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Clague, David A.; Dalrymple, G. Brent (1987). "The Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain – Geological Evolution"(PDF). In Decker, Robert W.; Wright, Thomas L.; Straffer, Peter H. (eds.). Volcanism in Hawaii: papers to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Hawaii Volcano Observatory. Professional Paper 1350. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Volcano Hazards Team, United States Geological Survey, United States Government Printing Office. p. 32. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 10, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.