Mainframe computer (English Wikipedia)

Crisman, Patricia A., ed. (December 31, 1969). "The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer's Guide" (PDF). The M.I.T Computation Center. Retrieved March 10, 2022.

bmc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"BMC AMI Ops Automation for Data Centers". BMC Software. Retrieved March 13, 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Reilly, Edwin D. (2004). "Mainframe". Concise Encyclopedia of Computer Science. Wiley. pp. 481–2. ISBN 978-0-470-09095-4.
Bergin, Thomas J, ed. (2000). 50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9702316-1-1.
Also, Stewart (March 8, 1993). "IBM still has brains to be player in client/server platforms". InfoWorld. Retrieved December 26, 2013.

ca.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CA Technologies".

cnbc.com (Global: 303^rd place; English: 191^st place)

Browne, Ryan (July 17, 2017). "IBM unveils new mainframe capable of running more than 12 billion encrypted transactions a day". CNBC.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

"Stewart Alsop eating his words". Computer History Museum. Retrieved December 26, 2013.

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

Kay, Russell (June 22, 2009). "Emulation or Virtualization: What's the difference?". Computerworld. Retrieved August 2, 2025.

compuware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mainframe Modernization". Retrieved October 26, 2012.
"Automated Mainframe Testing & Auditing". Retrieved October 26, 2012.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Blake-Knox, M. W.; Morris, G. C. (1976). "Minicomputer software development using a maxicomputer". Proceedings of the ACM SIGMINI/SIGPLAN Interface Meeting on Programming Systems in the Small Processor Environment. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 66–69. doi:10.1145/800236.807095. ISBN 978-1-4503-7894-9.
Ishii, Kouichi; Abe, Hitoshi; Kawabe, Shun; Hirai, Michihiro (1992). "An Overview of the HITACHI S-3800 Series Supercomputer". In Meuer, Hans-Werner (ed.). Supercomputer ’92. Springer. pp. 65–81. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77661-8_5. ISBN 978-3-540-55709-8.

ed.gov (Global: 318^th place; English: 138^th place)

files.eric.ed.gov

Singh, Jai P.; Morgan, Robert P. (October 1971). Educational Computer Utilization and Computer Communications (PDF) (Report). St. Louis, MO: Washington University. p. 13. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. Y/NGL-26-008-054. Retrieved March 8, 2022. Much of the early development in the time-sharing field took place on university campuses.⁸ Notable examples are the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) at MIT, which was the first general purpose time-sharing system...

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

Press, Gil. "From IBM Mainframe Users Group To Apple 'Welcome IBM. Seriously': This Week In Tech History". Forbes. Retrieved October 7, 2016.

gordonbell.azurewebsites.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Daniel P. Siewiorek; C. Gordon Bell; Allen Newell. "Section 4 - Maxicomputers". Computer Structures: Principles and Examples. McGraw-Hill.

graph500.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Graph 500 Archived December 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 19, 2012

graphanalysis.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

High-Performance Graph Analysis Retrieved on February 15, 2012

hitachi.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hitachi AP10000 - VOS3

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

www-03.ibm.com

"Get the facts on IBM vs the Competition- The facts about IBM System z "mainframe"". IBM. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
"IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection" (Press release). Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
"Cell Broadband Engine Project Aims to Supercharge IBM Mainframe for Virtual Worlds" (Press release). April 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007.

newsroom.ibm.com

"IBM Unveils z15 With Industry-First Data Privacy Capabilities". Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
"Announcing IBM z16: Real-time AI for Transaction Processing at Scale and Industry's First Quantum-Safe System". IBM Newsroom. Retrieved April 13, 2022.

redbooks.ibm.com

Ebbers, Mike; Kettner, John; O’Brien, Wayne; Ogden, Bill (March 2011). Introduction to the New Mainframe: z/OS Basics (PDF) (3rd ed.). IBM. p. 11. Retrieved March 30, 2023.

ibm.com

"IBM 4Q2009 Financial Report: CFO's Prepared Remarks" (PDF). IBM. January 19, 2010.

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

"mainframe, n". Oxford English Dictionary (on-line ed.). Archived from the original on August 7, 2021.

multicians.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Walden, David; Van Vleck, Tom, eds. (2011). "Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth Anniversary Commemorative Overview" (PDF). IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved February 20, 2022.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

blogs.nasa.gov

Cureton, Linda (February 11, 2012). The End of the Mainframe Era at NASA. NASA. Retrieved January 31, 2014.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nvd.nist.gov

"National Vulnerability Database". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Sanger, David E. (February 5, 1984). "Bailing Out of the Mainframe Industry". The New York Times. p. Section 3, Page 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
Lohr, Steve (March 23, 2008). "Why Old Technologies Are Still Kicking". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2013.

precisely.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IBM mainframe solutions | Optimizing your mainframe". Retrieved September 23, 2022.

righto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shirriff, Ken (February 2025). "The origin and unexpected evolution of the word "mainframe"".

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

link.springer.com

Ishii, Kouichi; Abe, Hitoshi; Kawabe, Shun; Hirai, Michihiro (1992). "An Overview of the HITACHI S-3800 Series Supercomputer". In Meuer, Hans-Werner (ed.). Supercomputer ’92. Springer. pp. 65–81. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77661-8_5. ISBN 978-3-540-55709-8.

stuhenderson.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Henderson Group (October, 2001) Mainframe Audit News: Issue no.1. Also issues 2, 3 and 4 from the same source. Retrieved January 27, 2006.

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,233^rd place)

Vance, Ashlee (July 20, 2005). "IBM Preps Big Iron Fiesta". The Register. Retrieved October 2, 2020.

top500.org (Global: 8,086^th place; English: 7,694^th place)

The "Top 500" list of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems Retrieved on July 19, 2016
World's Top Supercomputer Retrieved on December 25, 2009

tpc.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Transaction Processing Performance Council Retrieved on December 25, 2009.

treasury.gov (Global: 2,054^th place; English: 1,537^th place)

Phillips, Michael R. (May 10, 2006). Improvements in Mainframe Computer Storage Management Practices and Reporting Are Needed to Promote Effective and Efficient Utilization of Disk Resources (Report). Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Between October 2001 and September 2005, the IRS' mainframe computer disk storage capacity increased from 79 terabytes to 168.5 terabytes.

unm.edu (Global: 1,919^th place; English: 1,213^th place)

Beach, Thomas E. (August 29, 2016). "Types of Computers". Computer Concepts and Terminology. Los Alamos: University of New Mexico. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"mainframe, n". Oxford English Dictionary (on-line ed.). Archived from the original on August 7, 2021.
Beach, Thomas E. (August 29, 2016). "Types of Computers". Computer Concepts and Terminology. Los Alamos: University of New Mexico. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
"National Vulnerability Database". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
"Get the facts on IBM vs the Competition- The facts about IBM System z "mainframe"". IBM. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
"Largest Commercial Database in Winter Corp. TopTen Survey Tops One Hundred Terabytes" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
Phillips, Michael R. (May 10, 2006). Improvements in Mainframe Computer Storage Management Practices and Reporting Are Needed to Promote Effective and Efficient Utilization of Disk Resources (Report). Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Between October 2001 and September 2005, the IRS' mainframe computer disk storage capacity increased from 79 terabytes to 168.5 terabytes.
"IBM Mainframe Ushers in New Era of Data Protection" (Press release). Archived from the original on July 19, 2017.
"IBM Unveils z15 With Industry-First Data Privacy Capabilities". Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
The Graph 500 Archived December 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 19, 2012
"Cell Broadband Engine Project Aims to Supercharge IBM Mainframe for Virtual Worlds" (Press release). April 26, 2007. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007.

wintercorp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Largest Commercial Database in Winter Corp. TopTen Survey Tops One Hundred Terabytes" (Press release). Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2008.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Sanger, David E. (February 5, 1984). "Bailing Out of the Mainframe Industry". The New York Times. p. Section 3, Page 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 2, 2020.

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

online.wsj.com

Ante, Spencer E. (July 22, 2010). "IBM Calculates New Mainframes Into Its Future Sales Growth". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 25, 2013.

Mainframe computer (English Wikipedia)

bitsavers.org (Global: 3,844th place; English: 1,960th place)

bmc.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

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computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446th place; English: 2,279th place)

compuware.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

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forbes.com (Global: 71st place; English: 54th place)

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graphanalysis.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hitachi.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369th place; English: 968th place)

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ibm.com

lexico.com (Global: 2,946th place; English: 2,042nd place)

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top500.org (Global: 8,086th place; English: 7,694th place)

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books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cnbc.com (Global: 303^rd place; English: 191^st place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ed.gov (Global: 318^th place; English: 138^th place)

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

lexico.com (Global: 2,946^th place; English: 2,042^nd place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

theregister.co.uk (Global: 1,877^th place; English: 1,233^rd place)

top500.org (Global: 8,086^th place; English: 7,694^th place)

treasury.gov (Global: 2,054^th place; English: 1,537^th place)

unm.edu (Global: 1,919^th place; English: 1,213^th place)

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