Maltese language (English Wikipedia)

Albert J. Borg; Marie Azzopardi-Alexander (1997). Maltese. Routledge. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-415-02243-9. In fact, Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic, although over the past 800 years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian and Libyan Arabic
Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). "Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. p. 258. ISBN 9781575061092. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.
Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). "Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. pp. 257–258. ISBN 9781575061092. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact.... As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic languages.
Sheehan, Sean (12 January 2017). Malta. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761409939. Retrieved 12 January 2017 – via Google Books.
Mifsud, Manwel (1995). Loan Verbs in Maltese: A Descriptive and Comparative Study. Brill Publishers. p. 31. ISBN 978-90-04-10091-6.

britannica.com

"Punic language". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.

docs.google.com

"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan Arabic.
"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.
"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.

doi.org

Capelli, C.; et al. (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective". Ann. Hum. Genet. 70 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. hdl:2108/37090. PMID 16626331. S2CID 25536759.
Agius, D. A. (1990). "Reviewed Work: A Contribution to Arabic Lexical Dialectology by Al-Miklem Malti". Bull. Br. Soc. Middle East. Stud. 17 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1080/13530199008705515. JSTOR 194709.
Hume (1996), p. 165. Hume, Elizabeth (1996). "Coronal Consonant, Front Vowel Parallels in Maltese". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 14 (1): 163–203. doi:10.1007/bf00133405. S2CID 170703136.
Friggieri (1994), p. 59. Friggieri, Oliver (1994). "Main Trends in the History of Maltese Literature". Neohelicon. 21 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1007/BF02093244. S2CID 144795860.

ethnologue.com

Maltese at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)

gov.mt

kunsilltalmalti.gov.mt

Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Fundamentally, Maltese is a Semitic tongue, the same as Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Ethiopian. However, unlike other Semitic languages, Maltese is written in the Latin alphabet, but with the addition of special characters to accommodate certain Semitic sounds. Nowadays, however, there is much in the Maltese language today that is not Semitic, due to the immeasurable Romantic influence from our succession of (Southern) European rulers through the ages.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Capelli, C.; et al. (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective". Ann. Hum. Genet. 70 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. hdl:2108/37090. PMID 16626331. S2CID 25536759.

independent.com.mt

"As at the 2006 Australian Census, the number of Australians speaking Maltese at home was 36,514, compared to 41,250 in 2001 and 45,243 in 1996. The 2006 figures represent a drop of 19.29% when compared with the 1996 figures. Given that many of those who speak Maltese at home are over the age of 60, the number of Maltese speakers will invariably go for a nosedive by 2016." Joseph Carmel Chetcuti, Why It's time to bury the Maltese language in Australia Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Malta Independent, 2 March 2010.

jstor.org

Hayes, John (2001). "THE INTEGRATION OF ROMANCE VOCABULARY IN MALTESE". Romance Philology. 54 (2): 393.
Agius, D. A. (1990). "Reviewed Work: A Contribution to Arabic Lexical Dialectology by Al-Miklem Malti". Bull. Br. Soc. Middle East. Stud. 17 (2): 171–180. doi:10.1080/13530199008705515. JSTOR 194709.

legislation.mt

"Constitution of Malta". Leġiżlazzjoni Malta. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2017.

lords-prayer-words.com

"Arabic Prayer-The Lord's Prayer". www.lords-prayer-words.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.

macmillandictionaries.com

Brincat (2005): "Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect, but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community." Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Brincat (2005): "An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese-English Dictionary shows that 32.41% are of Arabic origin, 52.46% are from Sicilian and Italian, and 6.12% are from English. Although nowadays we know that all languages are mixed to varying degrees, this is quite an unusual formula. However, the words derived from Arabic are more frequent because they denote the basic ideas and include the function words." Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Brincat (2005). Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Brincat (2005) Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Capelli, C.; et al. (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective". Ann. Hum. Genet. 70 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. hdl:2108/37090. PMID 16626331. S2CID 25536759.

oszk.hu

mek.oszk.hu

"Country report for MINERVA Plus in 2005". Multilingual issues in Malta. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-24.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Capelli, C.; et al. (Mar 2006). "Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective". Ann. Hum. Genet. 70 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x. hdl:2108/37090. PMID 16626331. S2CID 25536759.
Hume (1996), p. 165. Hume, Elizabeth (1996). "Coronal Consonant, Front Vowel Parallels in Maltese". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 14 (1): 163–203. doi:10.1007/bf00133405. S2CID 170703136.
Friggieri (1994), p. 59. Friggieri, Oliver (1994). "Main Trends in the History of Maltese Literature". Neohelicon. 21 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1007/BF02093244. S2CID 144795860.

syriacorthodoxresources.org

"The Lord's Prayer". syriacorthodoxresources.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-25.

timesofmalta.com

So who are the 'real' Maltese. September 13, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Felice, A. E. (5 August 2007). "Genetic origin of contemporary Maltese". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
Camilleri, Ivan (May 16, 2011). "Maltese language hardly used on the internet". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-03-23.

translationsmalta.com

About Malta^{[permanent dead link]}; GTS; retrieved on 2008-02-24

tvm.com.mt

Nigel Mifsud, Malta's Ambassador meets Maltese who have lived their whole life in Tunisia Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, TVM, 13 November 2017.

um.edu.mt

Cassola, A. (June 2012). "Italo-Maltese relations (ca. 1150–1936): people, culture, literature, language". Mediterr. Rev. 5 (1): 1–20. ISSN 2005-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
Frendo, Henry (21 August 1988). Maltese colonial identity : Latin Mediterranean or British Empire?. Mireva Publications. ISBN 9781870579018 – via www.um.edu.mt.
The Maltese And The Arabic Dialects: Introduction An Approach From Linguistic Geography, by Reinhold Kontzi
Hull, Geoffrey (2019). "Exploring the Berber element in Maltese". Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26.

utalk.com

"Learn Maltese with uTalk". utalk.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-05-08.

vassallohistory.wordpress.com

The Cantilena. 2013-10-19. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.

web.archive.org

"Constitution of Malta". Leġiżlazzjoni Malta. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
So who are the 'real' Maltese. September 13, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-12. The kind of Arabic used in the Maltese language is most likely derived from the language spoken by those that repopulated the island from Sicily in the early second millennium; it is known as Siculo-Arab. The Maltese are mostly descendants of these people. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Brincat (2005): "Originally Maltese was an Arabic dialect, but it was immediately exposed to Latinisation because the Normans conquered the islands in 1090, while Christianisation, which was complete by 1250, cut off the dialect from contact with Classical Arabic. Consequently Maltese developed on its own, slowly but steadily absorbing new words from Sicilian and Italian according to the needs of the developing community." Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). "Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Vol. 1. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. p. 258. ISBN 9781575061092. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. Maltese is the chief exception: Classical or Standard Arabic is irrelevant in the Maltese linguistic community and there is no diglossia.
Hoberman, Robert D. (2007). "Chapter 13: Maltese Morphology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrown. pp. 257–258. ISBN 9781575061092. Archived from the original on 2017-09-30. yet it is in its morphology that Maltese also shows the most elaborate and deeply embedded influence from the Romance languages, Sicilian and Italian, with which it has long been in intimate contact.... As a result Maltese is unique and different from Arabic and other Semitic languages.
Brincat (2005): "An analysis of the etymology of the 41,000 words in Aquilina's Maltese-English Dictionary shows that 32.41% are of Arabic origin, 52.46% are from Sicilian and Italian, and 6.12% are from English. Although nowadays we know that all languages are mixed to varying degrees, this is quite an unusual formula. However, the words derived from Arabic are more frequent because they denote the basic ideas and include the function words." Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Brincat (2005). Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
"Languages across Europe – Maltese, Malti". BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. To summarise our findings, we might observe that when it comes to the most basic everyday language, as reflected in our data sets, speakers of Maltese are able to understand less than a third of what is being said to them in either Tunisian or Benghazi Libyan Arabic.
"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. Speakers of Tunisian and Libyan Arabic are able to understand about 40% of what is said to them in Maltese.
"Mutual Intelligibility of Spoken Maltese, Libyan Arabic and Tunisian Arabic Functionally Tested: A Pilot Study". p. 1. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017. In comparison, speakers of Libyan Arabic and speakers of Tunisian Arabic understand about two-thirds of what is being said to them.
The Cantilena. 2013-10-19. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
Il-Kunsill Nazzjonali tal-Ilsien Malti. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Fundamentally, Maltese is a Semitic tongue, the same as Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, Phoenician, Carthaginian and Ethiopian. However, unlike other Semitic languages, Maltese is written in the Latin alphabet, but with the addition of special characters to accommodate certain Semitic sounds. Nowadays, however, there is much in the Maltese language today that is not Semitic, due to the immeasurable Romantic influence from our succession of (Southern) European rulers through the ages.
Brincat (2005) Brincat, Joseph M. (2005). "Maltese – an unusual formula". MED Magazine (27). Archived from the original on 5 September 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
Felice, A. E. (5 August 2007). "Genetic origin of contemporary Maltese". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 9 November 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
L-Akkademja tal-Malti. "The Maltese Language Academy". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
Cassola, A. (June 2012). "Italo-Maltese relations (ca. 1150–1936): people, culture, literature, language". Mediterr. Rev. 5 (1): 1–20. ISSN 2005-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
"As at the 2006 Australian Census, the number of Australians speaking Maltese at home was 36,514, compared to 41,250 in 2001 and 45,243 in 1996. The 2006 figures represent a drop of 19.29% when compared with the 1996 figures. Given that many of those who speak Maltese at home are over the age of 60, the number of Maltese speakers will invariably go for a nosedive by 2016." Joseph Carmel Chetcuti, Why It's time to bury the Maltese language in Australia Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, Malta Independent, 2 March 2010.
Nigel Mifsud, Malta's Ambassador meets Maltese who have lived their whole life in Tunisia Archived 2018-11-13 at the Wayback Machine, TVM, 13 November 2017.
"Punic language". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
"Missierna : Malta". www.wordproject.org. Archived from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
"Arabic Prayer-The Lord's Prayer". www.lords-prayer-words.com. Archived from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
"The Lord's Prayer". syriacorthodoxresources.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
Hull, Geoffrey (2019). "Exploring the Berber element in Maltese". Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
"Learn Maltese with uTalk". utalk.com. Archived from the original on 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
"Country report for MINERVA Plus in 2005". Multilingual issues in Malta. Archived from the original on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
Camilleri, Ivan (May 16, 2011). "Maltese language hardly used on the internet". Times of Malta. Archived from the original on 2023-03-23. Retrieved 2023-03-23.

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

dritt (pl. drittijiet) is derived from Sicilian drittu (right).
minoranza (pl. minoranzi) is derived from Italian minoranza (minority).
pajjiż (pl. pajjiżi) is derived from Sicilian pajisi (country).

wordproject.org

"Missierna : Malta". www.wordproject.org. Archived from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-08-25.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Cassola, A. (June 2012). "Italo-Maltese relations (ca. 1150–1936): people, culture, literature, language". Mediterr. Rev. 5 (1): 1–20. ISSN 2005-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-08-21. Retrieved 2021-08-21.