Mecca (English Wikipedia)

"What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")". BBC. 27 December 2006. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"History of deaths on the Hajj". BBC. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

books.google.com

Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9.
Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8.; Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5.
Esposito, John L. (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
Versteegh, Kees (2008). C.H.M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7.
Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). Muhammad, prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0.
Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-306-46158-3.
Glassé, Cyril & Smith, Huston (2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam (Revised, illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha & Madden, Andrew (2004). Saudi Arabia (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-667-1.
Philip Khûri Hitti (1973). Capital cities of Arab Islam (Illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
Sayyid Aḥmad Khān (1870). A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto. London: Trübner & co. pp. 74–76.
Firestone, Reuven (1990). Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis. SUNY Press. pp. 65, 205. ISBN 978-0-7914-0331-0.
Glassé, Cyril (1991). "Kaaba". The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-0606-3126-0.
Crown, Alan David (2001) Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27
Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62
Bauer, S. Wise (2010). The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT (2015). "The Year of the Elephant". WikiJournal of Medicine. 2 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2015.003.
In turn citing: Willan R. (1821). "Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi". Cadell. p. 488.
Robert W. Hefner; Patricia Horvatich (1997). Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-1957-6. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

britannica.com

"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. Because Wahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medina have been razed.
Cholera (pathology) Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.

citypopulation.de

"Mecca Governorate". City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

constructionweekonline.com

"Makkah building eight tunnels to ease congestion". Construction Weekly. 30 May 2013.

countrystudies.us

"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Library of Congress Country Studies.

dacb.org

"Abraha." Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary of African Christian Biographies. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)

doi.org

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051.
Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.
M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.
Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT (2015). "The Year of the Elephant". WikiJournal of Medicine. 2 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2015.003.
In turn citing: Willan R. (1821). "Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi". Cadell. p. 488.

dompetdhuafa.org

"The History of Kaaba Construction and Its Renovation Over Time". Dompet Dhuafa. 15 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.

dwd.de

"Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 25 January 2016.

ehsanbayat.com

Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

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"IDEA Center Projects". Elabdar Architecture. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. – Makkah Gate

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expressandstar.com

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fordham.edu

"Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

fussballtempel.net

Asian Football Stadiums Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Stadium King Abdul Aziz

ge.com

"Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water". GE News. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.

hcommons.org

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051.

holymakkah.gov.sa

"Mecca Municipality". Holymakkah.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

independent.co.uk

Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.
'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage' Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011

news.independent.co.uk

Howden, Daniel (19 April 2006). "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca". London: The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"'Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis". The Times of India. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.

infoplease.com

"Mecca". Infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

islaam.net

ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī (23 December 2009). "Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)". Translated by Abū Rumaysah. Islamic Network. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2013. This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.

islamichistorycommons.org

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.

islamonline.com

"What is Umrah?". islamonline.com. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.

jrcc.sa

"Climate Data for Saudi Arabia". Jeddah Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

jstor.org

Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.

kln.gov.my

"Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.

madainproject.com

"Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Abraham)". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
"Bab Bani Shaiba". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

middleeasteye.net

Bsheer, Rosie (20 December 2020). "How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

moe.gov.sa

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moh.gov.sa

"المستشفيات – قائمة المستشفيات" Archived 9 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. moh.gov.sa.

nationalgeographic.com

onward.nationalgeographic.com

Stone, Dan (3 October 2014). "The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

ndtv.com

"Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj". NDTV. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.

noaa.gov

nodc.noaa.gov

"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

nytimes.com

Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (20 January 2005).

oregonstate.education

open.oregonstate.education

Millison, Andrew (August 2019). "Climate Analogue Examples". Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience. Oregon State University. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

quran.com

Quran 48:22
Quran 3:96
Quran 6:92
Quran 2:127
Quran 22:25-37
Quran 105:1-5

railwaygazette.com

"Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca". Railway Gazette International. 15 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
"Mecca metro contracts signed". Railway Gazette International. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved". Railway Gazette International. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
"High speed stations for a high speed railway". Railway Gazette International. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.
"Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract". Railway Gazette International. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.

salamislam.com

"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

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"The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001

saudiaramcoworld.com

"The Lure Of Mecca". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Ka'ba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.

siegeofmecca.com

"The Siege of Mecca". Doubleday(US). 28 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2007.

spa.gov.sa

"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region". Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.

stats.gov.sa

"الحصر الفعلي للحجاج". General Authority for Statistics (in Arabic). 17 December 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
"Demographics Survey 2016" (PDF). Demographics Survey 2016. General Authority for Statistics. 2016.

theguardian.com

Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
"After the hajj: Mecca residents grow hostile to changes in the holy city". The Guardian. 14 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.

timeanddate.com

"Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 23 March 2024.

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"How important is the Umrah pilgrimage for the Saudi economy?". TRT World. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2022.

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ucalgary.ca

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water-technology.net

"FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia". water-technology.net. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

web.archive.org

"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. Because Wahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medina have been razed.
Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.
Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (20 January 2005).
"Mayor of Makkah Receives Malaysian Consul General". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Malaysia. 28 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
Stone, Dan (3 October 2014). "The Growing Pains of the Ancient Hajj". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region". Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
"Abraha." Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary of African Christian Biographies. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)
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"Mecca". Infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
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"History of deaths on the Hajj". BBC. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
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"Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj". NDTV. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
"Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Abraham)". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
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"What is Umrah?". islamonline.com. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
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"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved". Railway Gazette International. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
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wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

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witness-pioneer.org

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worldcat.org

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Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051.
Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.
Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.
Adil, Salahi. (2019). Sahih Muslim (Volume 2) With the Full Commentary by Imam Nawawi. Al-Nawawi, Imam., Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain. La Vergne: Kube Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86037-767-2. OCLC 1152068721.
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yemenweb.com

Müller, Walter W. (1987) "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia" Archived 10 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, in Werner Daum (ed.), Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix.