Khartoum (English Wikipedia)

Leiro, Roberto (15 April 2023). "Sudan's RSF Clashes with Army in Khartoum Airport". Airways. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.

aljazeera.com

"Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

architecture.com

"Designs for the Cathedral Church of All Saints, Khartoum..." RIBApix. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

archive.today

"Reuters.com". Africa.reuters.com. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.

archnet.org

"Archnet". archnet.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012.

au.int

Staff. "Decisions & Declarations of the Assembly; African Union". African Union. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC team reaches Khartoum and finds overwhelming destruction". Global News Podcast. BBC News. 1 April 2025. Retrieved 1 April 2025.
"Sudan army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan tours recaptured presidential palace in Khartoum". 26 March 2025.
"Former Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah takes over at SC Khartoum". BBC Sport. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

news.bbc.co.uk

"World | Africa | Riots after Sudan VP Garang dies". BBC News. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
"Sudanese rebels 'reach Khartoum'". BBC News. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
Winter, Joseph (24 April 2007). "Khartoum booms as Darfur burns". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2008.

books.google.com

Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 194. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Beswick, Stephanie (2013). Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan. University Rochester Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781580461511. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
Jok, Madut Jok (2001). War and Slavery in Sudan. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-8122-1762-4.
Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines. 1995. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
Hiro, Dilip (2013). A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1566569040. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

britannica.com

"Khartoum | Location, Facts, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
Britannica, Khartoum Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019
Britannica, Sudan Archived 10 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019

city-facts.com

"Khartoum, Sudan - Population Trends and Demographics". city-facts.com. 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

citypopulation.de

"Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomeration - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". CityPopulation.de. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

csmonitor.com

"Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced". The Christian Science Monitor. 31 March 1992. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

demographia.com

Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (19th ed.). Demographia. August 2023. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

distancesto.com

"Khartoum Elevation (385m)". distancesto.com. 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
"Shendi Elevation (364m)". distancesto.com. 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.

doi.org

Zerboni, Andrea; Brandolini, Filippo; Mariani, Guido S.; Perego, Alessandro; Salvatori, Sandro; Usai, Donatella; Pelfini, Manuela; Williams, Martin A.J. (28 July 2021). "The Khartoum-Omdurman conurbation: a growing megacity at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers". Journal of Maps. 17 (4): 227–240. Bibcode:2021JMaps..17..227Z. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1758810. hdl:2434/729918. S2CID 219435266.
Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. McMahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Bannaga, Sharaf Eldin Ibrahim (11 April 2018). "Revitalization of Greater Khartoum Urban Transportation System". Future Cities and Environment. 4 (1): 10. Bibcode:2018FutCE...4...10B. doi:10.5334/fce.2. ISSN 2363-9075.
Wanni, Nada Hussein (2005). "Reading Khartoum". Politique Africaine. 100 (4): 302–314. doi:10.3917/polaf.100.0302. ISSN 0244-7827.

dwd.de

"Klimatafel von Khartoum / Sudan" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2016.

fifa.com

"Al Ahli Khartoum". FIFA (International Federation of Association Football). May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Zerboni, Andrea; Brandolini, Filippo; Mariani, Guido S.; Perego, Alessandro; Salvatori, Sandro; Usai, Donatella; Pelfini, Manuela; Williams, Martin A.J. (28 July 2021). "The Khartoum-Omdurman conurbation: a growing megacity at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers". Journal of Maps. 17 (4): 227–240. Bibcode:2021JMaps..17..227Z. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1758810. hdl:2434/729918. S2CID 219435266.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Zerboni, Andrea; Brandolini, Filippo; Mariani, Guido S.; Perego, Alessandro; Salvatori, Sandro; Usai, Donatella; Pelfini, Manuela; Williams, Martin A.J. (28 July 2021). "The Khartoum-Omdurman conurbation: a growing megacity at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers". Journal of Maps. 17 (4): 227–240. Bibcode:2021JMaps..17..227Z. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1758810. hdl:2434/729918. S2CID 219435266.
Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. McMahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
Bannaga, Sharaf Eldin Ibrahim (11 April 2018). "Revitalization of Greater Khartoum Urban Transportation System". Future Cities and Environment. 4 (1): 10. Bibcode:2018FutCE...4...10B. doi:10.5334/fce.2. ISSN 2363-9075.

hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net

Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. McMahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2017.

irishtimes.com

"Sudan's capital locked down after coup triggers deadly unrest". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

jstor.org

Walkley, C. E. J. (1935). "The Story of Khartoum". Sudan Notes and Records. 18 (2). University of Khartoum: 221–241. JSTOR 41710712.

melik.org.uk

Uloth, Tony (18 January 2011). "The Blue Nile Sailing Club". The Melik Society. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

musicinafrica.net

Shumba, Ano (28 October 2015). "Sudan National Museum; Bio". Music in Africa. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

noaa.gov

nodc.noaa.gov

"World Weather Information Service – Khartoum". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2010.

nytimes.com

Miller, Judith (9 March 1992). "Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

pomeps.org

Tobin, Sarah A. (13 November 2019). "The New Lost Boys of Sudan". The Project on Middle East Political Science. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.

presidency.gov.sd

"Palace Museum". Presidency of the Republic of Sudan. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"Khartoum". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

reuters.com

africa.reuters.com

"Reuters.com". Africa.reuters.com. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zerboni, Andrea; Brandolini, Filippo; Mariani, Guido S.; Perego, Alessandro; Salvatori, Sandro; Usai, Donatella; Pelfini, Manuela; Williams, Martin A.J. (28 July 2021). "The Khartoum-Omdurman conurbation: a growing megacity at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers". Journal of Maps. 17 (4): 227–240. Bibcode:2021JMaps..17..227Z. doi:10.1080/17445647.2020.1758810. hdl:2434/729918. S2CID 219435266.

state.gov

2001-2009.state.gov

"The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2014.

sudanembassy.org

"Museums in Sudan". The Embassy of the Republic of Sudan. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.

sudantribune.com

"Curfew in capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels". Sudan Tribune. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
"PHOTOS: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM". Sudan Tribune. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
"Sudan and UNDP launch Millennium Goals project". Sudan Tribune. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2008.

sudanway.sd

"::مساجد السودان::". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2016.

sustech.edu

"Sudan University of Science and Technology". Sudan University of Science and Technology. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

thefreedictionary.com

"Khartoum". TheFreeDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.

theguardian.com

Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (13 July 2019). "Sudanese protesters demand justice following mass killings". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Burke, Samuel Okiror Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (1 July 2020). "'Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

"Beja scholars and the creativity of powerlessness". Passages. University of Michigan Library. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

unesco.org

whc.unesco.org

"The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites". UNESCO. 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

uofk.edu

"University of Khartoum". University of Khartoum. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

khartoumspace.uofk.edu

Jibreel, T. J. O. (2010). "2 - Materials and Methods, Site of collection" (PDF). Two Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps Affecting Ficus sycamorus (L.) Fruits in Khartoum State (Thesis). Khartoum, Sudan: University of Khartoum department of Zoology. pp. 20–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

web.archive.org

"Where is Khartoum, The Sudan?". WorldAtlas.com. 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
Demographia World Urban Areas (PDF) (19th ed.). Demographia. August 2023. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
"Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomeration - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". CityPopulation.de. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
"Khartoum". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
"Khartoum". TheFreeDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
"Khartoum | Location, Facts, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
Leiro, Roberto (15 April 2023). "Sudan's RSF Clashes with Army in Khartoum Airport". Airways. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 194. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Beswick, Stephanie (2013). Sudan's Blood Memory: The Legacy of War, Ethnicity, and Slavery in Early South Sudan. University Rochester Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781580461511. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
"Beja scholars and the creativity of powerlessness". Passages. University of Michigan Library. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Britannica, Khartoum Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 30 June 2019
"The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines. 1995. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
"Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced". The Christian Science Monitor. 31 March 1992. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
Miller, Judith (9 March 1992). "Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
"World | Africa | Riots after Sudan VP Garang dies". BBC News. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
Staff. "Decisions & Declarations of the Assembly; African Union". African Union. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Hiro, Dilip (2013). A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East. Olive Branch Press. ISBN 978-1566569040. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
"Curfew in capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels". Sudan Tribune. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
"Sudanese rebels 'reach Khartoum'". BBC News. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
"PHOTOS: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM". Sudan Tribune. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
"Khartoum fire blamed on Israeli bombing". Al Jazeera. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (13 July 2019). "Sudanese protesters demand justice following mass killings". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Burke, Samuel Okiror Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (1 July 2020). "'Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
"Sudan's capital locked down after coup triggers deadly unrest". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
"Khartoum Elevation (385m)". distancesto.com. 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
"Shendi Elevation (364m)". distancesto.com. 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. McMahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
"World Weather Information Service – Khartoum". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
"Khartoum Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
"Klimatafel von Khartoum / Sudan" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Tobin, Sarah A. (13 November 2019). "The New Lost Boys of Sudan". The Project on Middle East Political Science. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
"Sudan and UNDP launch Millennium Goals project". Sudan Tribune. 5 September 2005. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
Winter, Joseph (24 April 2007). "Khartoum booms as Darfur burns". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
"Country Analysis Brief: Sudan and South Sudan" (PDF). US Energy Information Administration. 3 September 2014. pp. 13–14 Oil refineries. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
"Sudan Shopping and Districts (Sudan, SD, North-East Africa)". World Guides. TravelSmart Ltd. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"Public transport crisis bothers citizens in Sudan's capital". Xinhua. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
"Archnet". archnet.org. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012.
Shumba, Ano (28 October 2015). "Sudan National Museum; Bio". Music in Africa. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites". UNESCO. 2017. Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"Palace Museum". Presidency of the Republic of Sudan. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"Designs for the Cathedral Church of All Saints, Khartoum..." RIBApix. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"Museums in Sudan". The Embassy of the Republic of Sudan. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
Jibreel, T. J. O. (2010). "2 - Materials and Methods, Site of collection" (PDF). Two Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps Affecting Ficus sycamorus (L.) Fruits in Khartoum State (Thesis). Khartoum, Sudan: University of Khartoum department of Zoology. pp. 20–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Uloth, Tony (18 January 2011). "The Blue Nile Sailing Club". The Melik Society. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
"Former Ghana coach Kwesi Appiah takes over at SC Khartoum". BBC Sport. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"Al Ahli Khartoum". FIFA (International Federation of Association Football). May 2017. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
"::مساجد السودان::". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
Britannica, Sudan Archived 10 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019

wikimedia.org

upload.wikimedia.org

/kɑːrˈtuːm/ ^ⓘ kar-TOOM;^[6]^[7] Arabic: الخرطوم, romanized: al-Khurṭūm, pronounced [al.xur.tˤuːm]

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Khartum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 773.

world-guides.com

"Sudan Shopping and Districts (Sudan, SD, North-East Africa)". World Guides. TravelSmart Ltd. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

worldatlas.com

"Where is Khartoum, The Sudan?". WorldAtlas.com. 2 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Peterson, Scott (2000). Me against my brother : at war in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda : a journalist reports from the battlefields of Africa. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415921988. OCLC 43287853.
"Khartoum Squatters Forcibly Displaced". The Christian Science Monitor. 31 March 1992. ISSN 0882-7729. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
Miller, Judith (9 March 1992). "Sudan Is Undeterred in Drive to Expel Squatters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
Burke, Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (13 July 2019). "Sudanese protesters demand justice following mass killings". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Burke, Samuel Okiror Jason; Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (1 July 2020). "'Decolonise and rename' streets of Uganda and Sudan, activists urge". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
Bannaga, Sharaf Eldin Ibrahim (11 April 2018). "Revitalization of Greater Khartoum Urban Transportation System". Future Cities and Environment. 4 (1): 10. Bibcode:2018FutCE...4...10B. doi:10.5334/fce.2. ISSN 2363-9075.
Wanni, Nada Hussein (2005). "Reading Khartoum". Politique Africaine. 100 (4): 302–314. doi:10.3917/polaf.100.0302. ISSN 0244-7827.

worldpopulationreview.com

"Sudan Cities by Population 2025". WorldPopulationReview.com. 2025. Retrieved 4 April 2025.

xinhuanet.com

"Public transport crisis bothers citizens in Sudan's capital". Xinhua. 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 November 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2021.