Koreans (English Wikipedia)

Journal, The Asia Pacific (August 2022). "Re-thinking Jōmon and Ainu in Japanese History". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 23 February 2023.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Savada, Andreas Matles (ed.). "North Korea: A Country Study". Country Studies. Federal Research Division. Retrieved 27 July 2013. Fourth ed. Washington: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0794-1.^{[page needed]}

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

"S. Korea's childbirth tally drops to another historic low in October …". archive.fo. 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
"Fertility rate dips below 1 in 2018: official". archive.fo. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Nelson 1993, p. 147. Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40783-0.
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (21 December 2017). Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6464-0. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
Lie, John. (2008). Zainichi (Koreans in Japan): Diasporic Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 89. Retrieved 31 May 2017, from link.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Bennett, E. Andrew; Liu, Yichen; Fu, Qiaomei (3 December 2024). "Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics". Elements in Ancient East Asia. doi:10.1017/9781009246675. ISBN 978-1-009-24667-5.

census.gov (Global: 45^th place; English: 41^st place)

data.census.gov

"Selected Population Profile in the United States". United States Census Bureau. 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2024.

chosun.com (Global: 342^nd place; English: 357^th place)

[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). 4 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Park, Hyunseo (August 2017). Food Globalization and Culture War: The Case of the Halal Food Complex in South Korea (Pdf) (Master's thesis). Michigan State University. p. 38. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.27796.81286. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
Yi, SoJeong; An, Hyungmi; Lee, Howard; Lee, Sangin (2014). "Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean". Annals of Human Genetics. 35 (10). Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013): 477–485. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075. PMID 25029633. S2CID 43243512.
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601877 (published 1 February 2017). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. 155 19 (published 6 April 2018). doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (5 May 2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2 (2): 89–98. Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2...89A. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9. S2CID 129727300.
Vovin, Alexander (31 December 2013). "From Koguryŏ to T'amna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 217–235. doi:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov.
Whitman, John (1 December 2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344. He also suggests that the arrival of Koreanic in Korea was associated with the spread of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture from present-day northeast China to Korea around 300 BCE. ...

While pottery styles clearly differ between northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, an influx of northeast Chinese pottery styles into Korea has not been detected, and the styles of the two areas remain distinct long after the appearance of millet with little change in Chulmun pottery styles over time. ...

However, as outlined above, because the Korean Peninsula was already occupied by Chulmun hunter–fisher–gatherers since at least 6000 BCE, a key to evaluating the millet hypothesis is determining whether millet was adopted by the Chulmun foragers (diffusion) or whether it was brought along as a part of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning. If millet was introduced as a result of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning, an archaeologically detectable influx of Liaoning culture and changes in material culture after the introduction of millet should be expected, because vessel shape, manufacturing technology and the design layout and motifs of Korean Chulmun pottery markedly differ from those of Liaoning pottery. However, there is no detectable appearance of elements of Liaoning material culture that accompanies the arrival of millets. ...

Even if millet was brought by some migrants from northeast China to Korea, archaeological evidence demonstrates that the scale of migration was probably not large enough to lead to a fundamental linguistic change or the dispersal of a linguistic family.
Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215.
Miyamoto, Kazuo (January 2022). "The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4 e3. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.49. hdl:2324/4796095. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10426040. PMID 37588923. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Whitman, John (December 2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. ISSN 1939-8433.
Bennett, E. Andrew; Liu, Yichen; Fu, Qiaomei (3 December 2024). "Reconstructing the Human Population History of East Asia through Ancient Genomics". Elements in Ancient East Asia. doi:10.1017/9781009246675. ISBN 978-1-009-24667-5.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyang; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2 January 2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 36809229. Koreans can also be modelled as deriving ancestry from a single source related to WLR_BA, consisting of the transmission route of farming from the northeast to the Korean Peninsula and even the Japanese islands (Kwak et al. 2017; Kim and Park 2020).
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. The northern East Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China, who were an admixture of ANA and NYR ancestry3. The finding indicated that West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans. Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan5.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; et al. (2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. PMID 36809229 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Manchus and Koreans have the closest affinity with ancients in the Yellow River (YR) and Yankovsky_IA (ancients from the Iron age far east) as shown in outgroup f3 (Studied population, Ancient, Mbuti). The studied populations share more genetic drift with the ancient Yellow River and West Liao River basins than with Tibetan, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, and other southern and northeastern populations. However, Manchus and Koreans shared similar amounts of genetic drift with the ancient populations of the Yellow River and West Liao River basins compared to the Han Chinese.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; Dolińska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-Yōjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (November 2021). "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages". Nature. 599 (7886): 616–621. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..616R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8612925. PMID 34759322. ...Bronze Age Taejungni, given the Bronze Age date it can be best modelled as Upper Xiajiadian
Ishiya, Koji; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Gojobori, Jun; et al. (2024). High-coverage genome sequencing of Yayoi and Jomon individuals shed light on prehistoric human population history in East Eurasian (Preprint). doi:10.1101/2024.08.09.606917.
Kim, Jungeun; Jeon, Sungwon; Choi, Jae-Pil; et al. (2020). "The Origin and Composition of Korean Ethnicity Analyzed by Ancient and Present-Day Genome Sequences". Genome Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 553–565. doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa062. PMC 7250502. PMID 32219389.
Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Sawyer, Susanna; Yang, Songhyok; Greytak, Ellen McRae; Choi, Hansol (8 August 2022). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3232G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyan; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. PMID 36809229.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. S2CID 251410856.
Lee, Don-Nyeong; Jeon, Chae Lin; Kang, Jiwon; Burri, Marta; Krause, Johannes; Woo, Eun Jin; Jeong, Choongwon (2022). "Genomic detection of a secondary family burial in a single jar coffin in early Medieval Korea". American Journal of Biological Anthropology. 179 (4): 585–597. bioRxiv 10.1101/2022.05.09.491093. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24650.
Kim, Jonghyun; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Matsushita, Takayuki; et al. (2024). "Genetic analysis of a Yayoi individual from the Doigahama site provides insights into the origins of immigrants to the Japanese Archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1038/s10038-024-01295-w. PMC 11700843. PMID 39402381.
Cooke NP, Mattiangeli V, Cassidy LM, Okazaki K, Stokes CA, Onbe S, et al. (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; et al. (2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (9780): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (4 April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Kim, Wook (April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Hong, Shi (14 July 2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–419. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
Hwang, Jung-Hee (20 June 2008). "A MELAS syndrome family harboring two mutations in mitochondrial genome". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 40 (3): 354–360. doi:10.3858/emm.2008.40.3.354. PMC 2679288. PMID 18587274.
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904.e29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037.
Guo, Fei; Song, Liqu; Zhang, Longnian (May 2016). "Population genetics for 17 Y-STR loci in Korean ethnic minority from Liaoning Province, Northeast China". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 22: e9 – e11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.007. PMID 26818791.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; et al. (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2011 (2): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511. S2CID 206977488.
Hee Kim, Soon (2010). "Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 124 (6): 653–657. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1. PMID 20714743. S2CID 27125545.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (16 January 2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1) e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
Kim, Young Jin; Jin, Han Jun (2013). "Dissecting the genetic structure of Korean population using genome-wide SNP arrays". Genes Genom. 24 (3). Cambridge: The Genetics Society of Korea (published 2014): 360. doi:10.1007/s13258-013-0082-8. S2CID 256065429.
Pan, Ziqing; Xu, Shuhua (2019). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Hereditas. 157 (49). Berlin: BioMed Central (published 2020): 5. doi:10.1186/s41065-020-00162-w. PMC 7724877. PMID 33292737.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander (2021). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Nature. 7850 (591). Berlin: Nature Portfolio: 413–419. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2. PMC 7993749. PMID 33618348.

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

"South Korea's fertility rate is the lowest in the world". The Economist. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.

ethnologue.com (Global: 339^th place; English: 388^th place)

"Korean". Ethnologue. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
Koreans at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
"Korean". ethnologue. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2013.

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

members.forbes.com

Kelly, Tim (18 September 2006). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2007.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Miyamoto, Kazuo (January 2022). "The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4 e3. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.49. hdl:2324/4796095. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10426040. PMID 37588923. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.

hankooki.com (Global: 3,484^th place; English: 4,517^th place)

times.hankooki.com

Ban, Byung-yool (22 September 2004). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
Meinardus, Ronaldo (15 December 2005). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2007.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601877 (published 1 February 2017). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.
Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2 (2): 89–98. Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2...89A. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9. S2CID 129727300.
Whitman, John (1 December 2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0.
Whitman, John (December 2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. ISSN 1939-8433.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. The northern East Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China, who were an admixture of ANA and NYR ancestry3. The finding indicated that West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans. Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan5.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; Dolińska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-Yōjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (November 2021). "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages". Nature. 599 (7886): 616–621. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..616R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8612925. PMID 34759322. ...Bronze Age Taejungni, given the Bronze Age date it can be best modelled as Upper Xiajiadian
Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Sawyer, Susanna; Yang, Songhyok; Greytak, Ellen McRae; Choi, Hansol (8 August 2022). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3232G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. S2CID 251410856.
Cooke NP, Mattiangeli V, Cassidy LM, Okazaki K, Stokes CA, Onbe S, et al. (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; et al. (2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (9780): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (16 January 2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1) e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.

iie.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101–131. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2008.

immigration.gov.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

재외동포 본문(지역별 상세). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 15 July 2011. p. 64. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2012.

index.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

재외동포현황 [Current Status of Overseas Compatriots] (in Korean). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
2014년 재외국민 통계청자료= (in Korean), 2014, retrieved 1 May 2013

insamer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.insamer.com

INSAMER. "South Korean Muslims - İnsamer - İnsamer". INSAMER. Retrieved 7 April 2025.

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840^th place; English: 6,572^nd place)

Nonzaki, Yoshiki; Inokuchi, Hiromitsu; Kim, Tae-Young (4 September 2006). "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 4 (9). Archived from the original on 25 January 2007.

jst.go.jp (Global: 1,903^rd place; English: 2,346^th place)

jstage.jst.go.jp

Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). "Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data". Anthropological Science. 129 (1): 45–58. doi:10.1537/ase.201215.

khan.co.kr (Global: 1,683^rd place; English: 2,415^th place)

[이기환의 흔적의 역사] 국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). 30 August 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

korea.net (Global: 5,956^th place; English: 5,331^st place)

"Researchers discover Korean genetic roots in 7,700-year-old skull". Korea.net. Korean Culture and Information Service. Retrieved 18 March 2017.

koreaherald.com (Global: 463^rd place; English: 348^th place)

Hyun-ju, Ock (27 November 2019). "[Feature] Lai Dai Han people still seeking apology, roots in Korea". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

koreanamericanstory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"KoreanAmericanStory.org". KoreanAmericanStory.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.

koreatimes.co.kr (Global: 536^th place; English: 386^th place)

"Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million". The Korea Times. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
"Fertility rate dips below 1 in 2018: official". archive.fo. 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.

lai-daihan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Vietnam War Rape Survivors Demand Justice from South Korea - Bringing Justice to the Lai Dai Han". Bringing Justice to the Lai Dai Han. 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.

migrationpolicy.org (Global: 8,209^th place; English: 5,379^th place)

"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination". 10 February 2014.

mofa.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

재외동포현황(2021)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2021). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021. p. 38. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
MOFA 2013, p. 133 (Chapter 3) 재외동포현황 [Status of Compatriots Abroad], Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 30 September 2013, retrieved 30 April 2015
남아시아태평양, 재외동포현황 [Overseas Koreans Status], Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 30 September 2013, p. 103, retrieved 30 April 2015

mofat.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

재외동포 본문(지역별 상세), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 15 July 2011, retrieved 25 February 2012
[1]^{[dead link]}

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

genographic.nationalgeographic.com

Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link. Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Horai, Satoshi; Murayama, Kumiko (1996). "mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (3). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cell Press: 579–590. PMC 1914908. PMID 8751859.
Yi, SoJeong; An, Hyungmi; Lee, Howard; Lee, Sangin (2014). "Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean". Annals of Human Genetics. 35 (10). Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013): 477–485. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075. PMID 25029633. S2CID 43243512.
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601877 (published 1 February 2017). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. 155 19 (published 6 April 2018). doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (5 May 2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Kim, W., Saitou, N., & Jin, L. (1992). [Phylogenetic relationships of East Asian populations, inferred from restriction patterns of mitochondrial DNA](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1510113/). *Molecular Biology and Evolution, 9*(5), 547-553. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040753
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344. He also suggests that the arrival of Koreanic in Korea was associated with the spread of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture from present-day northeast China to Korea around 300 BCE. ...

While pottery styles clearly differ between northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, an influx of northeast Chinese pottery styles into Korea has not been detected, and the styles of the two areas remain distinct long after the appearance of millet with little change in Chulmun pottery styles over time. ...

However, as outlined above, because the Korean Peninsula was already occupied by Chulmun hunter–fisher–gatherers since at least 6000 BCE, a key to evaluating the millet hypothesis is determining whether millet was adopted by the Chulmun foragers (diffusion) or whether it was brought along as a part of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning. If millet was introduced as a result of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning, an archaeologically detectable influx of Liaoning culture and changes in material culture after the introduction of millet should be expected, because vessel shape, manufacturing technology and the design layout and motifs of Korean Chulmun pottery markedly differ from those of Liaoning pottery. However, there is no detectable appearance of elements of Liaoning material culture that accompanies the arrival of millets. ...

Even if millet was brought by some migrants from northeast China to Korea, archaeological evidence demonstrates that the scale of migration was probably not large enough to lead to a fundamental linguistic change or the dispersal of a linguistic family.
Miyamoto, Kazuo (January 2022). "The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4 e3. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.49. hdl:2324/4796095. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10426040. PMID 37588923. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Kim W, Han BG, Shin DJ, et al. Origin of Koreans: A population genetic study. *PubMed*. 1992. [2](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1510113/)
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyang; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2 January 2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 36809229. Koreans can also be modelled as deriving ancestry from a single source related to WLR_BA, consisting of the transmission route of farming from the northeast to the Korean Peninsula and even the Japanese islands (Kwak et al. 2017; Kim and Park 2020).
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. The northern East Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China, who were an admixture of ANA and NYR ancestry3. The finding indicated that West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans. Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan5.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; et al. (2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. PMID 36809229 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Manchus and Koreans have the closest affinity with ancients in the Yellow River (YR) and Yankovsky_IA (ancients from the Iron age far east) as shown in outgroup f3 (Studied population, Ancient, Mbuti). The studied populations share more genetic drift with the ancient Yellow River and West Liao River basins than with Tibetan, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, and other southern and northeastern populations. However, Manchus and Koreans shared similar amounts of genetic drift with the ancient populations of the Yellow River and West Liao River basins compared to the Han Chinese.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; Dolińska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-Yōjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (November 2021). "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages". Nature. 599 (7886): 616–621. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..616R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8612925. PMID 34759322. ...Bronze Age Taejungni, given the Bronze Age date it can be best modelled as Upper Xiajiadian
Kim, Jungeun; Jeon, Sungwon; Choi, Jae-Pil; et al. (2020). "The Origin and Composition of Korean Ethnicity Analyzed by Ancient and Present-Day Genome Sequences". Genome Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 553–565. doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa062. PMC 7250502. PMID 32219389.
Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Sawyer, Susanna; Yang, Songhyok; Greytak, Ellen McRae; Choi, Hansol (8 August 2022). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3232G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyan; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. PMID 36809229.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. S2CID 251410856.
Kim, Jonghyun; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Matsushita, Takayuki; et al. (2024). "Genetic analysis of a Yayoi individual from the Doigahama site provides insights into the origins of immigrants to the Japanese Archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1038/s10038-024-01295-w. PMC 11700843. PMID 39402381.
Cooke NP, Mattiangeli V, Cassidy LM, Okazaki K, Stokes CA, Onbe S, et al. (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; et al. (2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (9780): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (4 April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Kim, Wook (April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Hong, Shi (14 July 2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–419. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
Hwang, Jung-Hee (20 June 2008). "A MELAS syndrome family harboring two mutations in mitochondrial genome". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 40 (3): 354–360. doi:10.3858/emm.2008.40.3.354. PMC 2679288. PMID 18587274.
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904.e29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037.
Guo, Fei; Song, Liqu; Zhang, Longnian (May 2016). "Population genetics for 17 Y-STR loci in Korean ethnic minority from Liaoning Province, Northeast China". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 22: e9 – e11. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.01.007. PMID 26818791.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; et al. (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2011 (2): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511. S2CID 206977488.
Hee Kim, Soon (2010). "Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 124 (6): 653–657. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1. PMID 20714743. S2CID 27125545.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (16 January 2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1) e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
Pan, Ziqing; Xu, Shuhua (2019). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Hereditas. 157 (49). Berlin: BioMed Central (published 2020): 5. doi:10.1186/s41065-020-00162-w. PMC 7724877. PMID 33292737.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander (2021). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Nature. 7850 (591). Berlin: Nature Portfolio: 413–419. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2. PMC 7993749. PMID 33618348.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Horai, Satoshi; Murayama, Kumiko (1996). "mtDNA Polymorphism in East Asian Populations, with Special Reference to the Peopling of Japan". American Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (3). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cell Press: 579–590. PMC 1914908. PMID 8751859.
Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances. 3 (2) e1601877 (published 1 February 2017). Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.
Wang, Yuchen; Lu, Dongsheng; Chung, Yeun-Jun; Xu, Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations". Hereditas. 155 19 (published 6 April 2018). doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (5 May 2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344. He also suggests that the arrival of Koreanic in Korea was associated with the spread of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture from present-day northeast China to Korea around 300 BCE. ...

While pottery styles clearly differ between northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, an influx of northeast Chinese pottery styles into Korea has not been detected, and the styles of the two areas remain distinct long after the appearance of millet with little change in Chulmun pottery styles over time. ...

However, as outlined above, because the Korean Peninsula was already occupied by Chulmun hunter–fisher–gatherers since at least 6000 BCE, a key to evaluating the millet hypothesis is determining whether millet was adopted by the Chulmun foragers (diffusion) or whether it was brought along as a part of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning. If millet was introduced as a result of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning, an archaeologically detectable influx of Liaoning culture and changes in material culture after the introduction of millet should be expected, because vessel shape, manufacturing technology and the design layout and motifs of Korean Chulmun pottery markedly differ from those of Liaoning pottery. However, there is no detectable appearance of elements of Liaoning material culture that accompanies the arrival of millets. ...

Even if millet was brought by some migrants from northeast China to Korea, archaeological evidence demonstrates that the scale of migration was probably not large enough to lead to a fundamental linguistic change or the dispersal of a linguistic family.
Miyamoto, Kazuo (January 2022). "The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4 e3. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.49. hdl:2324/4796095. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10426040. PMID 37588923. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; Dolińska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-Yōjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (November 2021). "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages". Nature. 599 (7886): 616–621. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..616R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8612925. PMID 34759322. ...Bronze Age Taejungni, given the Bronze Age date it can be best modelled as Upper Xiajiadian
Kim, Jungeun; Jeon, Sungwon; Choi, Jae-Pil; et al. (2020). "The Origin and Composition of Korean Ethnicity Analyzed by Ancient and Present-Day Genome Sequences". Genome Biology and Evolution. 12 (5): 553–565. doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa062. PMC 7250502. PMID 32219389.
Kim, Jonghyun; Mizuno, Fuzuki; Matsushita, Takayuki; et al. (2024). "Genetic analysis of a Yayoi individual from the Doigahama site provides insights into the origins of immigrants to the Japanese Archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 47–57. doi:10.1038/s10038-024-01295-w. PMC 11700843. PMID 39402381.
Cooke NP, Mattiangeli V, Cassidy LM, Okazaki K, Stokes CA, Onbe S, et al. (September 2021). "Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations". Science Advances. 7 (38) eabh2419. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2419C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419. PMC 8448447. PMID 34533991.
Yamamoto, Kenichi; Namba, Shinichi; Sonehara, Kyuto; et al. (2024). "Genetic legacy of ancient hunter-gatherer Jomon in Japanese populations". Nature Communications. 15 (9780): 9780. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.9780Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54052-0. PMC 11558008. PMID 39532881.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook (4 April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Kim, Wook (April 2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511.
Hong, Shi (14 July 2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–419. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
Hwang, Jung-Hee (20 June 2008). "A MELAS syndrome family harboring two mutations in mitochondrial genome". Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 40 (3): 354–360. doi:10.3858/emm.2008.40.3.354. PMC 2679288. PMID 18587274.
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold; Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe". Cell. 183 (4): 890–904.e29. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015. PMC 7664836. PMID 33157037.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; et al. (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2011 (2): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511. S2CID 206977488.
Jin, Han-Jun; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Kim, Wook (16 January 2009). "The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers". PLOS ONE. 4 (1) e4210. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.4210J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004210. PMC 2615218. PMID 19148289.
Pan, Ziqing; Xu, Shuhua (2019). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Hereditas. 157 (49). Berlin: BioMed Central (published 2020): 5. doi:10.1186/s41065-020-00162-w. PMC 7724877. PMID 33292737.
Wang, Chuan-Chao; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Popov, Alexander (2021). "Population genomics of East Asian ethnic groups". Nature. 7850 (591). Berlin: Nature Portfolio: 413–419. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03336-2. PMC 7993749. PMID 33618348.

npdata.be (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Wachtregister asiel 2012-2021". npdata.be. Retrieved 12 April 2023.

oka.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

재외동포 현황 [Current status of overseas Koreans]. oka.go.kr. Office of Overseas Koreans, Republic of Korea. 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
다수거주 국가 현황. South Korea: Overseas Koreans Agency. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

academic.oup.com

Kim, Jun; Park, Jong Lyul; Yang, Jin Ok; et al. (2025). "Highly accurate Korean draft genomes reveal structural variation highlighting human telomere evolution". Nucleic Acids Research. 53 (1) – via Oxford Academic.

pulsenews.co.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"S. Korea's childbirth tally drops to another historic low in October …". archive.fo. 23 January 2019. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Park, Hyunseo (August 2017). Food Globalization and Culture War: The Case of the Halal Food Complex in South Korea (Pdf) (Master's thesis). Michigan State University. p. 38. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.27796.81286. Retrieved 15 April 2025.
Kim, J. (2021). [Relationship between the Altaic Languages and the Korean Language](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348061296_Relationship_between_the_Altaic_Languages_and_the_Korean_Language). *ResearchGate.*
Zhu, Kong-Yang; Zhang, Zhi-Ping; Tao, Le; et al. (2023). "The genetic diversity in the ancient human population ofUpper Xiajiadian culture". Journal of Systematics and Evolution – via ResearchGate.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Sawyer, Susanna; Yang, Songhyok; Greytak, Ellen McRae; Choi, Hansol (8 August 2022). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3232G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Yi, SoJeong; An, Hyungmi; Lee, Howard; Lee, Sangin (2014). "Ancestry informative SNP panels for discriminating the major East Asian populations: Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean". Annals of Human Genetics. 35 (10). Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013): 477–485. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000075. PMID 25029633. S2CID 43243512.
Ahn, Sung-Mo (June 2010). "The emergence of rice agriculture in Korea: archaeobotanical perspectives". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2 (2): 89–98. Bibcode:2010ArAnS...2...89A. doi:10.1007/s12520-010-0029-9. S2CID 129727300.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. S2CID 251410856.
Kim, Soon-Hee; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; et al. (2011). "High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea". Investigative Genetics. 2011 (2): 10. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. PMC 3087676. PMID 21463511. S2CID 206977488.
Hee Kim, Soon (2010). "Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 124 (6): 653–657. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1. PMID 20714743. S2CID 27125545.
Kim, Young Jin; Jin, Han Jun (2013). "Dissecting the genetic structure of Korean population using genome-wide SNP arrays". Genes Genom. 24 (3). Cambridge: The Genetics Society of Korea (published 2014): 360. doi:10.1007/s13258-013-0082-8. S2CID 256065429.

senate.gov.ph (Global: 8,454^th place; English: 4,800^th place)

legacy.senate.gov.ph

"Mixed Filipino Heritage Act of 2020". Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; et al. (2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. PMID 36809229 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Manchus and Koreans have the closest affinity with ancients in the Yellow River (YR) and Yankovsky_IA (ancients from the Iron age far east) as shown in outgroup f3 (Studied population, Ancient, Mbuti). The studied populations share more genetic drift with the ancient Yellow River and West Liao River basins than with Tibetan, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, and other southern and northeastern populations. However, Manchus and Koreans shared similar amounts of genetic drift with the ancient populations of the Yellow River and West Liao River basins compared to the Han Chinese.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

Julian Ryall, Tokyo (31 May 2016). "Polish firms employing North Korean 'slave labourers' benefit from EU aid". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 6 June 2019.

tuik.gov.tr (Global: 728^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

nip.tuik.gov.tr

"Tabiiyete Göre Yabancı Nüfus" [Foreign Population by Nationality] (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 12 October 2025.

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

sas.upenn.edu

Eugene Y. Park. (n.d.). Penn Arts & Sciences East Asian Languages and Civilizations. Retrieved 24 January 2018, from link. Archived 11 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

liberalarts.utexas.edu

Tikhonov, Vladimir. (2013). Korean-Japanese Marriages in 1920s-40s Korean Prose. University of Texas at Austin Center for East Asian Studies. Retrieved 31 May 2017, from link. Archived 4 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million". The Korea Times. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
"Worldbank, 2020". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
재외동포현황(2021)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2021). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021. p. 38. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
재외동포 현황 [Current status of overseas Koreans]. oka.go.kr. Office of Overseas Koreans, Republic of Korea. 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
다수거주 국가 현황. South Korea: Overseas Koreans Agency. 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
재외동포 본문(지역별 상세). Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 15 July 2011. p. 64. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (21 December 2017). Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-6464-0. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link. Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Eugene Y. Park. (n.d.). Penn Arts & Sciences East Asian Languages and Civilizations. Retrieved 24 January 2018, from link. Archived 11 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Eugene Y. Park, from the 7:06 mark of the YouTube video to the 7:38 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "Secondly, on the one hand, so many Koreans seem to talk, to be able to tell, one, something about his or her Gyeongju Kim ancestors, of a Silla kingdom two-thousand years ago. And yet, such a person is unlikely to be able to tell you something about his or her great-great-grandparents, what they were doing hundred years ago, what their occupations were, where they were living, where their family graves are. In other words, a memory blackout, before the twentieth century."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 16:54 mark of the YouTube video to the 18:54 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "So, from this point on, then, I would like to survey, how the Koreans descended. Koreans, depending on their ancestors' status category, have dealt with genealogy and ancestry consciousness, in the last, differently, in the last two centuries. And, of course, most Koreans are not descendants of aristocrats, but, the, but what happened in the last hundred fifty, hundred to hundred fifty years, is that those Koreans, the vast majority of Koreans have lost memory of their actual history, in the sense where now, any outside observer who might ask a Korean person about ancestry, would be left with the impression that every Korean is now of aristocratic descent. So let me begin with the aristocracy. In the early modern era, the kind of a master narrative, stories that purport to explain a particular surname-ancestral seat combination's history, crystallize, they became set in stone, through inventing tradition. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, many, all families devise such a stories, to the extent where, now today in Korea, anybody who is interested in tracing his or her ancestry, has to deal with such master narratives, but at the same time it is next to impossible to look beyond master narratives. In other words, in Korea, today, there's little sense of doing the kind of doing the genealogical research that you and I would do in the United States, by looking at Census documents, and other types of documentation, that have been passed down through generations, or, have been maintained by the government."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 28:32 mark of the YouTube video to the 29:21 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "This is an example. Here we see records that gives us a better sense of what inventing tradition was like. Here, a page from an eighteen seventy-three Miryang Pak family genealogy. Here's a man, indicated inside the circle named, Ju (冑). He had three sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong (子恩慶, 子賢慶, 子元慶). But the edition that was published a bit later in the nineteen twenty, so we see the same man, Ju, and, under him, we see sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong and, the extra, the fourth son, out of nowhere, Tōkhwa (子徳華). Actually, this is my family. So, this was commonly done in the modern era, the children, son out of nowhere or claims that we were left out centuries ago, and please include us."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 18:55 mark of the YouTube video to the 19:30 mark of the YouTube video Archived 1 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "And, these master narratives, genealogically connect all descent lines of a same surname and ancestral seat, to a single, common, ancestor. And, this was the pattern that was, that became universal by the nineteenth century. Whereas, genealogies published in the seventeenth century, actually, frankly admit that we do not know how these different lines of the same surname or ancestral seat are related or connected at all. So, all these changes took place only in the last two hundred years or so."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 46:17 mark of the YouTube video to the 47:02 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "At any rate, so, once, so, based on one's surname Kim, let's say, and the ancestral seat, Kimhae, which is the most common ancestral seat among Kim surname Koreans, one can then look up, consult reference books, encyclopedias, go online to, find all these stories about different branches, famous individuals who are Kimhae Kim. But the problem is, of course, before the early modern era, only a small percentage of Koreans had surnames and the ancestral seat to begin with. In other words, the rest of the population had adopted these identities in the last two-three hundred years, so where does one go from there? And, this was definitely my challenge when I was a child."
"Korean". ethnologue. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
Kim, Si-joong (2003). "The Economic Status and Role of Ethnic Koreans in China" (PDF). The Korean Diaspora in the World Economy. Institute for International Economics. pp. Ch. 6: 101–131. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
Ban, Byung-yool (22 September 2004). "Koreans in Russia: Historical Perspective". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
Nonzaki, Yoshiki; Inokuchi, Hiromitsu; Kim, Tae-Young (4 September 2006). "Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 4 (9). Archived from the original on 25 January 2007.
"South Korea's population passes 50 million". 22 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 August 2013.
"Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
"South Korea's fertility rate is the lowest in the world". The Economist. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
"KoreanAmericanStory.org". KoreanAmericanStory.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
Kelly, Tim (18 September 2006). "Ho Chi Minh Money Trail". Forbes. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2007.
Meinardus, Ronaldo (15 December 2005). ""Korean Wave" in Philippines". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
Tikhonov, Vladimir. (2013). Korean-Japanese Marriages in 1920s-40s Korean Prose. University of Texas at Austin Center for East Asian Studies. Retrieved 31 May 2017, from link. Archived 4 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
"Mixed Filipino Heritage Act of 2020". Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
"Vietnam War Rape Survivors Demand Justice from South Korea - Bringing Justice to the Lai Dai Han". Bringing Justice to the Lai Dai Han. 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Hyun-ju, Ock (27 November 2019). "[Feature] Lai Dai Han people still seeking apology, roots in Korea". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.

wiktionary.org (Global: 649^th place; English: 827^th place)

en.wiktionary.org

Eugene Y. Park, from the 28:32 mark of the YouTube video to the 29:21 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "This is an example. Here we see records that gives us a better sense of what inventing tradition was like. Here, a page from an eighteen seventy-three Miryang Pak family genealogy. Here's a man, indicated inside the circle named, Ju (冑). He had three sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong (子恩慶, 子賢慶, 子元慶). But the edition that was published a bit later in the nineteen twenty, so we see the same man, Ju, and, under him, we see sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong and, the extra, the fourth son, out of nowhere, Tōkhwa (子徳華). Actually, this is my family. So, this was commonly done in the modern era, the children, son out of nowhere or claims that we were left out centuries ago, and please include us."

worldbank.org (Global: 231^st place; English: 332^nd place)

data.worldbank.org

"Worldbank, 2020". Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
"Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (5 May 2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344. He also suggests that the arrival of Koreanic in Korea was associated with the spread of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture from present-day northeast China to Korea around 300 BCE. ...

While pottery styles clearly differ between northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, an influx of northeast Chinese pottery styles into Korea has not been detected, and the styles of the two areas remain distinct long after the appearance of millet with little change in Chulmun pottery styles over time. ...

However, as outlined above, because the Korean Peninsula was already occupied by Chulmun hunter–fisher–gatherers since at least 6000 BCE, a key to evaluating the millet hypothesis is determining whether millet was adopted by the Chulmun foragers (diffusion) or whether it was brought along as a part of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning. If millet was introduced as a result of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning, an archaeologically detectable influx of Liaoning culture and changes in material culture after the introduction of millet should be expected, because vessel shape, manufacturing technology and the design layout and motifs of Korean Chulmun pottery markedly differ from those of Liaoning pottery. However, there is no detectable appearance of elements of Liaoning material culture that accompanies the arrival of millets. ...

Even if millet was brought by some migrants from northeast China to Korea, archaeological evidence demonstrates that the scale of migration was probably not large enough to lead to a fundamental linguistic change or the dispersal of a linguistic family.
Miyamoto, Kazuo (January 2022). "The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 4 e3. doi:10.1017/ehs.2021.49. hdl:2324/4796095. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10426040. PMID 37588923. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020). "Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context". Evolutionary Human Sciences. 2 e12. doi:10.1017/ehs.2020.13. ISSN 2513-843X. PMC 10427441. PMID 37588344.
Whitman, John (December 2011). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan". Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..149W. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. ISSN 1939-8433.
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyang; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2 January 2023). "The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China". Annals of Human Biology. 50 (1): 161–171. doi:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912. ISSN 0301-4460. PMID 36809229. Koreans can also be modelled as deriving ancestry from a single source related to WLR_BA, consisting of the transmission route of farming from the northeast to the Korean Peninsula and even the Japanese islands (Kwak et al. 2017; Kim and Park 2020).
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. The northern East Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China, who were an admixture of ANA and NYR ancestry3. The finding indicated that West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans. Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan5.
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020). "Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2700. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2700N. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2. hdl:21.11116/0000-0007-30F2-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7264253. PMID 32483115.
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; Dolińska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-Yōjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (November 2021). "Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages". Nature. 599 (7886): 616–621. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..616R. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8612925. PMID 34759322. ...Bronze Age Taejungni, given the Bronze Age date it can be best modelled as Upper Xiajiadian
Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Özdoğan, Kadir T.; Sawyer, Susanna; Yang, Songhyok; Greytak, Ellen McRae; Choi, Hansol (8 August 2022). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea". Current Biology. 32 (15): 3232–3244.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3232G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35732180.
Wang, Rui; Wang, Chuan-Chao (8 August 2022). "Human genetics: The dual origin of Three Kingdoms period Koreans". Current Biology. 32 (15): R844 – R847. Bibcode:2022CBio...32.R844W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.044. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 35944486. S2CID 251410856.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

Eugene Y. Park, from the 7:06 mark of the YouTube video to the 7:38 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "Secondly, on the one hand, so many Koreans seem to talk, to be able to tell, one, something about his or her Gyeongju Kim ancestors, of a Silla kingdom two-thousand years ago. And yet, such a person is unlikely to be able to tell you something about his or her great-great-grandparents, what they were doing hundred years ago, what their occupations were, where they were living, where their family graves are. In other words, a memory blackout, before the twentieth century."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 16:54 mark of the YouTube video to the 18:54 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "So, from this point on, then, I would like to survey, how the Koreans descended. Koreans, depending on their ancestors' status category, have dealt with genealogy and ancestry consciousness, in the last, differently, in the last two centuries. And, of course, most Koreans are not descendants of aristocrats, but, the, but what happened in the last hundred fifty, hundred to hundred fifty years, is that those Koreans, the vast majority of Koreans have lost memory of their actual history, in the sense where now, any outside observer who might ask a Korean person about ancestry, would be left with the impression that every Korean is now of aristocratic descent. So let me begin with the aristocracy. In the early modern era, the kind of a master narrative, stories that purport to explain a particular surname-ancestral seat combination's history, crystallize, they became set in stone, through inventing tradition. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, many, all families devise such a stories, to the extent where, now today in Korea, anybody who is interested in tracing his or her ancestry, has to deal with such master narratives, but at the same time it is next to impossible to look beyond master narratives. In other words, in Korea, today, there's little sense of doing the kind of doing the genealogical research that you and I would do in the United States, by looking at Census documents, and other types of documentation, that have been passed down through generations, or, have been maintained by the government."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 28:32 mark of the YouTube video to the 29:21 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "This is an example. Here we see records that gives us a better sense of what inventing tradition was like. Here, a page from an eighteen seventy-three Miryang Pak family genealogy. Here's a man, indicated inside the circle named, Ju (冑). He had three sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong (子恩慶, 子賢慶, 子元慶). But the edition that was published a bit later in the nineteen twenty, so we see the same man, Ju, and, under him, we see sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong and, the extra, the fourth son, out of nowhere, Tōkhwa (子徳華). Actually, this is my family. So, this was commonly done in the modern era, the children, son out of nowhere or claims that we were left out centuries ago, and please include us."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 18:55 mark of the YouTube video to the 19:30 mark of the YouTube video Archived 1 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "And, these master narratives, genealogically connect all descent lines of a same surname and ancestral seat, to a single, common, ancestor. And, this was the pattern that was, that became universal by the nineteenth century. Whereas, genealogies published in the seventeenth century, actually, frankly admit that we do not know how these different lines of the same surname or ancestral seat are related or connected at all. So, all these changes took place only in the last two hundred years or so."
Eugene Y. Park, from the 46:17 mark of the YouTube video to the 47:02 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "At any rate, so, once, so, based on one's surname Kim, let's say, and the ancestral seat, Kimhae, which is the most common ancestral seat among Kim surname Koreans, one can then look up, consult reference books, encyclopedias, go online to, find all these stories about different branches, famous individuals who are Kimhae Kim. But the problem is, of course, before the early modern era, only a small percentage of Koreans had surnames and the ancestral seat to begin with. In other words, the rest of the population had adopted these identities in the last two-three hundred years, so where does one go from there? And, this was definitely my challenge when I was a child."

Koreans (English Wikipedia)

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476th place; English: 5,338th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)

census.gov (Global: 45th place; English: 41st place)

data.census.gov

chosun.com (Global: 342nd place; English: 357th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

economist.com (Global: 254th place; English: 236th place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 339th place; English: 388th place)

forbes.com (Global: 54th place; English: 48th place)

members.forbes.com

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

hankooki.com (Global: 3,484th place; English: 4,517th place)

times.hankooki.com

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

iie.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

immigration.gov.tw (Global: low place; English: low place)

index.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

insamer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.insamer.com

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840th place; English: 6,572nd place)

jst.go.jp (Global: 1,903rd place; English: 2,346th place)

jstage.jst.go.jp

khan.co.kr (Global: 1,683rd place; English: 2,415th place)

korea.net (Global: 5,956th place; English: 5,331st place)

koreaherald.com (Global: 463rd place; English: 348th place)

koreanamericanstory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

koreatimes.co.kr (Global: 536th place; English: 386th place)

lai-daihan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

migrationpolicy.org (Global: 8,209th place; English: 5,379th place)

mofa.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

mofat.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344th place; English: 296th place)

genographic.nationalgeographic.com

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

npdata.be (Global: low place; English: low place)

oka.go.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

oup.com (Global: 485th place; English: 440th place)

academic.oup.com

pulsenews.co.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120th place; English: 125th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149th place; English: 178th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

senate.gov.ph (Global: 8,454th place; English: 4,800th place)

legacy.senate.gov.ph

tandfonline.com (Global: 507th place; English: 429th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30th place; English: 24th place)

tuik.gov.tr (Global: 728th place; English: 1,716th place)

nip.tuik.gov.tr

upenn.edu (Global: 702nd place; English: 520th place)

sas.upenn.edu

utexas.edu (Global: 916th place; English: 706th place)

liberalarts.utexas.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wiktionary.org (Global: 649th place; English: 827th place)

en.wiktionary.org

worldbank.org (Global: 231st place; English: 332nd place)

data.worldbank.org

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

youtube.com (Global: 9th place; English: 13th place)

apjjf.org (Global: 8,476^th place; English: 5,338^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archive.today (Global: 14^th place; English: 14^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

census.gov (Global: 45^th place; English: 41^st place)

chosun.com (Global: 342^nd place; English: 357^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 236^th place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 339^th place; English: 388^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 54^th place; English: 48^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hankooki.com (Global: 3,484^th place; English: 4,517^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

japanfocus.org (Global: 9,840^th place; English: 6,572^nd place)

jst.go.jp (Global: 1,903^rd place; English: 2,346^th place)

khan.co.kr (Global: 1,683^rd place; English: 2,415^th place)

korea.net (Global: 5,956^th place; English: 5,331^st place)

koreaherald.com (Global: 463^rd place; English: 348^th place)

koreatimes.co.kr (Global: 536^th place; English: 386^th place)

migrationpolicy.org (Global: 8,209^th place; English: 5,379^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

oup.com (Global: 485^th place; English: 440^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

senate.gov.ph (Global: 8,454^th place; English: 4,800^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 30^th place; English: 24^th place)

tuik.gov.tr (Global: 728^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiktionary.org (Global: 649^th place; English: 827^th place)

worldbank.org (Global: 231^st place; English: 332^nd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)