Lightning (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Lightning" in English language version.

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Ceranic, Irena (November 28, 2020). "Fire tornadoes and dry lightning are just the start of the nightmare when a bushfire creates its own storm". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

aip.org

ww2.aip.org

"Explaining high-frequency radio waves generated during lightning strikes". AIP. September 2, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2025.

ametsoc.org

journals.ametsoc.org

Albrecht, Rachel I.; Goodman, Steven J.; Buechler, Dennis E.; Blakeslee, Richard J.; Christian, Hugh J. (November 1, 2016). "Where Are the Lightning Hotspots on Earth?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (11): 2051–2068. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.2051A. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1. ISSN 0003-0007.
Virts, Katrina S.; Wallace, John M.; Hutchins, Michael L.; Holzworth, Robert H. (September 1, 2013). "Highlights of a New Ground-Based, Hourly Global Lightning Climatology". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (9): 1381–1391. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1381V. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00082.1.

archaeophysics.com

Archaeo-Physics, LLC | Lightning-induced magnetic anomalies on archaeological sites Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Archaeophysics.com. Retrieved on June 23, 2012.
Maki, David (2005). "Lightning strikes and prehistoric ovens: Determining the source of magnetic anomalies using techniques of environmental magnetism" (PDF). Geoarchaeology. 20 (5): 449–459. Bibcode:2005Gearc..20..449M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.5980. doi:10.1002/gea.20059. S2CID 52383921. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2017.

archive.org

Uman (1986) Ch. 4, pp. 26–34. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) p. 61. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) p. 81. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) Ch. 5, p. 41. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) pp. 103–110. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) Ch. 9, p. 78. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) Ch. 8, p. 68. Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Uman (1986) pp. 103–110 Uman, Martin A. (1986). All About Lightning. Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 103–110. ISBN 978-0-486-25237-7.
Pallottino, Massimo (1975), The Etruscans, translated by Cremina, J., Bloomington: Indiana University Press, p. 154, ISBN 0-253-32080-1.

archive.today

Ruhnke, Lothar H. (June 7, 2007) "Death notice: Heinz Wolfram Kasemir". Physics Today.

arizona.edu

atmo.arizona.edu

"Lecture 11 – Thunderstorm electrification". www.atmo.arizona.edu. Retrieved January 31, 2025.

arxiv.org

Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (September 3, 2013). "Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements". History of Geo- and Space Sciences. 4 (2): 83–95. arXiv:1305.5347. Bibcode:2013HGSS....4...83A. doi:10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013. S2CID 9783512.
Hooyberghs, Hans; Van Schaeybroeck, Bert; Moreira, André A.; Andrade, José S.; Herrmann, Hans J.; Indekeu, Joseph O. (2010). "Biased percolation on scale-free networks". Physical Review E. 81 (1): 011102. arXiv:0908.3786. Bibcode:2010PhRvE..81a1102H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.81.011102. PMID 20365318. S2CID 7872437.

blitzortung.org

"Lightning & Thunderstorms – World Map". www.blitzortung.org. Retrieved April 30, 2025.

books.google.com

Bakshi, U. A.; Bakshi, M. V. (January 1, 2009). Power System – II. Technical Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-8431-536-3. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017.
Füllekrug, Martin; Mareev, Eugene A.; Rycroft, Michael J. (May 1, 2006). Sprites, Elves and Intense Lightning Discharges. Springer Science & Business Media. Bibcode:2006seil.book.....F. ISBN 9781402046285. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.
Rinnert, K. (1995). "9: Lighting Within Planetary Atmospheres". In Hans Volland (ed.). Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics. CRC Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-8493-8647-3. The requirements for the production of lightning within an atmosphere are the following: (1) a sufficient abundance of appropriate material for electrification, (2) the operation of a microscale electrification process to produce classes of particles with different signs of charge and (3) a mechanism to separate and to accumulate particles according to their charge.
Rakov and Uman, p. 84. Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, Martin A. (2003). Lightning: Physics and effects. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521583275.
Uman, M. A. (2001). The lightning discharge. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486151984. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
Oliver, John E. (2005). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Holton, James R.; Curry, Judith A.; Pyle, J. A. (2003). Encyclopedia of atmospheric sciences. Academic Press. ISBN 9780122270901. Archived from the original on November 4, 2017.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

Ramirez, Rachel (January 5, 2022). "Another sign things are getting weird: Lightning around the North Pole increased dramatically in 2021". CNN. Retrieved February 25, 2025.

copernicus.org

essd.copernicus.org

Kaplan, Jed O.; Lau, Katie Hong-Kiu (July 6, 2021). "The WGLC global gridded lightning climatology and time series". Earth System Science Data. 13 (7): 3219–3237. Bibcode:2021ESSD...13.3219K. doi:10.5194/essd-13-3219-2021. ISSN 1866-3508.

cwi.nl

ir.cwi.nl

Köhn, C.; Ebert, U. (2015). "Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons and protons associated with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes". J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 23 (4): 1620–1635. Bibcode:2015JGRD..120.1620K. doi:10.1002/2014JD022229.

desy.de

bib-pubdb1.desy.de

Sterpka, Christopher; Dwyer, J; Liu, N; Hare, B M; Scholten, O; Buitink, S; Ter Veen, S; Nelles, A (November 24, 2021). "The Spontaneous Nature of Lightning Initiation Revealed". Ess Open Archive ePrints. 105 (23): GL095511. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4895511S. doi:10.1002/essoar.10508882.1. hdl:2066/242824. S2CID 244646368.

doi.org

Maggio, Christopher R.; Marshall, Thomas C.; Stolzenburg, Maribeth (2009). "Estimations of charge transferred and energy released by lightning flashes in short bursts". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D14): D14203. Bibcode:2009JGRD..11414203M. doi:10.1029/2008JD011506. ISSN 0148-0227.
Nag, Amitabh; Rakov, Vladimir A. (2012). "Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D8). Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.8109N. doi:10.1029/2012JD017545.
Saba, Marcelo M. F.; Schulz, Wolfgang; Warner, Tom A.; Campos, Leandro Z. S.; Schumann, Carina; Krider, E. Philip; Cummins, Kenneth L.; Orville, Richard E. (2010). "High-speed video observations of positive lightning flashes to ground". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 115 (D24): 201. Bibcode:2010JGRD..11524201S. doi:10.1029/2010JD014330. S2CID 129809543.
Perez, Antony H.; Wicker, Louis J.; Richard E. Orville (1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Weather Forecast. 12 (3): 428–37. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.
Boccippio, DJ; Williams, ER; Heckman, SJ; Lyons, WA; Baker, IT; Boldi, R (August 1995). "Sprites, ELF Transients, and Positive Ground Strokes". Science. 269 (5227): 1088–1091. Bibcode:1995Sci...269.1088B. doi:10.1126/science.269.5227.1088. PMID 17755531. S2CID 8840716.
Lu, Gaopeng; Cummer, Steven A; Blakeslee, Richard J; Weiss, Stephanie; Beasley, William H (2012). "Lightning morphology and impulse charge moment change of high peak current negative strokes". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D4): n/a. Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.4212L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.308.9842. doi:10.1029/2011JD016890.
Krehbiel, Paul R; Riousset, Jeremy A; Pasko, Victor P; Thomas, Ronald J; Rison, William; Stanley, Mark A; Edens, Harald E (2008). "Upward electrical discharges from thunderstorms". Nature Geoscience. 1 (4): 233. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..233K. doi:10.1038/ngeo162. S2CID 8753629.
Wang, Qianqian; Li, Zhanqing; Guo, Jianping; Zhao, Chuanfeng; Cribb, Maureen (September 6, 2018). "The climate impact of aerosols on the lightning flash rate: is it detectable from long-term measurements?". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 18 (17): 12797–12816. Bibcode:2018ACP....1812797W. doi:10.5194/acp-18-12797-2018.
Thornton, Joel A.; Virts, Katrina S.; Holzworth, Robert H.; Mitchell, Todd P. (September 16, 2017). "Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (17): 9102–9111. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.9102T. doi:10.1002/2017GL074982.
Colvin, J. D.; Mitchell, C. K.; Greig, J. R.; Murphy, D. P.; Pechacek, R. E.; Raleigh, M. (1987). "An empirical study of the nuclear explosion-induced lightning seen on IVY-MIKE". Journal of Geophysical Research. 92 (D5): 5696–5712. Bibcode:1987JGR....92.5696C. doi:10.1029/JD092iD05p05696.
Yair, Y. (June 2008). "Charge Generation and Separation Processes". Space Science Reviews. 137 (1–4): 119–131. Bibcode:2008SSRv..137..119Y. doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9348-x.
Jennings, S. G.; Latham, J. (1972). "The charging of water drops falling and colliding in an electric field". Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A. 21 (2–3). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 299–306. Bibcode:1972AMGBA..21..299J. doi:10.1007/bf02247978. S2CID 118661076.
Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (September 3, 2013). "Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements". History of Geo- and Space Sciences. 4 (2): 83–95. arXiv:1305.5347. Bibcode:2013HGSS....4...83A. doi:10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013. S2CID 9783512.
Desmet, S; Orban, F; Grandjean, F (April 1, 1989). "On the Kelvin electrostatic generator". European Journal of Physics. 10 (2): 118–122. Bibcode:1989EJPh...10..118D. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008. S2CID 121840275.
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Saunders, C. P. R. (1993). "A Review of Thunderstorm Electrification Processes". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 32 (4): 642–55. Bibcode:1993JApMe..32..642S. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0642:AROTEP>2.0.CO;2.
Rison, William; Krehbiel, Paul R.; Stock, Michael G.; Edens, Harald E.; Shao, Xuan-Min; Thomas, Ronald J.; Stanley, Mark A.; Zhang, Yang (February 15, 2016). "Observations of narrow bipolar events reveal how lightning is initiated in thunderstorms". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10721. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710721R. doi:10.1038/ncomms10721. PMC 4756383. PMID 26876654.
Witzke, Megan; Rumbach, Paul; Go, David B; Sankaran, R Mohan (November 7, 2012). "Evidence for the electrolysis of water by atmospheric-pressure plasmas formed at the surface of aqueous solutions". Journal of Physics D. 45 (44): 442001. Bibcode:2012JPhD...45R2001W. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/45/44/442001. S2CID 98547405.
Stolzenburg, Maribeth; Marshall, Thomas C. (2008). "Charge Structure and Dynamics in Thunderstorms". Space Science Reviews. 137 (1–4): 355. Bibcode:2008SSRv..137..355S. doi:10.1007/s11214-008-9338-z. S2CID 119997418.
Petersen, Danyal; Bailey, Matthew; Beasley, William H.; Hallett, John (2008). "A brief review of the problem of lightning initiation and a hypothesis of initial lightning leader formation". Journal of Geophysical Research. 113 (D17): D17205. Bibcode:2008JGRD..11317205P. doi:10.1029/2007JD009036.
Hooyberghs, Hans; Van Schaeybroeck, Bert; Moreira, André A.; Andrade, José S.; Herrmann, Hans J.; Indekeu, Joseph O. (2010). "Biased percolation on scale-free networks". Physical Review E. 81 (1): 011102. arXiv:0908.3786. Bibcode:2010PhRvE..81a1102H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.81.011102. PMID 20365318. S2CID 7872437.
Griffiths, R. F.; Phelps, C. T. (1976). "A model for lightning initiation arising from positive corona streamer development". Journal of Geophysical Research. 81 (21): 3671–3676. Bibcode:1976JGR....81.3671G. doi:10.1029/JC081i021p03671.
Sterpka, Christopher; Dwyer, J; Liu, N; Hare, B M; Scholten, O; Buitink, S; Ter Veen, S; Nelles, A (November 24, 2021). "The Spontaneous Nature of Lightning Initiation Revealed". Ess Open Archive ePrints. 105 (23): GL095511. Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4895511S. doi:10.1002/essoar.10508882.1. hdl:2066/242824. S2CID 244646368.
Saba, M. M. F.; Paiva, A. R.; Schumann, C.; Ferro, M. A. S.; Naccarato, K. P.; Silva, J. C. O.; Siqueira, F. V. C.; Custódio, D. M. (2017). "Lightning attachment process to common buildings". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (9): 4368–4375. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.4368S. doi:10.1002/2017GL072796.
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Randall Cerveny; et al. (WMO panel) (February 1, 2022), "New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance (768 km) and Duration (17.01 seconds) Recorded from Space", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0254.1, hdl:2117/369605, S2CID 246358397
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Moore, C. B.; Eack, K. B.; Aulich, G. D.; Rison, W. (2001). "Energetic radiation associated with lightning stepped-leaders". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (11): 2141. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.2141M. doi:10.1029/2001GL013140.
Dwyer, J. R.; Uman, M. A.; Rassoul, H. K.; Al-Dayeh, M.; Caraway, L.; Jerauld, J.; Rakov, V. A.; Jordan, D. M.; Rambo, K. J.; Corbin, V.; Wright, B. (2003). "Energetic Radiation Produced During Rocket-Triggered Lightning" (PDF). Science. 299 (5607): 694–697. Bibcode:2003Sci...299..694D. doi:10.1126/science.1078940. PMID 12560549. S2CID 31926167. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
Köhn, C.; Ebert, U. (2015). "Calculation of beams of positrons, neutrons and protons associated with terrestrial gamma-ray flashes". J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 23 (4): 1620–1635. Bibcode:2015JGRD..120.1620K. doi:10.1002/2014JD022229.
Köhn, C.; Diniz, G.; Harakeh, Muhsin (2017). "Production mechanisms of leptons, photons, and hadrons and their possible feedback close to lightning leaders". J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122 (2): 1365–1383. Bibcode:2017JGRD..122.1365K. doi:10.1002/2016JD025445. PMC 5349290. PMID 28357174.
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