Istanbul (English Wikipedia)

"Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings". Airports Council International. 17 March 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2014.

activeplanet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TVF Burhan Felek Volleyball Hall". Active Planet. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history". Quaternary Research. 76 (1): 30. Bibcode:2011QuRes..76...30A. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129280217.
Yılmaz, Merve; Kara, Yiğitalp; Toros, Hüseyin; İncecik, Selahattin (1 July 2024). "Analysis of the summer thermal comfort indices in İstanbul". International Journal of Biometeorology. 68 (7): 1327–1342. Bibcode:2024IJBm...68.1327Y. doi:10.1007/s00484-024-02669-7. ISSN 1432-1254. PMC 11272817. PMID 38656352.
Taşoğlu, Enes; Öztürk, Muhammed Zeynel; Yazıcı, Öznur (2024). "High Resolution Köppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Türkiye". International Journal of Climatology. 44 (14): 5248–5265. Bibcode:2024IJCli..44.5248T. doi:10.1002/joc.8635. ISSN 1097-0088.
Belda, Michal; Holtanová, Eva; Halenka, Tomáš; Kalvová, Jaroslava (2014). "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha". Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204. ISSN 0936-577X. JSTOR 24896147.
Shimabukuro, Ryu; Tomita, Tomohiko; Fukui, Ken-ichi (11 April 2023). "Update of global maps of Alisov's climate classification". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 10 (1): 19. Bibcode:2023PEPS...10...19S. doi:10.1186/s40645-023-00547-1. ISSN 2197-4284.
Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). "Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey". Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 27 (3): 1009–18. Bibcode:2018PJES...27.1009C. doi:10.15244/pjoes/76678.

al-monitor.com (Global: 2,236^th place; English: 1,637^th place)

"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk". Al Monitor. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2022.

aljazeera.com (Global: 165^th place; English: 119^th place)

Pietromarchi, Virginia; Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian; Mohamed, Edna. "Turkiye earthquake updates: Istanbul rocked by magnitude 6.2 quake". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

anayasa.gen.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Constitution of the Turkish Republic (1961), Article 120" (PDF). 1961. pp. 32–33.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Historians disagree – sometimes substantially – on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,Chandler 1987, pp. 463–505^[80] examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to Morris 2010, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with Turan 2010 on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure,^[217] come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the Administration section). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the History section. Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6. Morris, Ian (October 2010). Social Development (PDF). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.). Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 223–42. ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0.
Turan 2010, p. 224 Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.). Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 223–42. ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0.
Herodotus Histories 4.144, translated in De Sélincourt 2003, p. 288 De Sélincourt, Aubery (2003). Marincola, John M. (ed.). The Histories. Penguin Classics. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044908-2.
Klimczuk & Warner 2009, p. 171 Klimczuk, Stephen; Warner, Gerald (2009). Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4027-6207-9.
Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. London: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-785109-9.
Shaw & Shaw 1977, pp. 4–6, 55 Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
Shaw & Shaw 1977, pp. 230, 287, 306 Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
Efe & Cürebal 2011, pp. 718–719 Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). "Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul". In Brunn, Stanley D (ed.). Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects. London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. ISBN 978-90-481-9919-8.
Karpat 1976, pp. 78–96 Karpat, Kemal H. (1976). The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization (illustrated ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20954-0.
Necipoğlu 1991, pp. 180, 136–137 Necipoğlu, Gülru (1991). Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-14050-8.
Tirman, John (1997). Spoils of War: The Human Cost of America's Arms Trade. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-82726-1.
Shaw & Shaw 1977, p. 230 Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel K. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
Efe & Cürebal 2011, p. 720 Efe, Recep; Cürebal, Isa (2011). "Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul". In Brunn, Stanley D (ed.). Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects. London & New York: Springer. pp. 715–734. ISBN 978-90-481-9919-8.

aremas.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Image of Metropol Istanbul Towers". aremas.net. Retrieved 22 November 2020.

arkitera.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Emine Merdim (13 August 2020). "Galata Kulesi'nin 1967 Tarihli Restorasyonu". arkitera.com.

asp-stuttgart.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Türk Telekom Arena Istanbul". 'asp' Architekten. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

atwonline.com (Global: 7,082^nd place; English: 4,820^th place)

"Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport". ATWOnline. 5 April 2019.

aydinlik.com.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Aydınlık (7 March 2023). "İstanbul'un en iyi liseleri açıklandı! İşte 2023 lise taban puanları". aydinlik.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 28 July 2023.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Rainsford, Sarah (10 January 2009). "Istanbul's ancient past unearthed". www.bbc.com. BBC. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
"Chris Morris". BBC. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
Head, Jonathan (16 February 2010). "Iraq – Turkey railway link re-opens". BBC. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"Istanbul residents flood streets after 6.2-magnitude quake". www.bbc.com. 23 April 2025. Retrieved 25 April 2025.
"What happens if Istanbul's water supplies run dry?". www.bbc.com. 21 February 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
"Why so many stray cats in Istanbul?". BBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
"Syrian migrants in Turkey face deadline to leave Istanbul". BBC News. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2021.

bianet.org (Global: 3,873^rd place; English: 4,853^rd place)

"Azınlık Okulları Sorunlarla Açılıyor". bianet.org.

birgun.net (Global: 6,090^th place; English: low place)

"İstanbul'da bazı ilçelerde kar kalınlığı 85 santimetreyi buldu" [In some districts of Istanbul, the snow depth reached 85 centimeters]. www.birgun.net (in Turkish).
"İstanbul'da istilacı yeşil papağan uyarısı: Sayıları 5-6 bini geçti, kent faunası bozulabilir" [Warning about invasive green parrots in Istanbul: Their numbers have exceeded 5–6 thousand, the urban fauna may be disrupted]. birgun.net (in Turkish). Retrieved 31 July 2021.

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

heritage.bnf.fr

"The Imperial Ottoman Bank Patrimoines Partagés تراث مشترك". heritage.bnf.fr. Bibliothèques d'Orient. Retrieved 2 December 2020.^{[dead link]}

bolsohays.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Turay, Anna. "Tarihte Ermeniler". Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians. Archived from the original on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2007.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Herrin, Judith (28 September 2009). Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-691-14369-9.
Grosvenor, Edwin Augustus (1895). Constantinople. Vol. 1. Roberts Brothers. p. 69. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
Bloom & Blair 2009, p. 1. Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. Retrieved 11 April 2013. Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...
Freedman, Jeri (2009). The Armenian genocide (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-1-4042-1825-3.
Roudometof, V.; Agadjanian, A.; Pankhurst, J. (2005). Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century. AltaMira Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-7591-1477-7. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
Whitman, L.; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.); Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992). Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey. Helsinki Watch report. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-056-8. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary (2005). Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. Routledge. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-415-32951-4. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Mustafa Mohamed Karadaghi (1995). Handbook of Kurdish Human Rights Watch, Inc: A Non-profit Humanitarian Organization. UN.
Baser, Bahar; Toivanen, Mari; Zorlu, Begum; Duman, Yasin (6 November 2018). Methodological Approaches in Kurdish Studies: Theoretical and Practical Insights from the Field. Lexington Books. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4985-7522-5.

borsaistanbul.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Milestones in Borsa Istanbul History". www.borsaistanbul.com. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
"nBorsa Istanbul: A Story of Transformation" (PDF). borsaistanbul.com. Borsa Istanbul. Retrieved 2 December 2020.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Istanbul". Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 October 2023.
"Fall of Constantinople | Facts, Summary, & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 May 2025.
"World War I | Causes, Years, Combatants, Casualties, Maps, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 May 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
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bsl.org.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Puan Durumu: 2015–2016 Sezonu 30. Hafta" [League Table: 2015–16 Season, Round 30] (in Turkish). Turkish Basketball Super League. Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.

camlicakule.istanbul (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About the Tower". camlicakule.istanbul. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

"Turkey's earthquake is a warning for Istanbul, which would face even more deaths from a quake".

citypopulation.de (Global: 99^th place; English: 341^st place)

"İstanbul (Istanbul) – Population Statistics". City Population. Retrieved 23 October 2026.

climatechangeinturkey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Şen, Ömer Lütfi. "Climate Change in Turkey". Mercator–IPC Fellowship Program=. Retrieved 27 September 2018.

climatetrace.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Emissions Map - Climate TRACE". climatetrace.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Isil Sariyuce and Ivana Kottasová. "Istanbul election rerun set to be won by opposition, in blow to Erdogan". CNN.

cnngo.com (Global: low place; English: 8,799^th place)

"Shopping in Singapore is Better than Paris". CNN. 6 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2012.

credit-suisse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

infocus.credit-suisse.com

Nikitin, Nikolaj (6 March 2012). "Golden Age for Turkish Cinema". Credit-Suisse. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2012.

csmonitor.com (Global: 982^nd place; English: 614^th place)

Wilson, Stephen (2 September 2011). "2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

dailysabah.com (Global: 2,486^th place; English: 1,876^th place)

"Turkey reeling from African heat wave". Daily Sabah. 2 July 2017.
"Lightning electrifies Istanbul, northwestern Turkey skies as thunderstorms take over". Daily Sabah. 24 July 2018.
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"Assyrian community thrives again in southeastern Turkey". Daily Sabah. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2020.

dergipark.org.tr (Global: 1,340^th place; English: 2,278^th place)

Selçuk, Mustafa. "Birinci Dünya Savaşın'da İtilaf Devletleri'nin İstanbul'a Yönelik Hava Taaruzları" [The Allied Powers' Air Attacks on Istanbul in World War I]. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi.
Erhan Erken (30 December 2022). "İstanbul'da Cumhuriyet Döneminde Planlama Çalışmaları: Henri Prost ve Luigi Piccinato'nun Planlarının Sonraki Dönemlere Etkileri Açısından Mukayeseli Analizi". İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 21 (45). doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1224428.
Gürhan Yellice (29 December 2024). "The Halki Theological School Issue: The Closure of the School Amidst the Cyprus Crisis and Its Repercussions in Greece, 1955-1971". International Journal of Historical Researches. 9: 2464. ISSN 2149-9535.
Oktay, Tarkan (15 January 2001). "TANZİMAT DÖNEMİ İSTANBUL'DA BİR BELEDİYE ÖRGÜTLENMESİ ÖRNEĞİ "ALTINCI DÂİRE-İ BELEDİYE"". Öneri Dergisi (in Turkish). 4 (15): 157–166. doi:10.14783/maruoneri.735505. hdl:11424/6883. ISSN 1300-0845.
Önsoy, Rifat (15 December 1984). "Tanzimat Dönemi sanayileşme politikası 1839-1876" [Industrialization policy during the Tanzimat Period (1839–1876)]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 2 (2): 0. ISSN 1301-5737.
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Mecek, Mehmet (28 December 2020). "Bir Mülki (Taşra) İdare Birimi Olarak Türkiye'de İl Yönetimleri ve Hukuki - Örgütsel Yapıları" [Provincial Administrations in Turkey as a Civil (Provincial) Administrative Unit and Their Legal – Organizational Structures]. Ekonomi İşletme Siyaset ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi (in Turkish). 6 (2): 296–325. ISSN 2149-0732.
Parlak, Bekir; Doğan, Kadir Caner (30 August 2018). "Türkiye'de Mevcut İl Yönetimi Ve İlçe Yönetimi: Tarihsel Ve Yapısal Bir İnceleme" [The Current Provincial and District Administration in Turkey: A Historical and Structural Analysis]. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi (in Turkish). 1 (2): 42–52. ISSN 2636-8048.
Murat, Sedat. "Doğum yerlerine göre İstanbul nüfusu ve iç göçler".

deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (Global: 3,742^nd place; English: 9,870^th place)

"Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas, Erl.-Text. - Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek". www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de (in German). Retrieved 9 September 2025.

dhmi.gov.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Yolcu Trafiği (Gelen-Giden)" [Passenger Traffic (Incoming-Outgoing)] (in Turkish). General Directorate of State Airports Authority. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2024, pp. 76–77 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship (PDF) (Report). Geneva: WIPO. doi:10.34667/tind.50062.
Georgacas 1947, p. 352ff. Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 78: 347–67. doi:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
Algan, O.; Yalçın, M.N.K.; Özdoğan, M.; Yılmaz, Y.C.; Sarı, E.; Kırcı-Elmas, E.; Yılmaz, İ.; Bulkan, Ö.; Ongan, D.; Gazioğlu, C.; Nazik, A.; Polat, M.A.; Meriç, E. (2011). "Holocene coastal change in the ancient harbor of Yenikapı–İstanbul and its impact on cultural history". Quaternary Research. 76 (1): 30. Bibcode:2011QuRes..76...30A. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2011.04.002. ISSN 0033-5894. S2CID 129280217.
Erhan Erken (30 December 2022). "İstanbul'da Cumhuriyet Döneminde Planlama Çalışmaları: Henri Prost ve Luigi Piccinato'nun Planlarının Sonraki Dönemlere Etkileri Açısından Mukayeseli Analizi". İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 21 (45). doi:10.46928/iticusbe.1224428.
Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey". The Journal of Economic History. 79 (1): 201–243. doi:10.1017/S0022050718000724. hdl:11511/35674. S2CID 159425371.
Ioannis N. Grigoriadis; Ece Işık Canpolat (20 October 2023). "Elite Universities as Populist Scapegoats: Evidence from Hungary and Turkey". East European Politics and Societies. 38 (2). doi:10.1177/08883254231203338.
Yılmaz, Merve; Kara, Yiğitalp; Toros, Hüseyin; İncecik, Selahattin (1 July 2024). "Analysis of the summer thermal comfort indices in İstanbul". International Journal of Biometeorology. 68 (7): 1327–1342. Bibcode:2024IJBm...68.1327Y. doi:10.1007/s00484-024-02669-7. ISSN 1432-1254. PMC 11272817. PMID 38656352.
Taşoğlu, Enes; Öztürk, Muhammed Zeynel; Yazıcı, Öznur (2024). "High Resolution Köppen-Geiger Climate Zones of Türkiye". International Journal of Climatology. 44 (14): 5248–5265. Bibcode:2024IJCli..44.5248T. doi:10.1002/joc.8635. ISSN 1097-0088.
Belda, Michal; Holtanová, Eva; Halenka, Tomáš; Kalvová, Jaroslava (2014). "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha". Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204. ISSN 0936-577X. JSTOR 24896147.
Shimabukuro, Ryu; Tomita, Tomohiko; Fukui, Ken-ichi (11 April 2023). "Update of global maps of Alisov's climate classification". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 10 (1): 19. Bibcode:2023PEPS...10...19S. doi:10.1186/s40645-023-00547-1. ISSN 2197-4284.
Çetin, Nefise; Mansuroğlu, Sibel; Kalaycı Önaç, Ayşe (2018). "Xeriscaping Feasibility as an Urban Adaptation Method for Global Warming: A Case Study from Turkey". Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 27 (3): 1009–18. Bibcode:2018PJES...27.1009C. doi:10.15244/pjoes/76678.
Oktay, Tarkan (15 January 2001). "TANZİMAT DÖNEMİ İSTANBUL'DA BİR BELEDİYE ÖRGÜTLENMESİ ÖRNEĞİ "ALTINCI DÂİRE-İ BELEDİYE"". Öneri Dergisi (in Turkish). 4 (15): 157–166. doi:10.14783/maruoneri.735505. hdl:11424/6883. ISSN 1300-0845.
OECD Regions and Cities at a Glance 2020. OECD Publishing. 2020. doi:10.1787/959d5ba0-en. ISBN 978-92-64-58785-4. S2CID 240715488. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

duvarenglish.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"600,000 flats would collapse in major earthquake in Istanbul, says minister". Gazete Duvar (in Turkish). 8 February 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"Turkey recovers from one earthquake and braces for more". The Economist. 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
"Earthquake fears loom large in Istanbul's mayoral race". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
"Why dissidents are gathering in Istanbul". The Economist. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2020.

eczacibasisporkulubu.org.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Eczacıbaşı Spor Kulübü | Eczacıbaşı VitrA lost in the Golden Set". www.eczacibasisporkulubu.org.tr. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

efe.com (Global: 2,813^th place; English: 4,122^nd place)

EFE, Agencia (5 February 2024). "Is Istanbul prepared for a big earthquake?". EFE Noticias. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

eib.org (Global: 7,617^th place; English: 5,083^rd place)

ERM Group (Germany and UK) and ELC-Group (Istanbul) (January 2011). "Volume I: Non Technical Summary (NTS)" (PDF). Eurasia Tunnel Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. The European Investment Bank. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

ekathimerini.com (Global: 3,643^rd place; English: 2,546^th place)

Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). "Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments". Ekathimerini. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

eskiistanbul.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Francis Bedford (21 May 1862). "Galata Kulesi: Francis Bedford / 21 Mayıs 1862". eskiistanbul.net.
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eskp.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

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euroleague.net (Global: 2,087^th place; English: 1,772^nd place)

"Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens". Euroleague Basketball. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

eurolympic.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"EOC signs historic MOU with Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Turkish Olympic Committee ahead of 2027 European Games". The European Olympic Committees. 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

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"Top 100 City Destinations Index 2025: Driving Growth and Innovation". Euromonitor International. 2 December 2025. Retrieved 23 June 2026.

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"The Circuits". European Le Mans Series. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

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"2000 Race Calendar". F1 Powerboat World Championship. 2000. Retrieved 8 January 2017.

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"Events" (PDF). FIA World Touring Car Championship. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

fiba.com (Global: 1,799^th place; English: 1,956^th place)

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"Istanbul – Arenas". FIBA. 2010. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.

fifa.com (Global: 80^th place; English: 106^th place)

"Besiktas: The Black Eagles of the Bosporus". FIFA. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
"Galatasaray: The Lions of the Bosporus". FIFA. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2012.

formula1.com (Global: 311^th place; English: 316^th place)

"Turkish Grand Prix 2020 (12-15 November 2020)". formula1.com. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
"2021 F1 calendar reshuffled as Turkey drops off and extra Austria race added". Formula1.com. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
"Turkish Grand Prix to rejoin 2021 Formula 1 calendar". formula1.com. 25 June 2021.

ft.com (Global: 193^rd place; English: 127^th place)

Pitel, Laura (24 June 2019). "Erdoğan's defeat in Istanbul shows opposition's changing tactics". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
Peace, Fergus (29 November 2020). "City stats: Istanbul versus Athens". Financial Times. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
Strauss, Delphine (25 November 2009). "Sabiha Gökçen: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget". The Financial Times. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

gapinsaat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Metropol İstanbul". gapinsaat.com. Retrieved 16 May 2023.

gazeteilksayfa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Türkiye'de kaç yabancı lise var? Yasaktan neden muaflar?". Gazete İlk Sayfa (in Turkish). 15 June 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.

gfz-potsdam.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Locked and creeping fault segments off Istanbul". www.gfz-potsdam.de. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2024.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

"Powerboat P1 – 2009 World Championship – Istanbul, Turkey". Supersport. 21 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

globaldatalab.org (Global: 2,590^th place; English: 2,246^th place)

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"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.

globalnews.ca (Global: 1,016^th place; English: 518^th place)

"Turkey earthquake: Powerful 6.2 magnitude quake rattles Istanbul | Watch News Videos Online". Global News. Retrieved 25 April 2025.

haaretz.com (Global: 379^th place; English: 278^th place)

"Why Jews in Terror-stricken Turkey Aren't Fleeing to Israel Yet". Haaretz. haaretz.com. Retrieved 9 October 2016.

hagiasophiaturkey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Deesis Mosaic". Hagia Sophia. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2021.

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Ağır, Seven; Artunç, Cihan (2019). "The Wealth Tax of 1942 and the Disappearance of Non-Muslim Enterprises in Turkey". The Journal of Economic History. 79 (1): 201–243. doi:10.1017/S0022050718000724. hdl:11511/35674. S2CID 159425371.
Oktay, Tarkan (15 January 2001). "TANZİMAT DÖNEMİ İSTANBUL'DA BİR BELEDİYE ÖRGÜTLENMESİ ÖRNEĞİ "ALTINCI DÂİRE-İ BELEDİYE"". Öneri Dergisi (in Turkish). 4 (15): 157–166. doi:10.14783/maruoneri.735505. hdl:11424/6883. ISSN 1300-0845.

hizliresim.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"A view of the skyscrapers in Levent from Sporcular Park". Retrieved 2 December 2020.

hurriyet.com.tr (Global: 403^rd place; English: 881^st place)

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"Bu keşif tarihi değiştirir". hurriyet.com.tr. 3 October 2008.

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"Marmaray kazılarında tarih gün ışığına çıktı". fotogaleri.hurriyet.com.tr. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.

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"64 pct chance of Istanbul quake to hit before 2030: Expert". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
"Istanbulites concerned over impending earthquake: Survey - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
"Gov't forced to take measures amid below average rainfall across Turkey". Hürriyet Daily News. 21 January 2018.
"Temperature to increase significantly in Turkey in 30 years due to global warming, warns climate expert". Hürriyet Daily News. 19 March 2018.
"Fed up with Istanbul traffic". 20 February 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
"Istanbul tops 2024 global traffic congestion rankings - Türkiye News". Hürriyet Daily News. 9 January 2025. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
"New city construction to begin in six months". Hurriyet Daily News. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
"Turkey expects cruise tourism boom in 2022". Hürriyet. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
Emeksiz, İpek (3 September 2010). "Abdi İpekçi Avenue to be new Champs Elysee". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Schäfers, Marlene (26 July 2008). "Managing the Difficult Balance Between Tourism and Authenticity". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
Aktaş, İsmail (14 March 2012). "Aşçıoğlu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
Turkish Daily News (23 August 2008). "Sailing Week Starts in Istanbul". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
Vercihan Ziflioğlu (17 June 2010). "Young editor to take helm of Turkish-Armenian weekly". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
Songün, Sevim (16 July 2010). "Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

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"List of Certified Athletics Facilities". The International Association of Athletics Federations. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

ianmorris.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Historians disagree – sometimes substantially – on population figures of Istanbul (Constantinople), and other world cities, prior to the 20th century. A follow-up to Chandler & Fox 1974,Chandler 1987, pp. 463–505^[80] examines different sources' estimates and chooses the most likely based on historical conditions; it is the source of most population figures between 100 and 1914. The ranges of values between 500 and 1000 are due to Morris 2010, which also does a comprehensive analysis of sources, including Chandler (1987); Morris notes that many of Chandler's estimates during that time seem too large for the city's size, and presents smaller estimates. Chandler disagrees with Turan 2010 on the population of the city in the mid-1920s (with the former suggesting 817,000 in 1925), but Turan, p. 224, is used as the source of population figures between 1924 and 2005. Turan's figures, as well as the 2010 figure,^[217] come from the Turkish Statistical Institute. The drastic increase in population between 1980 and 1985 is largely due to an enlargement of the city's limits (see the Administration section). Explanations for population changes in pre-Republic times can be inferred from the History section. Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Lewiston, NY: St. David's University Press. ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6. Morris, Ian (October 2010). Social Development (PDF). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Turan, Neyran (2010). "Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul". In Sorensen, André; Okata, Junichiro (eds.). Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability. Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration. London & New York: Springer. pp. 223–42. ISBN 978-4-431-99266-0.
Morris 2010, pp. 109–18 Morris, Ian (October 2010). Social Development (PDF). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Morris 2010, p. 113 Morris, Ian (October 2010). Social Development (PDF). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

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"Population and Demographic Structure". Istanbul 2010: European Capital of Culture. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2012.

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"YETKİ ALANI". Istanbul Buyuksehir Belediyesi. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
"Yetki Alanı". İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi. n.d. Retrieved 16 May 2025. ...geçici 2. Madde ile İstanbul ve İzmit illeri için istisnai bir uygulama yapılarak büyükşehir belediye sınırları, Kanunun yürürlüğe girdiği tarihi itibariyle il mülkî sınırı olarak genişletildi. Bu hükümle birlikte İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin yetki alanı 5460,85 km² (5343,22 km² kara alanı + 117,63 km² göl alanı) oldu.
"Belediye Tarihçesi" [Municipal History]. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi (in Turkish).

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"Directorate of Earthquake and Geotechnical Investigation". depremzemin.ibb.istanbul. Retrieved 31 March 2024.

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"Hükümet, büyükşehir belediyelerinin UKOME'deki çoğunluk yetkisini elinden aldı" [The government took away the majority authority of metropolitan municipalities in UKOME]. Independent Türkçe (in Turkish). 19 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2025.

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Brady, Tara. "How the street cats of Istanbul landed on their feet". The Irish Times. Retrieved 31 July 2021.

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"Deniz Kirliliğini Önlemeye İlişkin Hedefler". İstanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
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"F1 Taksim–Kabataş Füniküler Hattı" [F1 Bağcılar–Kabataş Funicular Line] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from the original on 26 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
"Raylı Sistemler" [Rail Systems] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
"Ağ Haritaları" [Network Maps] (in Turkish). İstanbul Ulaşım A.Ş. (Istanbul Transport Corporation). Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

istanbul.gov.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İstanbul Eğitim İstatistikleri Açıklandı". istanbul.gov.tr. Retrieved 28 July 2023.

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Caner Cangül (17 February 2015). "Aynı Açıdan İstanbul: Büyük Hendek Caddesi'nden Galata Kulesi". istanbulium.net.

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"2012 Yarış Programı ve Genel Yarış Talimatı" [2012 Race Schedule and General Sailing Instructions] (in Turkish). The Istanbul Sailing Club. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.

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Abbasnia, Mohsen; Toros, Hüseyin; Memarian, Hadi (2019). "Analysis of Climate in the Megacity of Istanbul Based on Human Bioclimatic Comfort Index". Journal of Research in Atmospheric Science. 1 (1). ISSN 0000-0000. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023.

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Georgacas 1947, p. 352ff. Georgacas, Demetrius John (1947). "The Names of Constantinople". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. 78: 347–67. doi:10.2307/283503. JSTOR 283503.
Belda, Michal; Holtanová, Eva; Halenka, Tomáš; Kalvová, Jaroslava (2014). "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha". Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204. ISSN 0936-577X. JSTOR 24896147.

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"İstanbul'un En Yüksek Tepeleri". Hava Forumu. Hava Durumu Forumu. 15 April 2020.

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"YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR (2024)" (PDF). Kgm.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 February 2025.
"Lengths of State Highways according to surface types by Provinces (Km)(2024)" (PDF). Kgm.gov.tr. Retrieved 6 February 2025.
"Otoyollar Istanbul (2024)". Kgm.gov.tr. Retrieved 1 May 2024.

kiptas.istanbul (Global: low place; English: low place)

"İBB ve KİPTAŞ'ın İlçe Belediyeleri ile Yaptığı İş Birliği Protokollerinden Bir Yenisini Daha Avcılar Belediyesi İle İmzalandı!" [Another of the cooperation protocols between İBB and KİPTAŞ with district municipalities has been signed – this time with Avcılar Municipality!]. kiptas.istanbul (in Turkish). Retrieved 7 March 2025.

konda.com.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"23 Haziran 2019 Sandık Analizi ve Seçmen Kümeleri" (PDF). KONDA.

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"Sözlük". Konda İnteraktif. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.

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Grigoryan, Iliana (2018). "Armenian Labor Migrants in Istanbul: Reality Check" (PDF). Migration Research Center at Koç University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

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"Cultural Details of Istanbul". Republic of Turkey, Minister of Culture and Tourism. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 2 October 2007.
"Water Supply Systems, Reservoirs, Charity and Free Fountains, Turkish Baths". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from the original on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
"İstanbul – Archaeology Museum". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

lboro.ac.uk (Global: 5,360^th place; English: 4,226^th place)

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"World Cities 2024". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Retrieved 16 May 2025.

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"Country Profile: Turkey" (PDF). The Library of Congress Federal Research Division. August 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2012.

maps.google.com (Global: 1,506^th place; English: 896^th place)

"Istanbul Overview" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 1 April 2012.

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"GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR" (in Turkish). Marmaray. 18 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2018.

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"Tiraj". Medyatava (in Turkish). 25 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 25 December 2016.

mevzuat.gov.tr (Global: 750^th place; English: low place)

"Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi". www.mevzuat.gov.tr. Retrieved 6 March 2025.

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"TÜRK BELEDİYECİLİĞİNİN GELİŞİM SÜRECİ". www.mevzuatdergisi.com. Retrieved 6 March 2025.

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"Resmi İstatistikler". Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
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"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association". multeciler.org.tr.

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"Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It?". News18. 1 March 2019.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Yılmaz, Merve; Kara, Yiğitalp; Toros, Hüseyin; İncecik, Selahattin (1 July 2024). "Analysis of the summer thermal comfort indices in İstanbul". International Journal of Biometeorology. 68 (7): 1327–1342. Bibcode:2024IJBm...68.1327Y. doi:10.1007/s00484-024-02669-7. ISSN 1432-1254. PMC 11272817. PMID 38656352.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Yılmaz, Merve; Kara, Yiğitalp; Toros, Hüseyin; İncecik, Selahattin (1 July 2024). "Analysis of the summer thermal comfort indices in İstanbul". International Journal of Biometeorology. 68 (7): 1327–1342. Bibcode:2024IJBm...68.1327Y. doi:10.1007/s00484-024-02669-7. ISSN 1432-1254. PMC 11272817. PMID 38656352.

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"La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo" [Snow on the Mediterranean coasts]. www.nimbus.it (in Italian). Retrieved 28 April 2021.
"Rivista Ligure di Meteorologia 44 - La neve sulle coste del Mediterraneo". www.nimbus.it. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

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"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2024.

ntv.com.tr (Global: 1,933^rd place; English: 4,914^th place)

"İBB Başkanı İmamoğlu: Sendikalı sayısı 80 bin kişiye ulaşmıştır" [Mayor of Istanbul İmamoğlu: The number of unionized workers has reached 80,000]. www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 March 2025.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

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Moonan, Wendy (29 October 1999). "For Turks, Art to Mark 700th Year". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
Bourque, Jessica (4 July 2012). "Poor but Proud Istanbul Neighborhood Faces Gentrification". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Hubbard, Ben (14 April 2019). "Arab Exiles Sound Off Freely in Istanbul Even as Turkey Muffles Its Own Critics". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
Hansen, Suzy (10 February 2012). "The Istanbul Art-Boom Bubble". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2012.

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Kugel, Seth (17 July 2011). "The $100 Istanbul Weekend". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

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Schillinger, Liesl (8 July 2011). "A Turkish Idyll Lost in Time". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2012.

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"Regions and Cities in Turkey at a Glance in 2018" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Publishing. Retrieved 2 December 2020.

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"Turkey: Connecting Continents". Economic Updates. Oxford Business Group. 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2012.

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Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). "The Turkish Kristallnacht". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.

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Istanbul Office Market General Overview: Third Quarter 2021 (PDF) (Report). Prop In. pp. 3, 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.

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"About Us | Brief History". The Post and Telegraph Organization. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2012.

resmigazete.gov.tr (Global: 2,441^st place; English: 5,806^th place)

"T.C. Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette) of 6 November 1981" (PDF). 6 November 1981.

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"'Sea snot' outbreak off Turkish coast poses threat to marine life". Reuters. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
"Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports". Reuters. 6 April 2019.

rmk-museum.org.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Horse Drawn Tram". rmk-museum.org.tr. Rahmi M. Koç Museum. Retrieved 3 May 2026.

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"Turkey – List of Champions". RSSSF. RSSSF. Retrieved 31 May 2018.

sabah.com.tr (Global: 1,315^th place; English: 2,515^th place)

Ay, Hasan. "Havalimanı değil zafer anıtı". sabah.com.tr. Sabah. Retrieved 8 June 2014.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

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Ioannis N. Grigoriadis; Ece Işık Canpolat (20 October 2023). "Elite Universities as Populist Scapegoats: Evidence from Hungary and Turkey". East European Politics and Societies. 38 (2). doi:10.1177/08883254231203338.

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