Ivy League (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ivy League" in English language version.

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aau.edu

  • "Our Members". Association of American Universities. Retrieved August 20, 2021.

about.com

collegefootball.about.com

ams.org

andyreiter.com

apnews.com

archive.org

archive.today

archives.gov

berkeley.edu

resource.berkeley.edu

bestcolleges.com

books.google.com

boston.com

  • August 26, 2014, Boston Globe (via NY Times), A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges, Retrieved August 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members, ... from 2001 to 2009, ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent. ... "
  • Weisman, Robert (November 2, 2007). "Risk pays off for endowments". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 24, 2008.

bostonglobe.com

brown.edu

brown.edu

  • "Faculty & Employees". Brown University. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  • Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[4] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [5] Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[6] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""About Haverford College". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  • "Brown Admission: Our History". Brown.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  • Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[7] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Providence" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
  • "Fritz Pollard, Class of 1919". Brown University Timeline. Retrieved December 8, 2022.
  • Hyde-Keller, O'rya (September 22, 2018). "Newly renamed Page-Robinson Hall will honor Brown's first black graduates". Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2023. To celebrate the legacies of two pioneering black graduates, Brown University will rename its J. Walter Wilson Building in recognition of Inman Edward Page and Ethel Tremaine Robinson.

slaveryandjusticereport.brown.edu

  • "Slavery & Brown". Brown's Slavery & Justice Report, Digital 2nd Edition | Brown University. Retrieved December 1, 2022.

diap.brown.edu

brownbears.com

browndailyherald.com

businessinsider.com

businessweek.com

census.gov

cfbdatawarehouse.com

chipublib.org

cnn.com

collegetransitions.com

collegetuitioncompare.com

columbia-current.org

columbia.edu

provost.columbia.edu

undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu

college.columbia.edu

blackhistory.news.columbia.edu

spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu

law.columbia.edu

library.columbia.edu

columbiaspectator.com

cornell.edu

rmc.library.cornell.edu

ezra.cornell.edu

  • Various Ask Ezra student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source: [9] [10] [11]

diversity.cornell.edu

oadi.cornell.edu

irp.dpb.cornell.edu

  • "Composition". Institutional Research & Planning. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

cornellsun.com

crimsoneducation.org

dailyprincetonian.com

dartmouth.edu

  • "Dartmouth College Charter". Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2021. In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, [etc.], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769.
  • "Finding Community: The Life of Edward Mitchell 1828". www.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  • "Faculty". www.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved December 15, 2022.

dartmouthsports.com

details.com

doi.org

ed.gov

ed.gov

nces.ed.gov

espn.com

espncdn.com

a.espncdn.com

  • "Through the Years: SEC Champions" (PDF). 2015–2016 SEC Men's Basketball Media Guide. Southeastern Conference. p. 61. Retrieved March 10, 2016. From 1933–50 the SEC Champion was determined by a tournament, except for 1935. Since 1951, when the round-robin schedule was introduced, the title has been decided by a winning percentage on the conference schedule.
  • "Through the Years: SEC Champions" (PDF). 2015–2016 SEC Women's Basketball Media Guide. Southeastern Conference. p. 54. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Since 1986, the SEC champion has been determined by the regular season schedule.

forbes.com

ghostarchive.org

gocrimson.com

golocalprov.com

goprincetontigers.com

gq.com

harvard.edu

provost.harvard.edu

legacyofslavery.harvard.edu

orgs.law.harvard.edu

faculty.harvard.edu

gsas.harvard.edu

harvardandslavery.com

haverford.edu

  • Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[4] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [5] Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[6] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""About Haverford College". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.

ithacavoice.com

ivy50.com

ivyleague.com

ivyleaguesports.com

  • "Executive Director Robin Harris". Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
  • "Ivy League History and Timeline". Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
  • "The Ivy League Adds Men's, Women's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017" (Press release). Ivy League. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  • "Timeline". The Ivy League. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016.
  • "Ivy League". Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  • "Ivy League Championships – Women's Sports". Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  • Ivy League Basketball Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  • Ivy League Football Archived January 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  • "Ivy Facilities". Archived from the original on March 18, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2006.

jbhe.com

jstor.org

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

lehighsports.com

massmoments.org

mohawknation.org

motherjones.com

nacubo.org

nber.org

ncaa.com

ncaa.org

fs.ncaa.org

ncaapublications.com

nescac.com

  • "NESCAC". www.nescac.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016.

newhavenregister.com

news.google.com

newyorker.com

  • Gladwell, Malcolm. "Getting In". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 7, 2020.

npr.org

nysun.com

nytimes.com

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

  • Kieran, John (December 4, 1936). "Sports of the Times—The Ivy League". The New York Times. p. 36. Retrieved May 30, 2017. There will now be a little test of 'the power of the press' in intercollegiate circles since the student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the formation of an Ivy League in football. The idea isn't new. ... It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not 'exclusive' as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose." He recommended the consideration of "plenty of institutions covered with home-grown ivy that are not included in the proposed group. [such as ] Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt, just to offer a few examples that come to mind" and noted that "Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were old when Cornell was shining new, and Fordham and Holy Cross had some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls that now tower high about Cayuga's waters.

timesmachine.nytimes.com

olympedia.org

openculture.com

pennandslaveryproject.org

pennathletics.com

people.cn

en.people.cn

princeton.edu

princeton.edu

theprince.princeton.edu

etcweb.princeton.edu

blogs.princeton.edu

admission.princeton.edu

gradschool.princeton.edu

slavery.princeton.edu

universityarchives.princeton.edu

aas.princeton.edu

paw.princeton.edu

inclusive.princeton.edu

proquest.com

search.proquest.com

rankingsandreviews.com

colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com

roundballdaily.com

sarasotamagazine.com

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

sothebys.com

spectator.org

  • Orlet, Christopher (August 23, 2012). "Missing the WASPs". The American Spectator. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2014.

sports-reference.com

studyinternational.com

suntimes.com

tarpley.net

theatlantic.com

thecrimson.com

thedartmouth.com

thedp.com

theithacajournal.com

theithacan.org

theivyclub.net

theunbalancedline.com

time.com

time.com

ideas.time.com

tiptop25.com

ueseducation.com

upenn.edu

upenn.edu

  • "Penn: Penn Facts". The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  • See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[1] Archived November 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[2] Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania."[3] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
  • "Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)". Upenn.edu. Archived from the original on November 20, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  • Hughes, Samuel (January–February 2002). "Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history". Pennsylvania Gazette. 100 (3). Archived from the original on April 28, 2022.
  • "Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
  • "The Penn Current / October 17, 2002 / Ask Benny". Upenn.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.

archives.upenn.edu

  • See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[1] Archived November 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740, the date of foundation for the trust that was used to establish the school, following the usage used by Harvard University. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed a trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[2] Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania."[3] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
  • "Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  • Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[4] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [5] Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[6] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""About Haverford College". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
  • "This according to the Penn history of varsity football". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
  • "Cricket: Penn's First Organized Sport". Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  • "James Brister". University Archives and Records Center. Penn. Retrieved February 28, 2021.

dewey.library.upenn.edu

  • Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[4] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [5] Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[6] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""About Haverford College". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.

nais.sas.upenn.edu

penntoday.upenn.edu

diversity.upenn.edu

usnews.com

washingtonian.com

web.archive.org

wellesley.edu

repository.wellesley.edu

wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

  • As of 2021. While there have been 46 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president: Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

  • Dulany Addison, Daniel (1911). "Protestant Episcopal Church" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–475.
  • Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[7] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Providence" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.

worldcat.org

wsj.com

wsj.com

online.wsj.com

  • Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis, "Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?", Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first black player in major-league history," Slate, February 4, 2014; Rick Harris, Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43

yale.edu

yale.edu

gsas.yale.edu

faculty.yale.edu

alumni.yale.edu

yalealumnimagazine.com

yalealumnimagazine.org

yaledailynews.com

yaleslavery.org