References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Lamia" in the English version

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

This prompted Henderson (1998) to "humorlessly infer" that the Lamia must have been a hermaphrodite. Ogden (2013a), p. 91, note 117. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Aristotle says there is a shark called "lamia".Resnick & Kitchell (2007), p. 83 Resnick, Irven M.; Kitchell, Kenneth F. Jr. (2007). "The Sweepings of Lamia: Transformations of the Myths of Lilith and Lamia". Religion, Gender, and Culture in the Pre-Modern World. Springer. pp. 77–105. ISBN 9780230604292.

Diodorus Siculus (fl. 1st century BC), Library of History XX.41, quoted by Ogden (2013b), p. 98 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Duris of Samos (d. 280 B. C.), Libyca, quoted by Ogden (2013b), p. 98 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Morgan, Diane (30 September 2008). "The Natural and Unnatural History of the Snake". Snakes in Myth, Magic, and History: The Story of a Human Obsession. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 19. ISBN 9780313352935. Retrieved 14 May 2026. The traditional image of a lamia is of a serpent with a woman's head and breasts, although representations vary. The original Lamia was the serpent goddess of Libya, probably related to the Greek Medusa and Egyptian Neith.

Ogden, Daniel (28 February 2013). "Drakōn Fights: Drakontes Composite". Drakōn: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780199557325. Retrieved 14 May 2026. We begin by considering the anguipede drakontes, those basically made up of a humanoid upper body and a serpent-shaped lower body, Typhon, Echidna, the Giants, Campe, and Lamia. The myths of Lamia (or the lamiai) have much in common with those of snake-locked Medusa, ... and she in turn has much in common with the snake-tailed Chimaera, ... the latter two seemingly merging into the Gorgon-Aegis creature.

West, David R. (1995), Some cults of Greek goddesses and female daemons of Oriental origin, Butzon & Bercker, p. 293, ISBN 9783766698438

Fisher, Elizabeth A. (2009), "The Anonymous Commentary on Nicomachean Ethics VII: Language, Style and Implications", in Barber, Charles E.; Jenkins, David Todd (eds.), Medieval Greek Commentaries on the Nicomachean Ethics, Brill, pp. 147–148, ISBN 978-9004173934

Scholium from the Byzantine-Hellenistic period to Aristophanes, Peace 758, quoted by Ogden (2013b), p. 98 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Ogden (2013b), p. 99. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Heraclitus Paradoxographus (2nd century) De Incredibilibus 34, quoted by Ogden (2013b), p. 98 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Ogden (2013b), p. 98. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Johnston, Sarah Iles, ed. (2013). Restless Dead: Encounters Between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece. Univ of California Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780520280182.

Mulroy, D. (1994), Horace's Odes and Epodes, University of Michigan Press, p. 86, ISBN 978-0472105311

Aristophanes, The Wasps, 1035; Peace 758, cited by Ogden (2013a), p. 91, note 117. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Ogden (2013a), pp. 90–91, note 114. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Kilpatrick, Ross Stuart (1990). The Poetry of Criticism: Horace, Epistles II and Ars Poetica. University of Alberta. p. 80. ISBN 9780888641465.

Member of the university (1894). A literal Translation of Horace's Art of Poetry. With explanatory notes. Cambridge: J. Hall. p. 22.

Suidas (1834), Gaisford, Thomas (ed.), Lexicon: post Ludolphum Kusterum ad codices manuscriptos. K - Psi, vol. 2, Typographeo Academico, p. 2523: "Μορμώ: λέγεται καὶ Μορμώ, Μορμοῦς, ὡς Σαπφώ. καὶ Μορμών, Μορμόνος. Ἀριστοφάνης: ἀντιβολῶ σ', ἀπένεγκέ μου τὴν Μορμόνα. ἄπο τὰ φοβερά: φοβερὰ γὰρ ὑπῆρχεν ἡ Μορμώ. καὶ αὖθις Ἀριστοφάνης: Μορμὼ τοῦ θράσους. μορμολύκειον, ἣν λέγουσι Λαμίαν: ἔλεγον δὲ οὕτω καὶ τὰ φοβερά. λείπει δὲ τὸ ὡς, ὡς Μορμώ, ἢ ἐπιρρηματικῶς ἐξενήνεκται, ὡς εἰ ἔλεγε, φεῦ τοῦ θράσους".

Ogden (2013a), p. 91, note 114 Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Skene, Bradley (2016). "Lamia". The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters. Routledge. pp. 369–370. ISBN 9781317044260.

Schmitz, Leonhard (1873), Smith, William (ed.), "La'mia", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, vol. 2, London: John Murray, pp. 713–714 Perseus Project "La'mia".

Philostratus (1912). "25". In Honour of Apollonius of Tyana. Vol. 2. Translated by Phillimore, J. S. Clarendon Press. pp. 24–26.

Philostratus, Life of Apollonius 4.25, quoted by Ogden (2013a), pp. 106–107. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Stoneman, Richard (1991). "Vampire". Greek Mythology: An Encyclopedia of Myth and Legend. Aquarian Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN 9780850309348.: "Lamia (not the usual application of this term)".

Ogden (2013a), p. 90. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Ogden (2013b), p. 107. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Schmitz, Leonhard (1849), Smith, William (ed.), "Lamia", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, vol. 2, London: John Murray, pp. 713–714 Perseus Project "La'mia (2)".

Kapparis, Konstantinos (2017), Prostitution in the Ancient Greek World, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, p. 118, ISBN 9783110557954

Griffiths, Alan (2002), "The Odes: Just where do you draw the line?", in Woodman, Tony; Feeney, Denis (eds.), Traditions and Contexts in the Poetry of Horace, Cambridge University Press, p. 72, ISBN 9781139439312

Frangoulidis, Stavros (2008). Witches, Isis and Narrative: Approaches to Magic in Apuleius' "Metamorphoses". Walter de Gruyter. p. 116. ISBN 9783110210033.

Greek Anthology 7.154, cited by Pache (2004), pp. 72–73 Pache, Corinne Ondine, ed. (2004). "Linos and Demophone". Baby and Child Heroes in Ancient Greece. University of Illinois Press. pp. 66–77. ISBN 9780252029295.

Pache (2004), p. 70. Pache, Corinne Ondine, ed. (2004). "Linos and Demophone". Baby and Child Heroes in Ancient Greece. University of Illinois Press. pp. 66–77. ISBN 9780252029295.

Ogden (2013a), p. 87. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Statius, Thebaid, I. 562–669, quoted by Ogden (2013b), pp. 100–102; Latin text: Thebais I; Bailey, D. R. Shackleton tr. (2003) Thebaid, Book I. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Fontenrose (1959), p. 104. Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Ogden (2013a), p. 102. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Plutarch, Moralia 1101c, cited by Ogden (2013b), p. 107. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Dio Chrysostom, Orations, 5.1, 5–27, quoted by Ogden (2013b), pp. 103–104 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Scobie, Alex (1977), "Some Folktales in Graeco-Roman and Far Eastern Sources", Philologus, 121: 1–23, doi:10.1524/phil.1977.121.1.1, S2CID 201808604, cited by Resnick & Kitchell (2007), p. 82 Resnick, Irven M.; Kitchell, Kenneth F. Jr. (2007). "The Sweepings of Lamia: Transformations of the Myths of Lilith and Lamia". Religion, Gender, and Culture in the Pre-Modern World. Springer. pp. 77–105. ISBN 9780230604292.

Lea, Henry Charles (1986) [1939], Materials toward a History of Witchcraft, vol. 1, AMS Press, p. 110, ISBN 9780404184209

Ogden (2013b), p. 105. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Fontenrose (1959), p. 44, as the female counterpart of the Python, also of Delphi; and passim. Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Fontenrose (1959), p. 107. Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Cook, Erwin F. (2006), The Odyssey in Athens: Myths of Cultural Origins, Cornell University Press, p. 89, ISBN 0801473357

Campbell, David A., ed. (1991), Stesichorus, Frag 220, translated by Campbell, David A., Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674995253, p. 133, and note 2. This fragment = Scholios on Apollonius Rhodius 4.828.^[79]

Ogden (2013b), pp. 98, 99, 105: "Nothing here explicitly declares.. a serpentine element" (Duris and Scholium), p. 98; "nothing here, again, speaks directly of a serpentin nature" (Diodorus and Heraclitus Paradoxographus), p. 98. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Ogden (2013b), p. 102: "This is not to say that the notion of an archetypal Lamia preceded the notion of lamiai as a category of monster". Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Fontenrose (1959). Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Ogden (2013b), pp. 97, 102. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Antoninus Liberalis (2nd century), Metamorphoses 8, paraphrasing Nicander, 2nd century B.C., quoted by Ogden (2013b), p. 105 Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Fontenrose (1959), pp. 44–45. Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Fontenrose (1959), pp. 284–287. Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1959). Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520040915. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Scholia to Aristophanes, Frogs 393: Rutherford, Willam G., ed. (1896), Scholia Aristophanica, vol. 1, London: Macmillan, pp. 312–313

Ogden (2013a), p. 91. Ogden, Daniel (2013-02-28). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199557325.

Ogden (2013b), p. 97. Ogden, Daniel (2013-05-30). "10 Lamia, Slain by Eurybatus and Others". Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and Early Christian Worlds: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press. pp. 99–. ISBN 9780199925117. ISBN 0199323747

Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2011), 1492: The Year Our World Began, A&C Black, p. 129, ISBN 9781408809501

Brauner, Sigrid (2001). Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 123. ISBN 9781558492974.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

The same scholium states that Mormo and Gello are equivalent to Lamia, therefore by transference Mormo is queen of the Laestrygonians, hence: Stannish & Doran (2013), p. 118. Stannish, Steven M.; Doran, Christine M. (2013). "Magic and Vampirism in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana and Bram Stoker's Dracula". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 2 (2): 113–138. doi:10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. ISBN 9780520040915. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. S2CID 191692706.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

Leinweber (1994), "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'" Folklore 105, p. 77. Leinweber, David Walter (1994). "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'". Folklore. 105 (1–2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715875. JSTOR 1260631.

Felton (2013), p. 232, n15. Felton, D. (2013). "Apuleius' Cupid Considered as a Lamia (Metamorphoses 5.17–18)". Illinois Classical Studies. 38: 229–244. doi:10.5406/illiclasstud.38.0229. JSTOR 10.5406/illiclasstud.38.0229.

Stannish & Doran (2013), p. 117:"This is a pejorative expression, not a formal classification, but it is still meaningful"; "... labeling of a dangerous woman as a lamia was not uncommon. ... Aelian records ... a notorious prostitute ... (Miscellany 12.17, 13.8)". Stannish, Steven M.; Doran, Christine M. (2013). "Magic and Vampirism in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana and Bram Stoker's Dracula". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 2 (2): 113–138. doi:10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. ISBN 9780520040915. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. S2CID 191692706.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

Apul. Met. 1.17. Leinweber (1994), p. 78: "Admittedly, Apuleius' use of the term "Lamiae" is an isolated occurrence. Elsewhere, Meroe and her sister are referred to as witches or sorcerer". Leinweber, David Walter (1994). "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'". Folklore. 105 (1–2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715875. JSTOR 1260631.

Leinweber (1994), pp. 77, 79–81. Leinweber, David Walter (1994). "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'". Folklore. 105 (1–2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715875. JSTOR 1260631.

Cupid refers to Psyche's sisters as Lamiae, Apul. Met. 5. 11(Stannish & Doran (2013), p. 117, note 26) Stannish, Steven M.; Doran, Christine M. (2013). "Magic and Vampirism in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana and Bram Stoker's Dracula". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 2 (2): 113–138. doi:10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. ISBN 9780520040915. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. S2CID 191692706.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

Stannish & Doran (2013), pp. 115–118. Stannish, Steven M.; Doran, Christine M. (2013). "Magic and Vampirism in Philostratus' Life of Apollonius of Tyana and Bram Stoker's Dracula". Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural. 2 (2): 113–138. doi:10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. ISBN 9780520040915. JSTOR 10.5325/preternature.2.2.0113. S2CID 191692706.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

Felton (2013), pp. 231–232. Felton, D. (2013). "Apuleius' Cupid Considered as a Lamia (Metamorphoses 5.17–18)". Illinois Classical Studies. 38: 229–244. doi:10.5406/illiclasstud.38.0229. JSTOR 10.5406/illiclasstud.38.0229.

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Leinweber (1994), pp. 77, 79–81. Leinweber, David Walter (1994). "Witchcraft and Lamiae in 'The Golden Ass'". Folklore. 105 (1–2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1994.9715875. JSTOR 1260631.

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Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1148b.

Bekker, Immanuel, ed., Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica XX.41

Hamilton, H.C.; Falconer, W. edd., Strabo, Geography I.2.8

Plutarch, Demetrius 19, Perrin, Bernadotte, ed.

Apul. Met.1.8

Apul. Met. 1.12–17 (in Latin)

Pausanias, translated by Jones, W.H.S.; Ormerod, H.A., Description of Greece, 1. 43. 7 - 8

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Schmitz, Leonhard (1873), Smith, William (ed.), "La'mia", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, vol. 2, London: John Murray, pp. 713–714 Perseus Project "La'mia".

Schmitz, Leonhard (1849), Smith, William (ed.), "Lamia", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, vol. 2, London: John Murray, pp. 713–714 Perseus Project "La'mia (2)".

Lamia (English Wikipedia)

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Lamia (English Wikipedia)

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