Jaffna (English Wikipedia)

Dayasri, Gomin (26 April 2008). "Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence". Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008. These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately.

books.google.com

Raghavan, M. D. (1971). Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction. Kalai Nilayam. p. 78.
Kōvintacāmi, Mu (1977). A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature. Annamalai University. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
Raghavan, M. D. (1 January 1971). Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction. Kalai Nilayam.
Katiresu 2004. Katiresu, A. (2004) [1905], A hand book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a souvenir of the opening of the railway to the North, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 9788120618725, OCLC 56367740, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Rasanayagam, C.; Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar C. (1 January 1993). Ancient Jaffna: Being a Research into the History of Jaffna from Very Early Times to the Portuguese Period. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120602106.
Mativāṇan̲, Irāman̲; Mahalingam, N.; Civilization, International Society for the Investigation of Ancient (1995). Indus script among Dravidian speakers. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
K. Indrapala (2005). The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. ISBN 9780646425467. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (7 September 1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780521376952. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
Holt, John (13 April 2011). The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0822349822. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
De Silva 1981, pp. 91–92. De Silva, K.M.D (1981), A History of Sri Lanka, University of California, Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-04320-0, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
De Silva 1981, pp. 132–133. De Silva, K.M.D (1981), A History of Sri Lanka, University of California, Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-04320-0, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Alden 1996 Alden, Dauril (1996), The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-2271-4, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, p. 35 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Abeysinghe 2005, pp. 58–62 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
De Silva & Beumer 1997, p. 312 De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997), Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-08979-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Room 2004, p. 179 Room, Adrian (2004), Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-2248-3, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Abeysinghe 2005, p. 2 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Martyn 2002, p. 43 Martyn, John (2002), Martyn's notes on Jaffna, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1670-7, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, pp. 35–36 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
De Silva & Beumer 1997, p. 301 De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997), Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-08979-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, p. 44 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Carpenter 2007, p. 566 Carpenter, C (2007), World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Cohen 2005, pp. 361–365 Cohen, Roberta (2005), The Forsaken People:The case studies of the internally displaced, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 0-8157-1514-5, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 112 Chattopadhyaya, H.P. (1994), Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations, South Asia Books, ISBN 81-85880-52-2, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Sabaratnam 2001, p. 101 Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001), Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-29348-8, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Martyn 2002, p. 44 Martyn, John (2002), Martyn's notes on Jaffna, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1670-7, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Plunkett & Ellemor 2003, p. 277 Plunkett, B.; Ellemor, R (2003), Lonely Planet:Sri Lanka, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74059-423-1, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Gunawardena 2004, p. 197 Gunawardena, C. A. (2004), Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka, New Dawn Press, ISBN 1-932705-48-1, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020

dailymirror.lk

"Express ferry service between Jaffna and Delft Island". Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.

dailynews.lk

"Dailynews". President requests patriotic citizens: Join us in building Northern rail track. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.

defence.lk

Dayasri, Gomin (26 April 2008). "Eminent Persons' displayed lack of independence". Ministry of Defense, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2008. These crimes against humanity include the Mass Murders committed by the IPKF at the Jaffna Hospital on the 20th October 1987 when they entered the hospital and indiscriminately murdered patients, doctors, nurses and attendants by shooting and exploding grenades indiscriminately.
"New Town Hall for the Jaffna Municipal Council". Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka. 30 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2011.

dictionary.com

"Definition of Jaffna | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.

ds.gov.lk

jaffna.ds.gov.lk

ICTA. "Jaffna Divisional Secretariat – Overview". jaffna.ds.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.

dur.ac.uk

"Post-Conflict Archaeology of the Jaffna Peninsula – Durham University". dur.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.

eastwestcenter.org

Sarvanathan 2007, p. 18 Sarvanathan, Muttukrishna (2007). Economy of the conflict zone in Sri Lanka:From embargo to repression. East-West Center, Washington D.C. ISBN 978-1-932728-72-9. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2008.

eelavar.com

"Yarl-Paanam". Eelavar Network. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.

ft.lk

"Jaffna becomes a Sister City of Sterling Heights, United States". Daily FT. 23 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.

gahetna.nl

"Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam / , 4.VEL inventorynumber 997" (in Dutch). The Hague: Nationaal Archief. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.

island.lk

LTD, Lankacom PVT. "The Island". island.lk. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.

lakdiva.org

Codrington, Humphry William. "Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)". Lakdiva.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2007.

meteo.gov.lk

"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" (PDF). Department of Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

noaa.gov

nodc.noaa.gov

"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jaffna". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

statistics.gov.lk

"2.4 Population of principal towns by sex, census years". Statistical Abstract 2009 (PDF). Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011.
"Basic Population Information on Jaffna District – 2007" (PDF). Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2011.

sundaytimes.lk

"Jaffna wakes up to tourism but long way to go | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka". sundaytimes.lk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.

tamildiplomat.com

"Twin City Agreement signed between the City of Jaffna and City of Kingston in London". tamildiplomat.com. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

tamilnet.com

See Map of Nallur and Jaffna fort Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
"Jaffna Municipal Council election to be held soon". Tamilnet. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.

time.com

content.time.com

THOTTAM, JYOTI (19 May 2009). "Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.

web.archive.org

"Definition of Jaffna | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
"Improving Urban Services and Livability Across Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Kōvintacāmi, Mu (1977). A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature. Annamalai University. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
Katiresu 2004. Katiresu, A. (2004) [1905], A hand book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a souvenir of the opening of the railway to the North, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 9788120618725, OCLC 56367740, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
ICTA. "Jaffna Divisional Secretariat – Overview". jaffna.ds.gov.lk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Mativāṇan̲, Irāman̲; Mahalingam, N.; Civilization, International Society for the Investigation of Ancient (1995). Indus script among Dravidian speakers. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
K. Indrapala (2005). The evolution of an ethnic identity: the Tamils in Sri Lanka c. 300 BCE to c. 1200 CE. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. ISBN 9780646425467. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Allchin, F. R.; Erdosy, George (7 September 1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780521376952. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
"Post-Conflict Archaeology of the Jaffna Peninsula – Durham University". dur.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
Holt, John (13 April 2011). The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-0822349822. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
De Silva 1981, pp. 91–92. De Silva, K.M.D (1981), A History of Sri Lanka, University of California, Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-04320-0, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
De Silva 1981, pp. 132–133. De Silva, K.M.D (1981), A History of Sri Lanka, University of California, Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-04320-0, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Codrington, Humphry William. "Short history of Sri Lanka:Dambadeniya and Gampola Kings (1215–1411)". Lakdiva.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2007.
Alden 1996 Alden, Dauril (1996), The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540–1750, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-2271-4, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, p. 35 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
See Map of Nallur and Jaffna fort Archived 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Abeysinghe 2005, pp. 58–62 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
De Silva & Beumer 1997, p. 312 De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997), Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-08979-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Room 2004, p. 179 Room, Adrian (2004), Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites, McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-2248-3, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Abeysinghe 2005, p. 2 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Martyn 2002, p. 43 Martyn, John (2002), Martyn's notes on Jaffna, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1670-7, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, pp. 35–36 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
"Bird's eye view of the city of Jaffnapatnam / , 4.VEL inventorynumber 997" (in Dutch). The Hague: Nationaal Archief. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
De Silva & Beumer 1997, p. 301 De Silva, R.K.; Beumer, W.G.M. (1997), Illustrations and Views of Dutch Ceylon 1602–1796: A Comprehensive Work of Pictorial Reference With Selected Eye-Witness Accounts, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-08979-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Pfaffenberger 1982, p. 44 Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982), Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka, Syracuse University, ISBN 0-915984-84-9, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Carpenter 2007, p. 566 Carpenter, C (2007), World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, ISBN 978-0-7614-7631-3, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
THOTTAM, JYOTI (19 May 2009). "Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
Cohen 2005, pp. 361–365 Cohen, Roberta (2005), The Forsaken People:The case studies of the internally displaced, Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 0-8157-1514-5, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 112 Chattopadhyaya, H.P. (1994), Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations, South Asia Books, ISBN 81-85880-52-2, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Sarvanathan 2007, p. 18 Sarvanathan, Muttukrishna (2007). Economy of the conflict zone in Sri Lanka:From embargo to repression. East-West Center, Washington D.C. ISBN 978-1-932728-72-9. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2008.
"Yarl-Paanam". Eelavar Network. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
"Ever Recorded Daily Extreme Values" (PDF). Department of Meteorology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Sabaratnam 2001, p. 101 Sabaratnam, Lakshmanan (2001), Ethnic Attachments in Sri Lanka: Social Change and Cultural Continuity, Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-29348-8, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Subramanian, T.S. (14 August 1999). "Chronicle of murders". Frontline. The Hindu Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Jaffna Municipal Council election to be held soon". Tamilnet. 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
"New Town Hall for the Jaffna Municipal Council". Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka. 30 December 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
Martyn 2002, p. 44 Martyn, John (2002), Martyn's notes on Jaffna, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-206-1670-7, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
"2.4 Population of principal towns by sex, census years". Statistical Abstract 2009 (PDF). Department of Census and Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011.
"Basic Population Information on Jaffna District – 2007" (PDF). Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Plunkett & Ellemor 2003, p. 277 Plunkett, B.; Ellemor, R (2003), Lonely Planet:Sri Lanka, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74059-423-1, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
LTD, Lankacom PVT. "The Island". island.lk. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
"Jaffna wakes up to tourism but long way to go | The Sundaytimes Sri Lanka". sundaytimes.lk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
"Dailynews". President requests patriotic citizens: Join us in building Northern rail track. 24 March 2009. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012.
Gunawardena 2004, p. 197 Gunawardena, C. A. (2004), Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka, New Dawn Press, ISBN 1-932705-48-1, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
"Express ferry service between Jaffna and Delft Island". Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
"Jaffna becomes a Sister City of Sterling Heights, United States". Daily FT. 23 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
"Twin City Agreement signed between the City of Jaffna and City of Kingston in London". tamildiplomat.com. 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.

world-gazetteer.com

"Sri Lanka: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 21 April 2012.^{[dead link]}

worldbank.org

"Improving Urban Services and Livability Across Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.

worldcat.org

Katiresu 2004. Katiresu, A. (2004) [1905], A hand book to the Jaffna Peninsula and a souvenir of the opening of the railway to the North, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 9788120618725, OCLC 56367740, archived from the original on 2 April 2023, retrieved 28 November 2020
Abeysinghe 2005, pp. 58–62 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
Abeysinghe 2005, p. 2 Abeysinghe, Tikiri (2005). Jaffna under the Portuguese. Colombo: Stamford Lake. ISBN 9789555520003. OCLC 75481767. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
THOTTAM, JYOTI (19 May 2009). "Prabhakaran: The Life and Death of a Tiger". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2023.