Julian calendar (English Wikipedia)

H. Matzat, Römische Chronologie I (Berlin, 1883), 13–18. His argument rested on Dio Cassius 48.33.4 which mentions a leap day inserted in 41 BC, "contrary to the (i.e., Caesar's) rule", in order to avoid having a market day on the first day of 40 BC. Dio stated that this leap day was compensated for "later". Matzat proposed this was done by omitting a scheduled leap day in 40 BC, rather than by omitting a day from an ordinary year.
C. L. Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie (Berlin, 1825) II 130–131. He argued that Caesar would have enforced the bissextile day by introducing it in his first reformed year. T. E. Mommsen, Die Römische Chronologie bis auf Caesar (Berlin, 1859) 282–299, provided additional circumstantial arguments.
John James Bond, "Commencement of the Year", Handy-book of rules and tables for verifying dates with the Christian era, (London: 1875), 91–101.
Alexandre Dumas, Storia del governo della Toscana: sotto La casa de'Medici.
Richards 1998, p. 216. Richards, E. G (1998). Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286205-1.

archive.today

Suetonius, Caesar 52.1. Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Life of Julius Caesar, 40.1, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard 1913, available at [5] Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today.
Suetonius, Caesar Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today 76.1.

astropixels.com

William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Year of Julius Caesar, following Ideler, interprets Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.13 (Latin) to mean that Caesar decreed that the first day of the new calendar began with the new moon which fell on the night of 1/2 January 45 BC.
The new moon was on 2 January 45 BC (in the Proleptic Julian calendar) at 00:21 UTC, according to IMCCE (a branch of the Paris Observatory): Phases of the moon (between −4000 and +2500) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. This is in agreement with the historical moon phase tables by Fred Espenak in which the new moon was on 2 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC. Espenek's table assumes that the first Julian year of 45 BC was a leap year. If the first year of 45 BC was not a leap year, there would be a day offset, and the new moon would have been on 1 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC.
Espnek's historical moon phase tables also indicate that there was a new moon on 1 March 45 BC at 08:39 UTC (Kalends of March), quarter moon on 8 March 45 BC at 09:00 UTC (a day after Nones of March), and full moon on 15 March 45 BC at 07:19 UTC (Ides of March). Espenak's tables of the phases of the moon are based on computational procedures described in Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus (Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, 1998).
More recent studies of the Macrobius manuscripts have shown that the word on which Idler's supposition is based, which was read as lunam, should be read as linam, meaning that Macrobius was simply stating that Caesar published an edict giving the revised calendar – see e.g., p.99 in the translation of Macrobius by P. Davies.
Smith gives no source or justification for his other speculation that Caesar originally intended to commence the year precisely with the winter solstice.

books.google.com

E.g., "... we have a sidelight on what was involved in "the year of confusion" as it was called. According to Dion Cassius, the historian, there was a governor in Gaul who insisted that, in the lengthened year, two months' extra taxes should be paid. The extra months were called Undecimber and Duodecimber." (P. W. Wilson, The romance of the calendar (New York, 1937), 112). The eponymous dating of the cited passage (Dio Cassius 54.21) shows that it actually refers to an event of 15 BC, not 46 BC.
Stern, Sacha (2012). Calendars in Antiquity: Empires, States, and Societies. OUP Oxford. pp. 259–297. ISBN 978-0-19-958944-9.
W. Sternkopf, "Das Bissextum", (JCP 41 (1895) 718–733).
"The statute De anno et die bissextili, made at Westminster, Anno 21 Hen. III. and Anno Dom. 1236". The Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to the End of the Reign of King Henry the Sixth. Vol. 1. London. 1763.
Gaius Julius Solinus, De mirabilibus mundi, c.3, available at [2].
W. Soltau, Römische Chronologie (Freiburg, 1889) 170–173. He accepted Matzat's phase of the triennial cycle but argued that it was absurd to suppose that Caesar would have made the second Julian year a leap year and that the 36 years had to be accounted from 45 BC.
C. L. Ideler, Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie (Berlin, 1825) II 130–131. He argued that Caesar would have enforced the bissextile day by introducing it in his first reformed year. T. E. Mommsen, Die Römische Chronologie bis auf Caesar (Berlin, 1859) 282–299, provided additional circumstantial arguments.
J. Christmann Muhamedis Alfragani arabis chronologica et astronomica elementa (Frankfurt, 1590), 173. His argument assumed that the triennial cycle started in the third Julian year.
Lorenzo Cattini, Legislazione toscana raccolta e illustrata, vol. 10, p. 208.
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. 2, pp. 1348–1349.

britannica.com

Encyclopædia Britannica Sosigenes of Alexandria.

cree.name

Spathaky, Mike Old Style and New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar.
Spathaky, Mike Old Style and New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar. "An oblique stroke is by far the most usual indicator, but sometimes the alternative final figures of the year are written above and below a horizontal line, as in a fraction (a form which cannot easily be reproduced here in ASCII text). Very occasionally a hyphen is used, as 1733-34."
Mike Spathaky Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar: A summary for genealogists.

ctstatelibrary.org

libguides.ctstatelibrary.org

Genealogy, History &. "LibGuides Home: Colonial Records & Topics: 1752 Calendar Change". libguides.ctstatelibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-10-26.

dailysabah.com

"Berbers mark New Year in Algeria, welcoming 2968". Daily Sabah. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2019. The Berber calendar is an agrarian system, based around the seasons and agricultural work, that was inspired by the Julian calendar.

doi.org

Hartner, Willy. "The young Avestan and Babylonian calendars and the antecedents of precession." Journal for the History of Astronomy 10 (1979): 1. pp. 1–22. doi:10.1177/002182867901000102
Oxby, Clare (1998). "The manipulation of time: Calendars and power in the Sahara". Nomadic Peoples. New Series. 2 (1/2): 137–149. doi:10.3167/082279498782384522. JSTOR 43123542.

elfinspell.com

Censorinus, The Natal Day, 20.30, tr. William Maude, New York 1900 available at [6].

files.wordpress.com

antimodern.files.wordpress.com

"Communiqué du Bureau de Presse de l'Eglise Orthodoxe d'Estonie" (PDF).

florencewithguide.com

Il calendario fiorentino.

fordham.edu

Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, 29.

hermetic.ch

For the list of triennial leap years proposed by Bünting, Christmann and Harriot, see Harriot's comparative table reproduced by Simon Cassidy (Fig. 6). The table numbers years as Julian years, where Julian year 1 = 45 BC. Thus, Scaliger and Clavius (col. 7) resume intercalation in Julian year 53 = AD 8, while Bünting (col. 8) and Harriot (col. 3) resume it in Julian year 49 = AD 4 and Christmann (col. 9) in year 52 = AD 7.

hs.fi

Bishop Photius of Triaditsa, "The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress, Part II of II"; "HELSINGIN SANOMAT (International edition)". 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

imcce.fr

bugle.imcce.fr

William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Year of Julius Caesar, following Ideler, interprets Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.13 (Latin) to mean that Caesar decreed that the first day of the new calendar began with the new moon which fell on the night of 1/2 January 45 BC.
The new moon was on 2 January 45 BC (in the Proleptic Julian calendar) at 00:21 UTC, according to IMCCE (a branch of the Paris Observatory): Phases of the moon (between −4000 and +2500) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. This is in agreement with the historical moon phase tables by Fred Espenak in which the new moon was on 2 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC. Espenek's table assumes that the first Julian year of 45 BC was a leap year. If the first year of 45 BC was not a leap year, there would be a day offset, and the new moon would have been on 1 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC.
Espnek's historical moon phase tables also indicate that there was a new moon on 1 March 45 BC at 08:39 UTC (Kalends of March), quarter moon on 8 March 45 BC at 09:00 UTC (a day after Nones of March), and full moon on 15 March 45 BC at 07:19 UTC (Ides of March). Espenak's tables of the phases of the moon are based on computational procedures described in Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus (Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, 1998).
More recent studies of the Macrobius manuscripts have shown that the word on which Idler's supposition is based, which was read as lunam, should be read as linam, meaning that Macrobius was simply stating that Caesar published an edict giving the revised calendar – see e.g., p.99 in the translation of Macrobius by P. Davies.
Smith gives no source or justification for his other speculation that Caesar originally intended to commence the year precisely with the winter solstice.

jstor.org

Parker, R. A. (May 1974). "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 276 (1257): 51–65. JSTOR 74274.
Oxby, Clare (1998). "The manipulation of time: Calendars and power in the Sahara". Nomadic Peoples. New Series. 2 (1/2): 137–149. doi:10.3167/082279498782384522. JSTOR 43123542.

manuscripta-mediaevalia.de

Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "Osteranfang" (Easter beginning), Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891–1898).

mcllibrary.org

Lucan, Pharsalia: Book 10.

navy.mil

aa.usno.navy.mil

Introduction to Calendars Archived 2019-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. (15 May 2013). United States Naval Observatory.

newadvent.org

Catholic Encyclopedia, General Chronology (Beginning of the Year).

oikoumene.org

Towards a Common Date of Easter. Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (5–10 March). World Council of Churches/Middle East Council of Churches Consultation, Aleppo, Syria.

orthodoxinfo.com

Bishop Photius of Triaditsa, "The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress, Part II of II"; "HELSINGIN SANOMAT (International edition)". 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2010.

packhum.org

epigraphy.packhum.org

OGIS 458 (Greek).

peopleofar.com

Reply, hairabed (2015-01-07). "Armenian Christmas on January 6th". PeopleOfAr. Retrieved 2018-12-21.

pepysdiary.com

Pepys Diary, "I sat down to end my journell for this year, ..."

religionnews.com

After calendar change, many in Ukraine are looking forward to a new Christmas Religion News, David I. Klein, June 16, 2023

roman-emperors.org

Historia Augusta, Tacitus 13.6. On the chronology see R. McMahon, Tacitus.

ryanfb.github.io

Marcus Terentius Varro, On the Latin Language, 6.13, tr. Roland Kent, London 1938 available at [8].

ssa.gov

secure.ssa.gov

Social Security Administration (26 August 2005). "GN 00307.180 Gregorian/Julian calendar". Retrieved 27 July 2016. Although the Russian authorities officially changed calendars in 1918, individual registrars particularly in remote areas continued to use the old calendar for as long as ten years.

tertullian.org

"Chronography of AD 354".

theorthodoxchurch.info

The Quest for Orthodox–Assyrian Alliance Archived 2021-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE

thetimes.co.uk

Merritt, Mike (27 December 2023). "Remote Foula islanders finally get to celebrate Christmas".

translate.google.com

"История календаря в России и в СССР (Calendar history in Russia and in the USSR)".

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

Pliny, Natural History: (Book 18, LIX / LXVI / LXVIII / LXXIV).
Pliny, Natural History: (Book 18, LVII).
Gaius Plinius Secundus, Natural History, Vol. 2, 18.57, tr. J Bostock and H T Riley, London 1855, available at [3].

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

E.g., "... we have a sidelight on what was involved in "the year of confusion" as it was called. According to Dion Cassius, the historian, there was a governor in Gaul who insisted that, in the lengthened year, two months' extra taxes should be paid. The extra months were called Undecimber and Duodecimber." (P. W. Wilson, The romance of the calendar (New York, 1937), 112). The eponymous dating of the cited passage (Dio Cassius 54.21) shows that it actually refers to an event of 15 BC, not 46 BC.
T H Key, "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities" (article Calendarium), London, 1875, available at [1].
Censorinus, De die natali 20.7 (in Latin) Latin)
Varro, On Agriculture I.1.28.
Suetonius, Caesar 52.1. Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today
Plutarch, Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans: Caesar 59.
Macrobius, Saturnalia I.14.2 (Latin).
William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Year of Julius Caesar, following Ideler, interprets Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.13 (Latin) to mean that Caesar decreed that the first day of the new calendar began with the new moon which fell on the night of 1/2 January 45 BC.
The new moon was on 2 January 45 BC (in the Proleptic Julian calendar) at 00:21 UTC, according to IMCCE (a branch of the Paris Observatory): Phases of the moon (between −4000 and +2500) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. This is in agreement with the historical moon phase tables by Fred Espenak in which the new moon was on 2 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC. Espenek's table assumes that the first Julian year of 45 BC was a leap year. If the first year of 45 BC was not a leap year, there would be a day offset, and the new moon would have been on 1 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC.
Espnek's historical moon phase tables also indicate that there was a new moon on 1 March 45 BC at 08:39 UTC (Kalends of March), quarter moon on 8 March 45 BC at 09:00 UTC (a day after Nones of March), and full moon on 15 March 45 BC at 07:19 UTC (Ides of March). Espenak's tables of the phases of the moon are based on computational procedures described in Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus (Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, 1998).
More recent studies of the Macrobius manuscripts have shown that the word on which Idler's supposition is based, which was read as lunam, should be read as linam, meaning that Macrobius was simply stating that Caesar published an edict giving the revised calendar – see e.g., p.99 in the translation of Macrobius by P. Davies.
Smith gives no source or justification for his other speculation that Caesar originally intended to commence the year precisely with the winter solstice.
Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.9 (Latin). Exceptionally, the extra day in April was inserted as the 26th, a.d. VI Kal. Mai. in the Julian calendar, in order to avoid adding a day to the Floralia, which ran from a.d. IV Kal. Mai. (27 April in the pre-Julian calendar) to a.d. V Non. Mai.
Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.12 (Latin).
Dio Cassius 48.33.4, 60.24.7; C. J. Bennett, "The Imperial Nundinal Cycle", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 147 (2004) 175–179.
The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, 26.10, Loeb Classical Library vol. II, Harvard 1940, available at [4].
Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Life of Julius Caesar, 40.1, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard 1913, available at [5] Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today.
Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius, Saturnalia, 1.14.13–1.14.14, tr. Percival Vaughan Davies, New York 1969, Latin text at [7]
H. Matzat, Römische Chronologie I (Berlin, 1883), 13–18. His argument rested on Dio Cassius 48.33.4 which mentions a leap day inserted in 41 BC, "contrary to the (i.e., Caesar's) rule", in order to avoid having a market day on the first day of 40 BC. Dio stated that this leap day was compensated for "later". Matzat proposed this was done by omitting a scheduled leap day in 40 BC, rather than by omitting a day from an ordinary year.
Dio Cassius 48.33.4, tr. Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library, 9 vol., Harvard 1914–1927, available at [9].
"Intercalation". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
Suetonius, Caesar Archived 2012-05-30 at archive.today 76.1.
Suetonius, Augustus 31.2; Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.12.35 (Latin)
Suetonius, Caligula 15.2.
Tacitus, Annals 15.74, 16.12.
Suetonius, Domitian 13.3.
Dio Cassius 73.15.3.
Historia Augusta, Tacitus 13.6. On the chronology see R. McMahon, Tacitus.
Suetonius, Tiberius 26.2.
Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 10.1.
Censorinus. De Die Natali (in Latin). 21.6. Because the lively festivities associated with the Parilia conflicted with the solemnity of Lent, which was observed until the Saturday before Easter Sunday, the early Roman church did not celebrate Easter after 21 April.Bede (1943). "Development of the Latin ecclesiastical calendar". In Jones, Charles W. (ed.). Bedae Opera de Temporibus. pp. 1–122, esp. 28.

uni-koeln.de

Alexander Jones, Calendrica II: Date Equations from the Reign of Augustus, Zeitschrift fűr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 129 (2000) 159–166, available at [10].
Dieter Hagedorn, Zum aegyptischen Kalender unter Augustus, Zeitschrift fűr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 100 (1994) 211–222, available at [11].

upmf-grenoble.fr

webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr

Justinian, Digest 50.16.98 Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.

web.archive.org

William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Year of Julius Caesar, following Ideler, interprets Macrobius, Saturnalia 1.14.13 (Latin) to mean that Caesar decreed that the first day of the new calendar began with the new moon which fell on the night of 1/2 January 45 BC.
The new moon was on 2 January 45 BC (in the Proleptic Julian calendar) at 00:21 UTC, according to IMCCE (a branch of the Paris Observatory): Phases of the moon (between −4000 and +2500) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. This is in agreement with the historical moon phase tables by Fred Espenak in which the new moon was on 2 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC. Espenek's table assumes that the first Julian year of 45 BC was a leap year. If the first year of 45 BC was not a leap year, there would be a day offset, and the new moon would have been on 1 January 45 BC at 00:43 UTC.
Espnek's historical moon phase tables also indicate that there was a new moon on 1 March 45 BC at 08:39 UTC (Kalends of March), quarter moon on 8 March 45 BC at 09:00 UTC (a day after Nones of March), and full moon on 15 March 45 BC at 07:19 UTC (Ides of March). Espenak's tables of the phases of the moon are based on computational procedures described in Astronomical Algorithms by Jean Meeus (Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, 1998).
More recent studies of the Macrobius manuscripts have shown that the word on which Idler's supposition is based, which was read as lunam, should be read as linam, meaning that Macrobius was simply stating that Caesar published an edict giving the revised calendar – see e.g., p.99 in the translation of Macrobius by P. Davies.
Smith gives no source or justification for his other speculation that Caesar originally intended to commence the year precisely with the winter solstice.
Justinian, Digest 50.16.98 Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine.
Introduction to Calendars Archived 2019-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. (15 May 2013). United States Naval Observatory.
C. J. Bennett, "The Early Augustan Calendars in Rome and Egypt", Zeitschrift fűr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 142 (2003) 221–240 and "The Early Augustan Calendars in Rome and Egypt: Addenda et Corrigenda", Zeitschrift fűr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 147 (2004) 165–168; see also Chris Bennett, A.U.C. 730 = 24 B.C. (Egyptian papyrus).
Bishop Photius of Triaditsa, "The 70th Anniversary of the Pan-Orthodox Congress, Part II of II"; "HELSINGIN SANOMAT (International edition)". 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Towards a Common Date of Easter. Archived 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (5–10 March). World Council of Churches/Middle East Council of Churches Consultation, Aleppo, Syria.
The Quest for Orthodox–Assyrian Alliance Archived 2021-05-02 at the Wayback Machine Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

This name of February, the only name in the list without the "month" suffix, is explained by König, Festschrift Bergmann (1997), pp. 425 ff. as a collective of horn, taken to refer to the antlers shed by red deer during this time. Older explanations compare the name with Old Frisian horning (Anglo-Saxon hornung-sunu, Old Norse hornungr) meaning "bastard, illegitimate son", taken to imply a meaning of "disinherited" in reference to February being the shortest of months.

wordinfo.info

"Calendar, Finnish". English-Word Information.