Mecca (English Wikipedia)

"What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")". BBC. 27 December 2006. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"History of deaths on the Hajj". BBC. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2001. p. 724. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9.
Khan, A M (2003). Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith. Global Vision Publishing Ho. pp. 26–. ISBN 978-81-87746-47-8.; Al-Laithy, Ahmed (2005). What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an. Garant. pp. 61–. ISBN 978-90-441-1774-5.
Esposito, John L. (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3. Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims
Versteegh, Kees (2008). C.H.M. Versteegh; Kees Versteegh (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 (Illustrated ed.). Brill. p. 513. ISBN 978-90-04-14476-7.
Peterson, Daniel C. (2007). Muhammad, prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0.
Ham, Anthony; Brekhus Shams, Martha & Madden, Andrew (2004). Saudi Arabia (illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74059-667-1.
Philip Khûri Hitti (1973). Capital cities of Arab Islam (Illustrated ed.). University of Minnesota Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8166-0663-4.
Sayyid Aḥmad Khān (1870). A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto. London: Trübner & co. pp. 74–76.
Firestone, Reuven (1990). Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis. SUNY Press. pp. 65, 205. ISBN 978-0-7914-0331-0.
Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology (Illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-306-46158-3.
Glassé, Cyril & Smith, Huston (2003). The new encyclopedia of Islam (Revised, illustrated ed.). Rowman Altamira. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6.
Holland, Tom (2012). "III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers". In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire. Doubleday. p. 471. ISBN 978-0385531368. Archived from the original on 25 December 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025. Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.
Glassé, Cyril (1991). "Kaaba". The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-0606-3126-0.
Crown, Alan David (2001) Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27
Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62
Bauer, S. Wise (2010). The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-393-05975-5.
Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT (2015). "The Year of the Elephant". WikiJournal of Medicine. 2 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2015.003.
In turn citing: Willan R. (1821). "Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi". Cadell. p. 488.
Peters, F. E. (1994). The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-691-02120-1.
Robert W. Hefner; Patricia Horvatich (1997). Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8248-1957-6. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. Because Wahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medina have been razed.
Cholera (pathology) Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.

citypopulation.de (Global: 99^th place; English: 341^st place)

"Mecca Governorate". City Population. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.

constructionweekonline.com (Global: low place; English: 7,686^th place)

"Makkah building eight tunnels to ease congestion". Construction Weekly. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Library of Congress Country Studies.

dacb.org (Global: low place; English: 7,594^th place)

"Abraha." Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary of African Christian Biographies. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)

degruyterbrill.com (Global: 6,220^th place; English: 3,995^th place)

Webb, Peter (1 January 2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. ISSN 1867-0318. Archived from the original on 4 February 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.
M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.
Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT (2015). "The Year of the Elephant". WikiJournal of Medicine. 2 (1). doi:10.15347/wjm/2015.003.
In turn citing: Willan R. (1821). "Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi". Cadell. p. 488.
Webb, Peter (1 January 2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. ISSN 1867-0318. Archived from the original on 4 February 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.

dompetdhuafa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The History of Kaaba Construction and Its Renovation Over Time". Dompet Dhuafa. 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2023.

ehsanbayat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.

elabdarchitecture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IDEA Center Projects". Elabdar Architecture. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. – Makkah Gate

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mecca" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 952.

euromonitor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…". Euromonitor. 4 December 2024. Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

expressandstar.com (Global: 3,659^th place; English: 1,959^th place)

Express & Star Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Express & Star. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122^nd place; English: 1,444^th place)

"Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

fussballtempel.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Asian Football Stadiums Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Stadium King Abdul Aziz

ge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water". GE News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

hcommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.

holymakkah.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mecca Municipality". Holymakkah.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

independent.co.uk

Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.
'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage' Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011

news.independent.co.uk

Howden, Daniel (19 April 2006). "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca". London: The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

"'Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis". The Times of India. 11 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

infoplease.com (Global: 3,121^st place; English: 3,035^th place)

"Mecca". Infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

islaam.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī (23 December 2009). "Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)". Translated by Abū Rumaysah. Islamic Network. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2013. This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.

islamichistorycommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.

islamonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is Umrah?". islamonline.com. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.

jrcc.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Climate Data for Saudi Arabia". Jeddah Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2015.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.

madainproject.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Abraham)". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
"Bab Bani Shaiba". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

middleeasteye.net (Global: 1,803^rd place; English: 1,214^th place)

Bsheer, Rosie (20 December 2020). "How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.

moe.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

Statistical information department of the ministry of education:Statistical summary for education in Saudi Arabia (AR) Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine

moh.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

"وزارة الصحة - بوابة الخدمات الإلكترونية". www.moh.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.

ndtv.com (Global: 277^th place; English: 149^th place)

"Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj". NDTV. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nodc.noaa.gov

"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

noaa.gov

National Center for Meteorology / NOAA"WMO Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020): Mecca Station (40439)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 September 2026.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (20 January 2005).

oregonstate.education (Global: low place; English: low place)

open.oregonstate.education

Millison, Andrew (August 2019). "Climate Analogue Examples". Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

quran.com (Global: 3,554^th place; English: 2,180^th place)

Quran 3:96
Quran 6:92
Quran 2:127
Quran 22:25-37
Quran 105:1-5

railwaygazette.com (Global: 1,769^th place; English: 1,109^th place)

"Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca". Railway Gazette International. 15 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
"Mecca metro contracts signed". Railway Gazette International. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved". Railway Gazette International. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
"High speed stations for a high speed railway". Railway Gazette International. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.
"Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract". Railway Gazette International. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.

salamislam.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

saudia-online.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001

saudiaramcoworld.com (Global: 9,512^th place; English: 8,392^nd place)

"The Lure Of Mecca". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827^th place; English: 1,494^th place)

"Genesis 21:21". Sefaria. Genesis 21:21, The Koren Jerusalem Bible. Retrieved 1 July 2026. And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him a wife out of the land of Miżrayim (Egypt).

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

M. Robinson (2022). "The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh". Der Islam. 1 (99): 10–37. doi:10.1515/islam-2022-0002. hdl:10023/25835. S2CID 247974816.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Hawting, G.R. (1980). "The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 43 (1): 44–54 (44). doi:10.1017/S0041977X00110523. JSTOR 616125. S2CID 162654756.

siegeofmecca.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Siege of Mecca". Doubleday(US). 28 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2007.

spa.gov.sa (Global: 3,221^st place; English: 8,117^th place)

"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region". Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376^th place; English: low place)

"الحصر الفعلي للحجاج". General Authority for Statistics (in Arabic). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
"Demographics Survey 2016" (PDF). Demographics Survey 2016. General Authority for Statistics. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.

tellusant.com (Global: low place; English: 8,636^th place)

"TelluBase—Saudi Arabia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
"After the hajj: Mecca residents grow hostile to changes in the holy city". The Guardian. 14 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.

timeanddate.com (Global: 1,890^th place; English: 1,640^th place)

"Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.

trtworld.com (Global: 6,309^th place; English: 4,454^th place)

"How important is the Umrah pilgrimage for the Saudi economy?". TRT World. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.

tue.nl (Global: 9,533^rd place; English: 6,917^th place)

win.tue.nl

Leigh Rayment. "Ludovico di Varthema". Discoverers Web. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba". perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.

ucalgary.ca (Global: 3,492^nd place; English: 2,416^th place)

"The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.

water-technology.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia". water-technology.net. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"The History of Kaaba Construction and Its Renovation Over Time". Dompet Dhuafa. 15 May 2023. Archived from the original on 30 July 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
"Mecca Governorate". City Population. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
"TelluBase—Saudi Arabia Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Tellusant. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2025. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
"Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information". City Population. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
"Hajj The Holy Pilgrimage". Salamislam. 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
"Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…". Euromonitor. 4 December 2024. Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
Bayat, Ehsan (28 January 2021). "Dr. Ehsan Bayat - 6 Facts You Need to Know about the Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower". Dr. Ehsan Bayat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
"Wahhābī (Islamic movement)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 9 June 2020. Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020. Because Wahhābism prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the early history of Islam, such as the homes and graves of companions of Muhammad, were demolished under Saudi rule. Preservationists have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and Medina have been razed.
Taylor, Jerome (24 September 2011). "Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017.
Fattah, Hassan M.Islamic Pilgrims Bring Cosmopolitan Air to Unlikely City Archived 24 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times (20 January 2005).
"Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah". 29 January 2022. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
"Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region". Saudi Press Agency. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba". perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
Sample, Ian (14 July 2010). "Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016.
Holland, Tom (2012). "III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers". In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire. Doubleday. p. 471. ISBN 978-0385531368. Archived from the original on 25 December 2025. Retrieved 18 July 2025. Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.
Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
"Abraha." Archived 13 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Dictionary of African Christian Biographies. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)
Müller, Walter W. (1987) "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia" Archived 10 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, in Werner Daum (ed.), Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix.
"The Year of the Elephant". Al-Islam.org. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
"Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant". aliftaa.jo. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī (23 December 2009). "Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)". Translated by Abū Rumaysah. Islamic Network. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 15 March 2013. This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.
"Mecca". Infoplease.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)". Ucalgary.ca. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine." Library of Congress Country Studies.
Leigh Rayment. "Ludovico di Varthema". Discoverers Web. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012.
Webb, Peter (1 January 2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. ISSN 1867-0318. Archived from the original on 4 February 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
Cholera (pathology) Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
"Mecca" at Encarta. (Archived) 1 November 2009.
"The Siege of Mecca". Doubleday(US). 28 August 2007. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage' Archived 19 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011
'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca', The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009
Bsheer, Rosie (20 December 2020). "How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
"What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")". BBC. 27 December 2006. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
"History of deaths on the Hajj". BBC. 17 December 2007. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Express & Star Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Express & Star. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
"Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj". NDTV. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
"Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
"Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Abraham)". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
"Bab Bani Shaiba". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
"الحصر الفعلي للحجاج". General Authority for Statistics (in Arabic). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
"What is Umrah?". islamonline.com. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
"In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood". Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
"Mecca Municipality". Holymakkah.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia". water-technology.net. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
"Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water". GE News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
Millison, Andrew (August 2019). "Climate Analogue Examples". Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030" (CSV). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
"Climate Data for Saudi Arabia". Jeddah Regional Climate Center. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
"How important is the Umrah pilgrimage for the Saudi economy?". TRT World. 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
Howden, Daniel (19 April 2006). "Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca". London: The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2007.
"MODON begins handover of 45 mln sqm industrial city in Makkah". ArgaamPlus. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
Statistical information department of the ministry of education:Statistical summary for education in Saudi Arabia (AR) Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
"وزارة الصحة - بوابة الخدمات الإلكترونية". www.moh.gov.sa. Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
"A new National Geographic Special on PBS 'Inside Mecca'". Anisamehdi.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"After the hajj: Mecca residents grow hostile to changes in the holy city". The Guardian. 14 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
"Saudi embassy warns against entry of non-Muslims in Mecca". ABS-CBN News. 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
"The Lure Of Mecca". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
"Demographics Survey 2016" (PDF). Demographics Survey 2016. General Authority for Statistics. 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
Asian Football Stadiums Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Stadium King Abdul Aziz
"IDEA Center Projects". Elabdar Architecture. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. – Makkah Gate
"Saudi terminal can receive 3,800 pilgrims per hour". Al Arabiya. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014.
"Roads". saudinf.com.
"The Roads and Ports Sectors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine. saudia-online.com. 5 November 2001
"Makkah building eight tunnels to ease congestion". Construction Weekly. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
"Hajj pilgrims take the metro to Mecca". Railway Gazette International. 15 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
"Mecca metro contracts signed". Railway Gazette International. 24 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
"Jeddah and Makkah metro plans approved". Railway Gazette International. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
"High speed stations for a high speed railway". Railway Gazette International. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.
"Saudi Arabia's Haramain High-Speed Railway opens to public". Arab News. 11 October 2018. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
"Al Rajhi wins Makkah – Madinah civils contract". Railway Gazette International. 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010.

witness-pioneer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"In the Shade of the Message and Prophethood". Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2008.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 26: 3. doi:10.17613/zcdp-c225. ISSN 1068-1051. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
Laursen, Lucas (2010). "Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.354. ISSN 0028-0836.
Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-1-4008-8736-1. OCLC 978697983.
Webb, Peter (1 January 2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. ISSN 1867-0318. Archived from the original on 4 February 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
Adil, Salahi. (2019). Sahih Muslim (Volume 2) With the Full Commentary by Imam Nawawi. Al-Nawawi, Imam., Muslim, Imam Abul-Husain. La Vergne: Kube Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-86037-767-2. OCLC 1152068721.
Nassar, Nahla (2013). "Dar al-Kiswa al-Sharifa: Administration and Production". In Porter, Venetia; Saif, Liana (eds.). The Hajj: collected essays. London: The British Museum. pp. 176–178. ISBN 978-0-86159-193-0. OCLC 857109543.

yemenweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Müller, Walter W. (1987) "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia" Archived 10 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, in Werner Daum (ed.), Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix.

Mecca (English Wikipedia)

abs-cbnnews.com (Global: 3,011th place; English: 1,553rd place)

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807th place; English: 4,119th place)

alarabiya.net (Global: 793rd place; English: 1,027th place)

english.alarabiya.net

aliftaa.jo (Global: low place; English: low place)

anisamehdi.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

arabnews.com (Global: 1,427th place; English: 906th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

argaam.com (Global: 9,229th place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

citypopulation.de (Global: 99th place; English: 341st place)

constructionweekonline.com (Global: low place; English: 7,686th place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364th place; English: 1,439th place)

dacb.org (Global: low place; English: 7,594th place)

degruyterbrill.com (Global: 6,220th place; English: 3,995th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dompetdhuafa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ehsanbayat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

elabdarchitecture.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82nd place; English: 41st place)

euromonitor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

expressandstar.com (Global: 3,659th place; English: 1,959th place)

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122nd place; English: 1,444th place)

fussballtempel.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

ge.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

hcommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

holymakkah.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46th place; English: 29th place)

independent.co.uk

news.independent.co.uk

indiatimes.com (Global: 31st place; English: 19th place)

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

infoplease.com (Global: 3,121st place; English: 3,035th place)

islaam.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamichistorycommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jrcc.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

madainproject.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

middleeasteye.net (Global: 1,803rd place; English: 1,214th place)

moe.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

moh.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

ndtv.com (Global: 277th place; English: 149th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111th place; English: 78th place)

nodc.noaa.gov

noaa.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oregonstate.education (Global: low place; English: low place)

open.oregonstate.education

quran.com (Global: 3,554th place; English: 2,180th place)

railwaygazette.com (Global: 1,769th place; English: 1,109th place)

salamislam.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

saudia-online.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

saudiaramcoworld.com (Global: 9,512th place; English: 8,392nd place)

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827th place; English: 1,494th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

siegeofmecca.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

spa.gov.sa (Global: 3,221st place; English: 8,117th place)

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376th place; English: low place)

tellusant.com (Global: low place; English: 8,636th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

timeanddate.com (Global: 1,890th place; English: 1,640th place)

trtworld.com (Global: 6,309th place; English: 4,454th place)

tue.nl (Global: 9,533rd place; English: 6,917th place)

win.tue.nl

tufts.edu (Global: 192nd place; English: 165th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

ucalgary.ca (Global: 3,492nd place; English: 2,416th place)

water-technology.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

witness-pioneer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

yemenweb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

abs-cbnnews.com (Global: 3,011^th place; English: 1,553^rd place)

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

alarabiya.net (Global: 793^rd place; English: 1,027^th place)

arabnews.com (Global: 1,427^th place; English: 906^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

argaam.com (Global: 9,229^th place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

citypopulation.de (Global: 99^th place; English: 341^st place)

constructionweekonline.com (Global: low place; English: 7,686^th place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

dacb.org (Global: low place; English: 7,594^th place)

degruyterbrill.com (Global: 6,220^th place; English: 3,995^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

expressandstar.com (Global: 3,659^th place; English: 1,959^th place)

fordham.edu (Global: 2,122^nd place; English: 1,444^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

infoplease.com (Global: 3,121^st place; English: 3,035^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

middleeasteye.net (Global: 1,803^rd place; English: 1,214^th place)

ndtv.com (Global: 277^th place; English: 149^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

quran.com (Global: 3,554^th place; English: 2,180^th place)

railwaygazette.com (Global: 1,769^th place; English: 1,109^th place)

saudiaramcoworld.com (Global: 9,512^th place; English: 8,392^nd place)

sefaria.org (Global: 2,827^th place; English: 1,494^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

spa.gov.sa (Global: 3,221^st place; English: 8,117^th place)

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376^th place; English: low place)

tellusant.com (Global: low place; English: 8,636^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

timeanddate.com (Global: 1,890^th place; English: 1,640^th place)

trtworld.com (Global: 6,309^th place; English: 4,454^th place)

tue.nl (Global: 9,533^rd place; English: 6,917^th place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

ucalgary.ca (Global: 3,492^nd place; English: 2,416^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)