Microcode (English Wikipedia)

Fog, Agner (2017-05-02). The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs (PDF) (Report). Technical University of Denmark. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2024-08-21.

antiquetech.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Western Digital 1600". AntiqueTech. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Edward A. Snow; Daniel P. Siewiorek (1982). "Implementation and Performance Evaluation of the PDP-11 Family". In Daniel P. Siewiorek; C. Gordon Bell; Allen Newell (eds.). Computer Structures: Principles and Examples. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 671. ISBN 0-07-057302-6.

bitsavers.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,291^st place)

VAX 9000 System Technical Description (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1990. pp. 3-5 – 3-32. EK-KA90S-TD-001.
VAX 8800 System Technical Description Volume 2 (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. July 1986. EK-KA882-TD-PRE.
IBM System/360 Model 50 Functional Characteristics (PDF). IBM. 1967. p. 7. A22-6898-1. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
"Part I / Common Architecture, Chapter 6 Common PALcode Architecture". Alpha AXP Architecture Reference Manual (PDF) (Second ed.). Digital Press. 1995. ISBN 1-55558-145-5.
IBM System/360 Model 25 Functional Characteristics (PDF). IBM. January 1968. p. 22. A24-3510-0. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
Field Engineering Theory of Operation, 2030 Processing Unit, System/360 Model 30 (PDF) (First ed.). IBM. June 1967. Y24-3360-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Series 16 Computer System Reference Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. May 1971. 7032MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Computer System Read-Only Memory (ROM) Reference Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. March 1970. 7024MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
The Digital Scientific Meta 4 Series 16 Computer System Preliminary System Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. June 1970. 7006MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Computer System Typical ROM Pattern Listing and Program To Simulate The IBM 1130 Instruction Set (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. January 1970. M4/005P-170. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
IBM System/370 Principles of Operation (PDF). Fourth Edition. IBM. September 1974. pp. 98, 245. GA22-7000-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
IBM System/360 Model 85 Functional Characteristics (PDF). SECOND EDITION. IBM. June 1968. A22-6916-1. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
"Model 990/12 LR Computer Depot Maintenance and Repair Manual" (PDF). Bitsavers.org. Texas Instruments. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
LSI-11 WCS user's guide (PDF) (1st ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. June 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. (April 5, 1993). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 28 - Supplement 13. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-8247-2281-7. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved Jan 17, 2016.
Modern Mathematics. Infobase. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7910-9720-5.
Frank G. Soltis (1997). Inside the AS/400, Second Edition. Duke Press. ISBN 978-1882419661.
Vaupel, Robert (2013). High Availability and Scalability of Mainframe Environments using System z and z/OS as example. KIT Scientific. p. 26. ISBN 978-3-7315-0022-3.
Spruth, Wilhelm (December 2012). The Design of a Microprocessor. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-642-74916-2. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved Jan 18, 2015.

clemson.edu (Global: 5,952^nd place; English: 3,809^th place)

people.computing.clemson.edu

Smotherman, Mark. "CPSC 3300 / The Soul of a New Machine". Retrieved 2023-10-27. 4096 x 75-bit SRAM writable control store: 74-bit microinstruction with 1 parity bit (18 fields)

cmu.edu (Global: 1,564^th place; English: 1,028^th place)

ece.cmu.edu

Koopman, Philip Jr. (1987). "Writable instruction set, stack oriented computers: The WISC Concept" (PDF). The Journal of Forth Application and Research: 49–71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-05-11.

computer.org (Global: 5,196^th place; English: 3,635^th place)

Soltis, Frank (September 1981). "Design of a Small Business Data Processing System". IEEE Computer. 14: 77–93. doi:10.1109/C-M.1981.220610. S2CID 398484.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,213^th place; English: 1,495^th place)

computerhistory.org

Manning, B.M.; Mitby, J.S; Nicholson, J.O. (November 1979). "Microprogrammed Processor Having PLA Control Store". IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin. 22 (6). Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2011-07-10.

archive.computerhistory.org

Bell, Gordon; Strecker, W.D. What Have We Learned from the PDP-11 – What We Have Learned from VAX and Alpha (PDF) (Report). p. 30. Retrieved 2025-06-26.

cryptosmith.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Everett, R.R.; Swain, F.E. (1947). Whirlwind I Computer Block Diagrams (PDF) (Technical report). MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory. R-127. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2006.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Cocke, John; Markstein, Victoria (January 1990). "The evolution of RISC technology at IBM" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 34 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1147/rd.341.0004.
Clark, Douglas; Strecker, William (September 1980). "Comments on "The Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer," by Patterson and Ditzel". ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News. 8 (6): 34–38. doi:10.1145/641914.641918. S2CID 14939489.
"The execution pipeline of the Intel i486 CPU". Digest of Papers Compcon Spring '90. Thirty-Fifth IEEE Computer Society International Conference on Intellectual Leverage. San Francisco, CA: IEEE. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1990.63682. ISBN 0-8186-2028-5.
Soltis, Frank (September 1981). "Design of a Small Business Data Processing System". IEEE Computer. 14: 77–93. doi:10.1109/C-M.1981.220610. S2CID 398484.

easy68k.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Starnes, Thomas (April 1983). "Design Philosophy Behind Motorola's MC68000". Byte.

emidec.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"EMIDEC 1100 computer". Emidec.org.uk. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.

freebsd.org (Global: 5,469^th place; English: 3,758^th place)

svnweb.freebsd.org

"[ports] Index of /head/sysutils/cpupdate". Freebsd.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

gamasutra.com (Global: 704^th place; English: 507^th place)

Meynink, Todd (July 28, 2000). "Postmortem: Angel Studios' Resident Evil 2 (N64 Version)". Gamasutra. United Business Media LLC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2010.

gordonbell.azurewebsites.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Edward A. Snow; Daniel P. Siewiorek (1982). "Implementation and Performance Evaluation of the PDP-11 Family". In Daniel P. Siewiorek; C. Gordon Bell; Allen Newell (eds.). Computer Structures: Principles and Examples. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 671. ISBN 0-07-057302-6.

heise.de (Global: 766^th place; English: 3,515^th place)

Stiller, Andreas; Paul, Matthias R. (1996-05-12). "Prozessorgeflüster". c't – magazin für computertechnik. Trends & News (in German). Heise Verlag. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.

ibm.com (Global: 1,131^st place; English: 850^th place)

download.boulder.ibm.com

"IBM pSeries Servers - Microcode Update for Ultrastar 73LZX (US73) 18/36 GB". IBM. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

ibmsystemsmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rogers, Bob (Sep–Oct 2012). "The What and Why of zEnterprise Millicode". IBM Systems Magazine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012.
Rogers, Bob (September–October 2012). "The What and Why of zEnterprise Millicode". IBM Systems Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-11-07.

ign.com (Global: 53^rd place; English: 44^th place)

ign64.ign.com

"Interview: Battling the N64 (Naboo)". IGN64. November 10, 2000. Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2008.

ign.com

"Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine". IGN. December 12, 2000. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.

intel.com (Global: 1,118^th place; English: 825^th place)

intel.com

"9.11: Microcode update facilities". Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual, Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1 (PDF). Intel. September 2016.
"Server Products - BIOS Update required when Missing Microcode message is seen during POST". Intel. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014.

downloadcenter.intel.com

"Download Linux* Processor Microcode Data File". Archived from the original on 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2018-03-21.

iso.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 610^th place)

"ISO/IEC/IEEE 24765:2017(en) Systems and software engineering — Vocabulary". www.iso.org. Retrieved 2024-06-23.

majix.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

download.majix.org

"PALcode for Alpha Microprocessors System Design Guide" (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2013.

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

support.microsoft.com

"A microcode reliability update is available that improves the reliability of systems that use Intel processors". Archived from the original on 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2008-02-25.

nocrew.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

pdp10.nocrew.org

Smith, Eric (3 September 2002). "Re: What was the size of Microcode in various machines". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: qhn0qyveyu.fsf@ruckus.brouhaha.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.

redhat.com (Global: 5,386^th place; English: 4,042^nd place)

Both, David (23 July 2020). "The central processing unit (CPU): Its components and functionality". Red Hat.

righto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shirriff, Ken. "How the 8086 processor's microcode engine works". Ken Shirriff's blog.
Shirriff, Ken. "Simulating the IBM 360/50 mainframe from its microcode". Ken Shirriff's blog.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Clark, Douglas; Strecker, William (September 1980). "Comments on "The Case for the Reduced Instruction Set Computer," by Patterson and Ditzel". ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News. 8 (6): 34–38. doi:10.1145/641914.641918. S2CID 14939489.
Soltis, Frank (September 1981). "Design of a Small Business Data Processing System". IEEE Computer. 14: 77–93. doi:10.1109/C-M.1981.220610. S2CID 398484.

stffrdhrn.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pentium Pro Processor At 150, 166, 180, and 200 MHz" (PDF) (Datasheet). Intel. November 1995.

tomshardware.com (Global: 2,976^th place; English: 1,939^th place)

Intel Patches All Recent CPUs, Promises Hardware Fixes For Upcoming 8th Gen Chips by Paul Alcorn on March 15, 2018

trailing-edge.com (Global: low place; English: 8,128^th place)

simh.trailing-edge.com

Often denoted a ROM/PLA control store in the context of usage in a CPU; Supnik, Bob (24 February 2008). "J-11: DEC's fourth and last PDP-11 microprocessor design ... features ... ROM/PLA control store". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
Supnik, Bob (May 1988). VLSI VAX Micro-Architecture (PDF). Digital Equipment.

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

cis.upenn.edu

Cocke, John; Markstein, Victoria (January 1990). "The evolution of RISC technology at IBM" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development. 34 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1147/rd.341.0004.

urbanmyth.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Intel Microcode Update Utility for Linux". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26.

uson.mx (Global: low place; English: low place)

euler.mat.uson.mx

Neal Harman; Andy Gimblett (2009-10-12). "CS-323: High Performance Microprocessors – Chapter 1. Microprogramming". mat.uson.mx. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-08-08.

visual6502.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"6502 Images". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Kent, Allen; Williams, James G. (April 5, 1993). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 28 - Supplement 13. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 34. ISBN 0-8247-2281-7. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved Jan 17, 2016.
Fog, Agner (2017-05-02). The microarchitecture of Intel, AMD and VIA CPUs (PDF) (Report). Technical University of Denmark. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2024-08-21.
Manning, B.M.; Mitby, J.S; Nicholson, J.O. (November 1979). "Microprogrammed Processor Having PLA Control Store". IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin. 22 (6). Archived from the original on 2012-10-01. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
Often denoted a ROM/PLA control store in the context of usage in a CPU; Supnik, Bob (24 February 2008). "J-11: DEC's fourth and last PDP-11 microprocessor design ... features ... ROM/PLA control store". Archived from the original on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
"6502 Images". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2015.
Everett, R.R.; Swain, F.E. (1947). Whirlwind I Computer Block Diagrams (PDF) (Technical report). MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory. R-127. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2006.
Rogers, Bob (Sep–Oct 2012). "The What and Why of zEnterprise Millicode". IBM Systems Magazine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2012.
"EMIDEC 1100 computer". Emidec.org.uk. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
Field Engineering Theory of Operation, 2030 Processing Unit, System/360 Model 30 (PDF) (First ed.). IBM. June 1967. Y24-3360-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
"Interview: Battling the N64 (Naboo)". IGN64. November 10, 2000. Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
"Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine". IGN. December 12, 2000. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
Meynink, Todd (July 28, 2000). "Postmortem: Angel Studios' Resident Evil 2 (N64 Version)". Gamasutra. United Business Media LLC. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Series 16 Computer System Reference Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. May 1971. 7032MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Computer System Read-Only Memory (ROM) Reference Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. March 1970. 7024MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
The Digital Scientific Meta 4 Series 16 Computer System Preliminary System Manual (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. June 1970. 7006MO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-09-23. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
Digital Scientific Meta 4 Computer System Typical ROM Pattern Listing and Program To Simulate The IBM 1130 Instruction Set (PDF). Digital Scientific Corporation. January 1970. M4/005P-170. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
"Western Digital 1600". AntiqueTech. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Neal Harman; Andy Gimblett (2009-10-12). "CS-323: High Performance Microprocessors – Chapter 1. Microprogramming". mat.uson.mx. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
Rogers, Bob (September–October 2012). "The What and Why of zEnterprise Millicode". IBM Systems Magazine. Archived from the original on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
"PALcode for Alpha Microprocessors System Design Guide" (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. May 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
Spruth, Wilhelm (December 2012). The Design of a Microprocessor. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-642-74916-2. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved Jan 18, 2015.
Koopman, Philip Jr. (1987). "Writable instruction set, stack oriented computers: The WISC Concept" (PDF). The Journal of Forth Application and Research: 49–71. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-05-11.
Smith, Eric (3 September 2002). "Re: What was the size of Microcode in various machines". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: qhn0qyveyu.fsf@ruckus.brouhaha.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
IBM System/370 Principles of Operation (PDF). Fourth Edition. IBM. September 1974. pp. 98, 245. GA22-7000-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
Stiller, Andreas; Paul, Matthias R. (1996-05-12). "Prozessorgeflüster". c't – magazin für computertechnik. Trends & News (in German). Heise Verlag. Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
"Download Linux* Processor Microcode Data File". Archived from the original on 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2018-03-21.
"Intel Microcode Update Utility for Linux". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26.
"[ports] Index of /head/sysutils/cpupdate". Freebsd.org. Archived from the original on 2020-04-01. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
"A microcode reliability update is available that improves the reliability of systems that use Intel processors". Archived from the original on 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
"Server Products - BIOS Update required when Missing Microcode message is seen during POST". Intel. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on September 1, 2014.
LSI-11 WCS user's guide (PDF) (1st ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. June 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
"IBM pSeries Servers - Microcode Update for Ultrastar 73LZX (US73) 18/36 GB". IBM. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2015.

Microcode (English Wikipedia)

6502.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

acm.org (Global: 1,185th place; English: 840th place)

dl.acm.org

agner.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

antiquetech.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 4,153rd place; English: 2,291st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

clemson.edu (Global: 5,952nd place; English: 3,809th place)

people.computing.clemson.edu

cmu.edu (Global: 1,564th place; English: 1,028th place)

ece.cmu.edu

computer.org (Global: 5,196th place; English: 3,635th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,213th place; English: 1,495th place)

computerhistory.org

archive.computerhistory.org

cryptosmith.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

easy68k.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

emidec.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

freebsd.org (Global: 5,469th place; English: 3,758th place)

svnweb.freebsd.org

gamasutra.com (Global: 704th place; English: 507th place)

gordonbell.azurewebsites.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

heise.de (Global: 766th place; English: 3,515th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,131st place; English: 850th place)

download.boulder.ibm.com

ibmsystemsmag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ign.com (Global: 53rd place; English: 44th place)

ign64.ign.com

ign.com

intel.com (Global: 1,118th place; English: 825th place)

intel.com

downloadcenter.intel.com

iso.org (Global: 629th place; English: 610th place)

majix.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

download.majix.org

microsoft.com (Global: 153rd place; English: 151st place)

support.microsoft.com

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pdp10.nocrew.org

redhat.com (Global: 5,386th place; English: 4,042nd place)

righto.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

stffrdhrn.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

tomshardware.com (Global: 2,976th place; English: 1,939th place)

trailing-edge.com (Global: low place; English: 8,128th place)

simh.trailing-edge.com

upenn.edu (Global: 702nd place; English: 520th place)

cis.upenn.edu

urbanmyth.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

uson.mx (Global: low place; English: low place)

euler.mat.uson.mx

visual6502.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

acm.org (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 840^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bitsavers.org (Global: 4,153^rd place; English: 2,291^st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

clemson.edu (Global: 5,952^nd place; English: 3,809^th place)

cmu.edu (Global: 1,564^th place; English: 1,028^th place)

computer.org (Global: 5,196^th place; English: 3,635^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,213^th place; English: 1,495^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

freebsd.org (Global: 5,469^th place; English: 3,758^th place)

gamasutra.com (Global: 704^th place; English: 507^th place)

heise.de (Global: 766^th place; English: 3,515^th place)

ibm.com (Global: 1,131^st place; English: 850^th place)

ign.com (Global: 53^rd place; English: 44^th place)

intel.com (Global: 1,118^th place; English: 825^th place)

iso.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 610^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 153^rd place; English: 151^st place)

redhat.com (Global: 5,386^th place; English: 4,042^nd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

tomshardware.com (Global: 2,976^th place; English: 1,939^th place)

trailing-edge.com (Global: low place; English: 8,128^th place)

upenn.edu (Global: 702^nd place; English: 520^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)