (1952). "Occurrence of the (4n + 1) series in nature" (PDF). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (23): 6081–6084. doi:10.1021/ja01143a074. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-29.

earthlink.net

home.earthlink.net

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Thirolf, Peter G.; et al. (March 2020). 'Phase Transition' in the 'Thorium-Isomer Story'. XXXVI Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics (1–7 November 2019) (PDF). Acta Physica Polonica B. Vol. 51, no. 3. Piaski, Pisz County, Poland. pp. 561–570. arXiv:2108.13388. doi:10.5506/APhysPolB.51.561. Originally presented as Characterization of the elusive ^229mTh isomer – milestones towards a nuclear clock.

handle.net

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E. Ruchowska (2006). "Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Physical Review C. 73 (4): 044326. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130.

harvard.edu

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E. Ruchowska (2006). "Nuclear structure of ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Physical Review C. 73 (4): 044326. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..73d4326R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.044326. hdl:10261/12130.
Tiedau, J.; Okhapkin, M. V.; Zhang, K.; Thielking, J.; Zitzer, G.; Peik, E.; et al. (29 April 2024). "Laser Excitation of the Th-229 Nucleus" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 132 (18) 182501. Bibcode:2024PhRvL.132r2501T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501. The nuclear resonance for the Th⁴⁺ ions in Th:CaF₂ is measured at the wavelength 148.3821(5) nm, frequency 2020.409(7) THz, and the fluorescence lifetime in the crystal is 630(15) s, corresponding to an isomer half-life of 1740(50) s for a nucleus isolated in vacuum.
Peik, E.; Tamm, Chr. (2003-01-15). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Campbell, C.J.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (12) 120802: 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Yang, H. B.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with Z > 82 and N < 126". Physical Review C. 105 (L051302). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.105e1302Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L051302. S2CID 248935764.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Physical Review Letters. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294. A half-life of 7±1 μs has been measured
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"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
Karpeshin, F.F.; Trzhaskovskaya, M.B. (November 2007). "Impact of the electron environment on the lifetime of the ²²⁹Th^m low-lying isomer". Physical Review C. 76 (5) 054313. Bibcode:2007PhRvC..76e4313K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.054313.
Tkalya, Eugene V.; Schneider, Christian; Jeet, Justin; Hudson, Eric R. (25 November 2015). "Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in ²²⁹Th". Physical Review C. 92 (5) 054324. arXiv:1509.09101. Bibcode:2015PhRvC..92e4324T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.054324. S2CID 118374372.
Minkov, Nikolay; Pálffy, Adriana (23 May 2017). "Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (21) 212501. arXiv:1704.07919. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118u2501M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.212501. PMID 28598657. S2CID 40694257.
Tkalya, E.V.; Varlamov, V.O.; Lomonosov, V.V.; Nikulin, S.A. (1996). "Processes of the nuclear isomer ^229mTh(3/2⁺, 3.5±1.0 eV) Resonant excitation by optical photons". Physica Scripta. 53 (3): 296–299. Bibcode:1996PhyS...53..296T. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/53/3/003. S2CID 250744766.
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Raeder, S.; Sonnenschein, V.; Gottwald, T.; Moore, I.D.; Reponen, M.; Rothe, S.; Trautmann, N.; Wendt, K. (July 2011). "Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes - towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (16) 165005. arXiv:1105.4646. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44p5005R. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/16/165005. S2CID 118379032.
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Reich, C. W.; Helmer, R. G. (Jan 1990). "Energy separation of the doublet of intrinsic states at the ground state of ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 64 (3). American Physical Society: 271–273. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..64..271R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.271. PMID 10041937.
Helmer, R. G.; Reich, C. W. (April 1994). "An Excited State of ²²⁹Th at 3.5 eV". Physical Review C. 49 (4): 1845–1858. Bibcode:1994PhRvC..49.1845H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.49.1845. PMID 9969412.
B. R. Beck; et al. (2007-04-06). "Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 98 (14): 142501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98n2501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.142501. PMID 17501268. S2CID 12092700.
Jeet, Justin; Schneider, Christian; Sullivan, Scott T.; Rellergert, Wade G.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Cassanho, A.; et al. (23 June 2015). "Results of a Direct Search Using Synchrotron Radiation for the Low-Energy". Physical Review Letters. 114 (25): 253001. arXiv:1502.02189. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114y3001J. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.253001. PMID 26197124. S2CID 1322253.
Yamaguchi, A.; Kolbe, M.; Kaser, H.; Reichel, T.; Gottwald, A.; Peik, E. (May 2015). "Experimental search for the low-energy nuclear transition in ²²⁹Th with undulator radiation". New Journal of Physics. 17 (5): 053053. Bibcode:2015NJPh...17e3053Y. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/5/053053.
Stellmer, S.; Kazakov, G.; Schreitl, M.; Kaser, H.; Kolbe, M.; Schumm, T. (2018). "On an attempt to optically excite the nuclear isomer in Th-229". Physical Review A. 97 (6): 062506. arXiv:1803.09294. Bibcode:2018PhRvA..97f2506S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.97.062506. S2CID 4946329.
Zhao, Xinxin; Martinez de Escobar, Yenny Natali; Rundberg, Robert; Bond, Evelyn M.; Moody, Allen; Vieira, David J. (18 October 2012). "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer". Physical Review Letters. 109 (16) 160801. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109p0801Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160801. PMID 23215066.
Peik, Ekkehard; Zimmermann, Kai (2013-07-03). "Comment on "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer"". Physical Review Letters. 111 (1) 018901. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111a8901P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.018901. PMID 23863029. While we do not exclude that the decay of the ^229mTh isomer has contributed to the photon emission observed in [1], we conclude that the sought-after signal would be heavily masked by background from other nuclear decays and radioluminescence induced in the MgF₂ plates.
Thirolf, Peter G.; Seiferle, Benedict; von der Wense, Lars (2019-10-28). "The 229-thorium isomer: doorway to the road from the atomic clock to the nuclear clock". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics. 52 (20) 203001. Bibcode:2019JPhB...52t3001T. doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab29b8.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; et al. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Masuda, T.; Yoshimi, A.; Fujieda, A.; Fujimoto, H.; Haba, H.; Hara, H.; et al. (12 September 2019). "X-ray pumping of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 573 (7773): 238–242. arXiv:1902.04823. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..238M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1542-3. PMID 31511686. S2CID 119083861.
Sikorsky, Tomas; Geist, Jeschua; Hengstler, Daniel; Kempf, Sebastian; Gastaldo, Loredana; Enss, Christian; et al. (2 October 2020). "Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter". Physical Review Letters. 125 (14) 142503. arXiv:2005.13340. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125n2503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.142503. PMID 33064540. S2CID 218900580.
Kraemer, Sandro; Moens, Janni; Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, Michail; Bara, Silvia; Beeks, Kjeld; Chhetri, Premaditya; Chrysalidis, Katerina; Claessens, Arno; Cocolios, Thomas E.; Correia, João G. M.; Witte, Hilde De; Ferrer, Rafael; Geldhof, Sarina; Heinke, Reinhard; Hosseini, Niyusha (May 2023). "Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 617 (7962): 706–710. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..706K. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05894-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37225880.
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nature.com

Kraemer, Sandro; Moens, Janni; Athanasakis-Kaklamanakis, Michail; Bara, Silvia; Beeks, Kjeld; Chhetri, Premaditya; Chrysalidis, Katerina; Claessens, Arno; Cocolios, Thomas E.; Correia, João G. M.; Witte, Hilde De; Ferrer, Rafael; Geldhof, Sarina; Heinke, Reinhard; Hosseini, Niyusha (May 2023). "Observation of the radiative decay of the 229Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 617 (7962): 706–710. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..706K. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05894-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37225880.

new55project.blogspot.co.uk

f2.5 Aero Ektar Lenses ^{[permanent dead link‍]} Some images.

nih.gov

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Campbell, C.J.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (12) 120802: 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Physical Review Letters. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294. A half-life of 7±1 μs has been measured
Minkov, Nikolay; Pálffy, Adriana (23 May 2017). "Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (21) 212501. arXiv:1704.07919. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118u2501M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.212501. PMID 28598657. S2CID 40694257.
Reich, C. W.; Helmer, R. G. (Jan 1990). "Energy separation of the doublet of intrinsic states at the ground state of ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 64 (3). American Physical Society: 271–273. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..64..271R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.271. PMID 10041937.
Helmer, R. G.; Reich, C. W. (April 1994). "An Excited State of ²²⁹Th at 3.5 eV". Physical Review C. 49 (4): 1845–1858. Bibcode:1994PhRvC..49.1845H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.49.1845. PMID 9969412.
B. R. Beck; et al. (2007-04-06). "Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 98 (14): 142501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98n2501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.142501. PMID 17501268. S2CID 12092700.
Jeet, Justin; Schneider, Christian; Sullivan, Scott T.; Rellergert, Wade G.; Mirzadeh, Saed; Cassanho, A.; et al. (23 June 2015). "Results of a Direct Search Using Synchrotron Radiation for the Low-Energy". Physical Review Letters. 114 (25): 253001. arXiv:1502.02189. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114y3001J. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.114.253001. PMID 26197124. S2CID 1322253.
Zhao, Xinxin; Martinez de Escobar, Yenny Natali; Rundberg, Robert; Bond, Evelyn M.; Moody, Allen; Vieira, David J. (18 October 2012). "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer". Physical Review Letters. 109 (16) 160801. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109p0801Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.160801. PMID 23215066.
Peik, Ekkehard; Zimmermann, Kai (2013-07-03). "Comment on "Observation of the Deexcitation of the ^229mTh Nuclear Isomer"". Physical Review Letters. 111 (1) 018901. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.111a8901P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.018901. PMID 23863029. While we do not exclude that the decay of the ^229mTh isomer has contributed to the photon emission observed in [1], we conclude that the sought-after signal would be heavily masked by background from other nuclear decays and radioluminescence induced in the MgF₂ plates.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Laatiaoui, Mustapha; Neumayr, Jürgen B.; Maier, Hans-Jörg; Wirth, Hans-Friedrich; et al. (5 May 2016). "Direct detection of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 533 (7601): 47–51. arXiv:1710.11398. Bibcode:2016Natur.533...47V. doi:10.1038/nature17669. PMID 27147026. S2CID 205248786.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Bilous, P.V.; Amersdorffer, I.; Lemell, C.; Libisch, F.; Stellmer, S.; Schumm, T.; Düllmann, C.E.; Pálffy, A.; Thirolf, P.G. (12 September 2019). "Energy of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock transition". Nature. 573 (7773): 243–246. arXiv:1905.06308. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..243S. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1533-4. PMID 31511684. S2CID 155090121.
Thielking, J.; Okhapkin, M.V.; Przemyslaw, G.; Meier, D.M.; von der Wense, L.; Seiferle, B.; Düllmann, C.E.; Thirolf, P.G.; Peik, E. (2018). "Laser spectroscopic characterization of the nuclear-clock isomer ^229mTh". Nature. 556 (7701): 321–325. arXiv:1709.05325. Bibcode:2018Natur.556..321T. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0011-8. PMID 29670266. S2CID 4990345.
Masuda, T.; Yoshimi, A.; Fujieda, A.; Fujimoto, H.; Haba, H.; Hara, H.; et al. (12 September 2019). "X-ray pumping of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock isomer". Nature. 573 (7773): 238–242. arXiv:1902.04823. Bibcode:2019Natur.573..238M. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1542-3. PMID 31511686. S2CID 119083861.
Sikorsky, Tomas; Geist, Jeschua; Hengstler, Daniel; Kempf, Sebastian; Gastaldo, Loredana; Enss, Christian; et al. (2 October 2020). "Measurement of the ²²⁹Th Isomer Energy with a Magnetic Microcalorimeter". Physical Review Letters. 125 (14) 142503. arXiv:2005.13340. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.125n2503S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.142503. PMID 33064540. S2CID 218900580.
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Peik, E.; Tamm, Chr. (2003-01-15). "Nuclear laser spectroscopy of the 3.5 eV transition in ²²⁹Th" (PDF). Europhysics Letters. 61 (2): 181–186. Bibcode:2003EL.....61..181P. doi:10.1209/epl/i2003-00210-x. S2CID 250818523. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Campbell, C.J.; Radnaev, A.G.; Kuzmich, A.; Dzuba, V.A.; Flambaum, V.V.; Derevianko, A. (2012). "A single ion nuclear clock for metrology at the 19th decimal place" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 108 (12) 120802: 120802. arXiv:1110.2490. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108l0802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.120802. PMID 22540568. S2CID 40863227. Retrieved 2024-04-30.
Yang, H. B.; et al. (2022). "New isotope ²⁰⁷Th and odd-even staggering in α-decay energies for nuclei with Z > 82 and N < 126". Physical Review C. 105 (L051302). Bibcode:2022PhRvC.105e1302Y. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.105.L051302. S2CID 248935764.
Seiferle, B.; von der Wense, L.; Thirolf, P.G. (January 2017). "Lifetime measurement of the ²²⁹Th nuclear isomer". Physical Review Letters. 118 (4) 042501. arXiv:1801.05205. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118d2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.042501. PMID 28186791. S2CID 37518294. A half-life of 7±1 μs has been measured
Tkalya, Eugene V.; Schneider, Christian; Jeet, Justin; Hudson, Eric R. (25 November 2015). "Radiative lifetime and energy of the low-energy isomeric level in ²²⁹Th". Physical Review C. 92 (5) 054324. arXiv:1509.09101. Bibcode:2015PhRvC..92e4324T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.92.054324. S2CID 118374372.
Minkov, Nikolay; Pálffy, Adriana (23 May 2017). "Reduced transition probabilities for the gamma decay of the 7.8 eV isomer in ^229mTh". Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (21) 212501. arXiv:1704.07919. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118u2501M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.212501. PMID 28598657. S2CID 40694257.
Tkalya, E.V.; Varlamov, V.O.; Lomonosov, V.V.; Nikulin, S.A. (1996). "Processes of the nuclear isomer ^229mTh(3/2⁺, 3.5±1.0 eV) Resonant excitation by optical photons". Physica Scripta. 53 (3): 296–299. Bibcode:1996PhyS...53..296T. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/53/3/003. S2CID 250744766.
von der Wense, Lars; Seiferle, Benedict; Thirolf, Peter G. (March 2018). "Towards a ²²⁹Th-based nuclear clock". Measurement Techniques. 60 (12): 1178–1192. arXiv:1811.03889. Bibcode:2018MeasT..60.1178V. doi:10.1007/s11018-018-1337-1. S2CID 119359298.
Raeder, S.; Sonnenschein, V.; Gottwald, T.; Moore, I.D.; Reponen, M.; Rothe, S.; Trautmann, N.; Wendt, K. (July 2011). "Resonance ionization spectroscopy of thorium isotopes - towards a laser spectroscopic identification of the low-lying 7.6 eV isomer of ²²⁹Th". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 44 (16) 165005. arXiv:1105.4646. Bibcode:2011JPhB...44p5005R. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/44/16/165005. S2CID 118379032.
B. R. Beck; et al. (2007-04-06). "Energy splitting in the ground state doublet in the nucleus ²²⁹Th". Physical Review Letters. 98 (14): 142501. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98n2501B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.142501. PMID 17501268. S2CID 12092700.
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