Mount Rushmore (English Wikipedia)

Fite 1980, p. 64. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 3–4. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 7–8. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 6–7. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, pp. 38–42. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, pp. 8, 105. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 8–9, 66. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, pp. 37–38. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, p. 45. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, p. 61. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, p. 83. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.

archives.gov (Global: 319^th place; English: 166^th place)

"Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)". Milestone Documents, US National Archives. September 7, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2026.

argusleader.com (Global: 9,279^th place; English: 4,836^th place)

eu.argusleader.com

Lawrence, Tom (June 26, 2020). "Adding fifth face to Mount Rushmore National Memorial has been political football for decades". Argus Leader. USA Today Network. Retrieved November 25, 2020.

autooverload.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rare Photos From The Past". p. 5. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 1941, the original mockup of Mt. Rushmore before funding ran out

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"World: Americas Reagan for Rushmore". BBC. March 1, 1999. Retrieved November 25, 2020.

blackhillshikingbikingandmore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hike to Old Baldy Mountain". Black Hills Hiking, Biking, and More. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Gonzalez, Mario; Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth (1999). The Politics of Hallowed Ground: Wounded Knee and the Struggle for Indian Sovereignty. University of Illinois Press. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-0-252-06669-6.
Saum, Bradley (2017). "Custer". Black Elk Peak: A History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6050-8.
Saum, Bradley (2017). "Mountain Monument". Black Elk Peak: A History. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-6050-8.
Michael Patrick Cullinane (2017). Theodore Roosevelt's Ghost: The History and Memory of an American Icon. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-6674-1. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
Freeman, John F (2015). Black Hills Forestry: A History. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-60732-298-6.
Thomas J. Liu, John B. Loomis, and Linda J. Bilmes, "Exploring the contribution of National Parks to the entertainment industry's intellectual property", in Linda J. Bilmes and John B. Loomis, Valuing U.S. National Parks and Programs: America's Best Investment (Routledge, 2020), p. 95–98.
Gunderson, Jessica (July 1, 2014). "Mount Rushmore Today". Mount Rushmore: Myths, Legends, and Facts. Capstone. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4914-0208-5.
Knight, Gladys L. (August 11, 2014). "Mount Rushmore". Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Culture [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 623. ISBN 978-0-313-39883-4.
Doss, Erika (September 7, 2012). Memorial Mania: Public Feeling in America. University of Chicago Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-226-15939-3.

boosey.com (Global: 8,113^th place; English: 5,242^nd place)

"Michael Daugherty's Mount Rushmore Premieres with the Pacific Symphony and Chorale" Retrieved August 27, 2014.

bsc-eoc.org (Global: 1,652^nd place; English: 4,867^th place)

avibase.bsc-eoc.org

Lepage, Denis (2025). "Mount Rushmore National Memorial bird checklist". Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

climbing.com (Global: 5,178^th place; English: 2,854^th place)

Burr, Andrew (May 16, 2012). "Monumental". Climbing. Outside Inc. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

cnn.com

Ehrlich, Jamie (August 9, 2020). "New York Times: White House reached out to South Dakota governor about adding Trump to Mount Rushmore". CNN. Retrieved August 10, 2020.

edition.cnn.com

"Greenpeace members charged in Mount Rushmore G-8 protest - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

congress.gov (Global: 392^nd place; English: 262^nd place)

"H.R.792 – To direct the Secretary of the Interior to arrange for the carving of the figure of President Donald J. Trump on Mount Rushmore National Memorial". U.S. Congress. January 28, 2025. Retrieved February 5, 2025.

cyark.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.cyark.org

"Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

decentfilms.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The subversive non-subversiveness of "Phineas and Ferb"". December 30, 2015. Retrieved August 5, 2024.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Morton, Mary Caperton (September 3, 2020). "Mount Rushmore's Six Grandfathers and Four Presidents". Eos. 101. doi:10.1029/2020eo148456. ISSN 0096-3941. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
Boime, Albert (1991). "Patriarchy fixed in stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'". American Art. 5 (1/2): 143–167. doi:10.1086/424112.
Boime, Albert (Winter–Spring 1991). "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'". American Art. 5 (1/2): 142–67. doi:10.1086/424112. S2CID 191573145. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
Symstad, Amy J; Bynum, Michael (2007). "Conservation value of Mount Rushmore National Memorial's forest". Natural Areas Journal. 27 (4): 293–301. doi:10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[293:CVOMRN]2.0.CO;2.
Brown, Peter M; Wienk, Cody L; Symstad, Amy J (2008). "Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1984–1999. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1984B. doi:10.1890/07-1337.1. PMID 19263892.
Hoogestraat, Galen K; Rowe, Barbara L (2016). "Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15". Scientific Investigations Report (Report). US Geological Survey (Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5030). doi:10.3133/sir20165030.

engineeringsights.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.

eos.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morton, Mary Caperton (September 3, 2020). "Mount Rushmore's Six Grandfathers and Four Presidents". Eos. 101. doi:10.1029/2020eo148456. ISSN 0096-3941. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

"Ecoregions of North America". US Environmental Protection Agency. November 25, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2025.

espn.com (Global: 42^nd place; English: 25^th place)

"'Teddy' wins for 1st time in 534 races". ESPN. October 3, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2025.

exclaim.ca (Global: 803^rd place; English: 403^rd place)

Slingerland, Calum (June 18, 2020). "Protest the Hero Give American History a Scathing Rewrite on 'Palimpsest'". exclaim.ca. Retrieved October 27, 2020.

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070^th place; English: 1,114^th place)

caselaw.findlaw.com

"United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980)". Findlaw. Retrieved February 11, 2021.

govinfo.gov (Global: 1,755^th place; English: 831^st place)

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/SERIALSET-09000_00_00-068-0249-0000/pdf/SERIALSET-09000_00_00-068-0249-0000.pdf p. 2.
Reed & Wallace 2016, pp. 9–14. Reed, Paula S; Wallace, Edith B (2016). Shrine of Democracy and Sacred Stone: Historic Resource Study, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota (PDF) (Report). Hagerstown, MD: Paula S. Reed & Associates / National Park Service.
Reed & Wallace 2016, pp. 3, 9, 61. Reed, Paula S; Wallace, Edith B (2016). Shrine of Democracy and Sacred Stone: Historic Resource Study, Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota (PDF) (Report). Hagerstown, MD: Paula S. Reed & Associates / National Park Service.

heraldnet.com (Global: 4,950^th place; English: 2,443^rd place)

Imports, Archive (July 9, 2009). "Nation, World Briefs: Greenpeace scales Mount Rushmore". HeraldNet.com. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

hollywoodreporter.com (Global: 30^th place; English: 22^nd place)

Honeycutt, Kirk (October 15, 2019). "'Team America: World Police': THR's 2004 Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

holoscenes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.

indiancountrytoday.com (Global: low place; English: 9,760^th place)

David Melmer (December 13, 2004). "Historic changes for Mount Rushmore". Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

muse.jhu.edu

Walter Metz, "Review: Nebraska. Dir. Alexander Payne. Paramount Vantage, 2013". Middle West Review Volume 1, Number 1, (University of Nebraska Press, Fall 2014), p. 154–55.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Sundstrom, Linea (1996). "Mirror of heaven: Cross-cultural transference of the sacred geography of the Black Hills". World Archaeology. 28 (2): 177–189. JSTOR 125069.
Sundstrom, Linea (1997). "The sacred Black Hills: An ethnohistorical review". Great Plains Quarterly. 17 (3/4): 185–212. JSTOR 23533207.
Fite, Gilbert C. (1975). "Gutzon Borglum: Mercurial Master of Colossal Art". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 25 (2): 2–19. ISSN 0026-9891. JSTOR 4517975.
Fite, Gilbert C. (1975). "Gutzon Borglum: Mercurial master of colossal art". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 25 (2): 2–19. JSTOR 4517975.
Glass, Matthew (1994). "Producing patriotic inspiration at Mount Rushmore". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 62 (2): 265–283. JSTOR 1465267.

justice.gov (Global: 884^th place; English: 477^th place)

"Significant Indian Cases". The United States Department of Justice. United States Government. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.

keystonehistory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Keystone Characters". Keystone Historical Museum. nd. (entry: David Swanzey). Retrieved June 20, 2026.

kotatv.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Reagan, Nick (November 23, 2019). "Last carver of Mount Rushmore dies at 98". www.kotatv.com. Retrieved November 26, 2019.

loudwire.com (Global: 729^th place; English: 440^th place)

Rolli, Bryan (June 16, 2020). "Protest the Hero's Rody Walker: Trump's Vision of Greatness Is America's 'Tragic Flaw'". Loudwire. Retrieved October 27, 2020.

moderncommemoratives.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"1991 Mount Rushmore Silver Dollar". Modern Commemoratives. June 10, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
"1991 Mount Rushmore Half Dollar Commemorative Coin". June 9, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"1991 Mount Rushmore $5 Gold Commemorative Coin". June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

mountrushmoreinfo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived August 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

McKeever, Amy (October 28, 2020). "South Dakota's Mount Rushmore has a strange, scandalous history". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023.

nationalmap.gov (Global: 102^nd place; English: 67^th place)

edits.nationalmap.gov

"Feature details: Mount Rushmore (Feature ID: 1267035)". Geographic Names Information System (v. 2), US Geological Survey. 2022. Retrieved June 20, 2026.

nbc26.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mt. Rushmore H2O pollution: Fireworks to blame?". WGBA. Associated Press. May 3, 2016.

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

"Environmentalists unfurl Mt. Rushmore banner". NBC News. July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

"Oppose Borglum's project". The Sioux City Journal. April 29, 1925. p. 3. Retrieved July 3, 2025. (Archived at Newspapers.com)
Cope, Willard (July 7, 1939). "Remember Stone Mountain's Mighty Memorial?". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.

newsweek.com (Global: 371^st place; English: 235^th place)

"Obama Makes Early, Unflattering Appearance on Mount Rushmore". Newsweek. July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Brown, Peter M; Wienk, Cody L; Symstad, Amy J (2008). "Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1984–1999. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1984B. doi:10.1890/07-1337.1. PMID 19263892.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

ncei.noaa.gov

"Station: MT RUSHMORE NMEM, SD". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 28, 2021.

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

nps.gov

"Why These Four Presidents?". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved February 13, 2019.
"Charles E. Rushmore". Mount Rushmore National Memorial, US National Park Service. March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2025.
"Timeline – Mount Rushmore National Memorial". National Park Service. November 29, 2022. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
"Doane Robinson". National Park Service. January 25, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
"Carving History". National Park Service. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006.
"Historical Letters and Legislation". National Park Service. May 23, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
"Memorial History". National Park Service. May 23, 2022. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
"Carving History". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
"Honeycombing process explained from". nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
"Geology Fieldnotes". nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
"Frequently Asked Questions". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
"Text of 1934 Essay – History of the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
"Avenue of Flags, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Grand View Terrace, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Lincoln Borglum Visitor Center". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Mount Rushmore National Memorial Amphitheater". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Presidential Trail, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Borglum View Terrace, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Sculptor's Studio, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Profile View, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Iron Mountain Road (North Entrance), Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 7, 2025.
"Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
"Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. U.S. National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2024.
"Caring for a Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
"Preservation". Mount Rushmore National Memorial (U.S. National Park Service). January 30, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
"Preservation – Mount Rushmore National Memorial". National Park Service. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
"Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
"Wildflowers". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
Licht, Daniel S (2019). "Bat acoustic monitoring at Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Safety". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Hiking The Blackberry Trail, Mount Rushmore National Memorial". US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Eating & Sleeping". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Camping". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

home.nps.gov

"Birds". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Birds at Mount Rushmore". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Amphibians". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Mammals". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Forests". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. US National Park Service. nd. Retrieved July 5, 2025.

irma.nps.gov

"Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". National Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
Allaback, Sarah (2000). "Mission 66 Visitor Centers: The History of a Building Type". National Park Service.
Licht, Daniel S; Bubac, Christi; Swedlund, Jane (August 2012). Flying squirrel distribution and habitat use at Mount Rushmore National Memorial (Report). US National Park Service (NPS Natural Resource Technical Report. NPS/MORU/NRTR 2012/607).
Wienk, Cody (2010). "Management of ponderosa pine forest at Mount Rushmore National Memorial using thinning and prescribed fire". Park Science. 27 (1): 26–30.

parkplanning.nps.gov

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Independence Day holiday fireworks event: Environmental assessment (Report). US National Park Service, Planning, Environment and Public Comment (PEPC). February 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2025.

nydailynews.com (Global: 261^st place; English: 147^th place)

"Greenpeace protesters scale Rushmore, deface Abe Lincoln's face with banner". New York Daily News. July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Roberts, Sam (June 28, 2016). "An Immigrant's Contribution to Mount Rushmore Is Recognized, 75 Years Later". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2017.

ohranger.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

Fite 1980, p. 64. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 3–4. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 7–8. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 6–7. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, pp. 38–42. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, pp. 8, 105. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980, pp. 8–9, 66. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Fite 1980. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, pp. 37–38. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, p. 45. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Fite 1980, p. 61. Fite, Gilbert C (1980) [1952]. Mount Rushmore (2nd ed.). Keystone, SD: Mount Rushmore History Association. ISBN 9780964679856. OL 1263286W.
Smith 1985, p. 83. Smith, Rex Alan (1985). The Carving of Mount Rushmore (1st paperback ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-665-8. OL 8606339M.
Shaff & Shaff 1985, pp. 103–109. Shaff, Howard; Shaff, Audrey Karl (1985). Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore. Sioux Falls, SD: Center for Western Studies/Permelia. ISBN 978-0-913062-37-1. OL 5120463W.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Shaff & Shaff 1985, pp. 197–199. Shaff, Howard; Shaff, Audrey Karl (1985). Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore. Sioux Falls, SD: Center for Western Studies/Permelia. ISBN 978-0-913062-37-1. OL 5120463W.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Shaff & Shaff 1985, pp. 281–282. Shaff, Howard; Shaff, Audrey Karl (1985). Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore. Sioux Falls, SD: Center for Western Studies/Permelia. ISBN 978-0-913062-37-1. OL 5120463W.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)

outdoorplaces.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Thiessen, Michael (nd). "Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, United States". OutdoorPlaces.Com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2025.

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

"Senator Peter Norbeck". American Experience: Mount Rushmore. PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
"Complete Program Transcript . Mount Rushmore". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
"People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
American Experience Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.
Fritz, Mike; Sreenivasan, Hari; LeGro, Tom (August 24, 2011). "Why the Sioux are refusing $1.3 billion". PBS NewsHour.
"Bill Moyers Journal . Watch & Listen | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

peakbagger.com (Global: 1,004^th place; English: 668^th place)

"Mount Rushmore, South Dakota". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 13, 2006.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Schmidt, Cheryl A; Sudman, Philip D; Marquardt, Shauna R; Licht, Daniel S (December 31, 2004). Inventory of mammals at ten National Park Service units in the Northern Great Plains from 2002-2004 (Report). Keystone, SD: Northern Great Plains Inventory & Monitoring Network, US National Park Service. pp. 63–71.

sandiegouniontribune.com (Global: 1,290^th place; English: 633^rd place)

"Mount Rushmore may adjust security after protest". San Diego Union-Tribune. July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

sdhspress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lathrop, Alan K. (Winter 2007). "Designing for South Dakota and the Upper Midwest: The Career of Architect Harold T. Spitznagel, 1930—1974" (PDF). South Dakota History. 37 (4): 271–305.
Kilen Ode, Jeanne (1984). Dakota Images: Benjamin Black Elk (PDF). Vol. 14. South Dakota State Historical Society.

sdpb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Zimny, Michael (September 9, 2020). "The Black Hills' other Old Baldy". South Dakota Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Boime, Albert (Winter–Spring 1991). "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'". American Art. 5 (1/2): 142–67. doi:10.1086/424112. S2CID 191573145. Retrieved September 15, 2020.

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

arago.si.edu

"3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2014.

southdakota.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

southdakotamagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Andrews, John (May 2014). "Slight of Hand". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Higbee, Paul (February 1, 2012). "Explorers of an unseen world". South Dakota Magazine. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

thefreelibrary.com (Global: 686^th place; English: 383^rd place)

Freund, Charles Paul (2003). "Big schlock candy Mountain: the many meanings of Mount Rushmore". Reason.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Press, Associated (July 9, 2009). "Greenpeace activists scale Mount Rushmore in global warming protest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

thehill.com (Global: 469^th place; English: 252^nd place)

Shelbourne, Mallory (July 25, 2017). "Trump: 'I won't say' that I should be on Mount Rushmore". The Hill. Retrieved June 30, 2024.

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

Rosenberg, Jennifer (January 16, 2021). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Mount Rushmore". ThoughtCo. Retrieved March 28, 2023.

twincities.com (Global: 3,111^th place; English: 1,544^th place)

"Activists, including Minnesotan, sentenced for climbing Mount Rushmore". Twin Cities. January 3, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

journals.uchicago.edu

Boime, Albert (Winter–Spring 1991). "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'". American Art. 5 (1/2): 142–67. doi:10.1086/424112. S2CID 191573145. Retrieved September 15, 2020.

ucsb.edu (Global: 1,099^th place; English: 630^th place)

presidency.ucsb.edu

"George Bush: Remarks at the dedication ceremony of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial in South Dakota". The American Presidency Project. July 3, 1991. Retrieved August 27, 2017.

ufl.edu (Global: 880^th place; English: 578^th place)

iml.jou.ufl.edu

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived February 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.

unl.edu (Global: 1,697^th place; English: 926^th place)

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Albers, Patricia C. The Home of the Bison: An Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Study of Traditional Cultural Affiliations to Wind Cave National Park. Volume 1. (2003). (U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers 158.)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

fs.usda.gov

"Black Hills National Forest: Norbeck Overlook". US Forest Service. February 19, 2025. Retrieved July 7, 2025.
Brown, Peter M; Wienk, Cody L; Symstad, Amy J (2008). "Fire and forest history at Mount Rushmore" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 18 (8): 1984–1999. Bibcode:2008EcoAp..18.1984B. doi:10.1890/07-1337.1. PMID 19263892.
"Black Hills National Forest: Camping & Cabins". US Forest Service. nd. Retrieved July 6, 2025.

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov

National Cooperative Soil Survey. "OSD: MOCMONT Series". Official Soil Series Descriptions and Series Classification. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Retrieved June 19, 2026.
National Cooperative Soil Survey. "OSD: BUSKA Series". Official Soil Series Descriptions and Series Classification. Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Retrieved June 19, 2026.

websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov

"(Results of search by coordinates)". SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey. University of California, Davis. Retrieved June 18, 2026.

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

store.usgs.gov

Bryce, Sandra A; Omernik, James M; Pater, David E; and 6 others (1998). "Map of Level III and Level IV ecoregions in North Dakota and South Dakota" (PDF) (Map). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved July 4, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Continued by: "Summary table: Characteristics of ecoregions of North Dakota and South Dakota" (PDF).

pubs.usgs.gov

Hoogestraat, Galen K; Rowe, Barbara L (2016). "Perchlorate and selected metals in water and soil within Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, 2011–15". Scientific Investigations Report (Report). US Geological Survey (Scientific Investigations Report 2016-5030). doi:10.3133/sir20165030.

usgs.gov

"Fireworks Likely Caused Water Contamination at Mount Rushmore". United States Geological Survey. May 2, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2020.

visittheusa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Powell, Laura. "Mount Rushmore on the Big Screen". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
"9 Famous Pop Culture Spots in the USA You Don't Want to Miss". Visit The USA. Retrieved May 21, 2022. A variety of films and television shows suggest Mount Rushmore's use as a secret hideout for the government such as in "National Treasure: Book of Secrets" and "Team America: World Police."

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Barbash, Fred; Elkind, Peter (July 1, 1980). "Sioux Win $105 Million". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
"For Mount Rushmore, An Overdue Face Wash". The Washington Post. July 11, 2005. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
Fears, Darryl (May 3, 2016). "Officials knew fireworks at Mount Rushmore could cause a fire. But they didn't expect this". The Washington Post.

wbur.org (Global: 3,044^th place; English: 1,526^th place)

O'Dowd, Peter; Raphelson, Samantha (July 3, 2020). "50 Years After Mount Rushmore Occupation, Native Americans Are 'Still Fighting'". WBUR. Retrieved April 4, 2021.

weather.gov (Global: 1,089^th place; English: 562^nd place)

"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived August 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
"Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
"Complete Program Transcript . Mount Rushmore". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
McKeever, Amy (October 28, 2020). "South Dakota's Mount Rushmore has a strange, scandalous history". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
"Carving History". National Park Service. August 2, 2004. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006.
"People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
"Rare Photos From The Past". p. 5. Archived from the original on January 19, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019. 1941, the original mockup of Mt. Rushmore before funding ran out
"Honeycombing process explained from". nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
"Geology Fieldnotes". nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
"Frequently Asked Questions". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
Thiessen, Michael (nd). "Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota, United States". OutdoorPlaces.Com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
American Experience Archived November 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March 20, 2006.
Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Mount Rushmore National Memorial Archived February 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. Retrieved March 19, 2006.
"Text of 1934 Essay – History of the United States" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
David Melmer (December 13, 2004). "Historic changes for Mount Rushmore". Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
"Hall of Records". Mount Rushmore National Memorial web site. National Park Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.
"Caring for a Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
"Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
"Significant Indian Cases". The United States Department of Justice. United States Government. May 12, 2015. Archived from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
"Obama Makes Early, Unflattering Appearance on Mount Rushmore". Newsweek. July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2026.
Geologic Activity. National Park Service.
Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery Archived July 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.
Nature & Science- Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.
"Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June 23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
"Mount Rushmore National Memorial: Flora and fauna". American Park Network. Archived from the original on October 30, 2001. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
"Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
"3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
"The history of the Nationals Presidents Race: Who is winning and why". wusa9.com. October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Barbash, Fred; Elkind, Peter (July 1, 1980). "Sioux Win $105 Million". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
Fite, Gilbert C. (1975). "Gutzon Borglum: Mercurial Master of Colossal Art". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 25 (2): 2–19. ISSN 0026-9891. JSTOR 4517975.
Morton, Mary Caperton (September 3, 2020). "Mount Rushmore's Six Grandfathers and Four Presidents". Eos. 101. doi:10.1029/2020eo148456. ISSN 0096-3941. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
Press, Associated (July 9, 2009). "Greenpeace activists scale Mount Rushmore in global warming protest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

wusa9.com (Global: low place; English: 5,592^nd place)

"The history of the Nationals Presidents Race: Who is winning and why". wusa9.com. October 21, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019.

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

What's Inside? (June 25, 2020). What's inside Mount Rushmore?. Retrieved July 7, 2025 – via YouTube.

Mount Rushmore (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

amazon.com (Global: 159th place; English: 105th place)

americanparknetwork.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

archives.gov (Global: 319th place; English: 166th place)

argusleader.com (Global: 9,279th place; English: 4,836th place)

eu.argusleader.com

autooverload.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

blackhillshikingbikingandmore.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

boosey.com (Global: 8,113th place; English: 5,242nd place)

bsc-eoc.org (Global: 1,652nd place; English: 4,867th place)

avibase.bsc-eoc.org

climbing.com (Global: 5,178th place; English: 2,854th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36th place; English: 26th place)

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

congress.gov (Global: 392nd place; English: 262nd place)

cyark.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.cyark.org

decentfilms.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

engineeringsights.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

eos.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

epa.gov (Global: 961st place; English: 595th place)

espn.com (Global: 42nd place; English: 25th place)

exclaim.ca (Global: 803rd place; English: 403rd place)

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070th place; English: 1,114th place)

caselaw.findlaw.com

govinfo.gov (Global: 1,755th place; English: 831st place)

heraldnet.com (Global: 4,950th place; English: 2,443rd place)

hollywoodreporter.com (Global: 30th place; English: 22nd place)

holoscenes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

indiancountrytoday.com (Global: low place; English: 9,760th place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560th place; English: 313th place)

muse.jhu.edu

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

justice.gov (Global: 884th place; English: 477th place)

keystonehistory.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

kotatv.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

loudwire.com (Global: 729th place; English: 440th place)

moderncommemoratives.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mountrushmoreinfo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489th place; English: 425th place)

nationalmap.gov (Global: 102nd place; English: 67th place)

edits.nationalmap.gov

nbc26.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156th place; English: 101st place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24th place; English: 12th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 371st place; English: 235th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noaa.gov (Global: 111th place; English: 78th place)

ncei.noaa.gov

nps.gov (Global: 79th place; English: 40th place)

nps.gov

home.nps.gov

irma.nps.gov

parkplanning.nps.gov

nydailynews.com (Global: 261st place; English: 147th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

ohranger.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 185th place; English: 154th place)

outdoorplaces.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

pbs.org (Global: 260th place; English: 176th place)

peakbagger.com (Global: 1,004th place; English: 668th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

sandiegouniontribune.com (Global: 1,290th place; English: 633rd place)

sdhspress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sdpb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

si.edu (Global: 256th place; English: 197th place)

arago.si.edu

southdakota.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

southdakotamagazine.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

amazon.com (Global: 159^th place; English: 105^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

archives.gov (Global: 319^th place; English: 166^th place)

argusleader.com (Global: 9,279^th place; English: 4,836^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

boosey.com (Global: 8,113^th place; English: 5,242^nd place)

bsc-eoc.org (Global: 1,652^nd place; English: 4,867^th place)

climbing.com (Global: 5,178^th place; English: 2,854^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

congress.gov (Global: 392^nd place; English: 262^nd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

espn.com (Global: 42^nd place; English: 25^th place)

exclaim.ca (Global: 803^rd place; English: 403^rd place)

findlaw.com (Global: 2,070^th place; English: 1,114^th place)

govinfo.gov (Global: 1,755^th place; English: 831^st place)

heraldnet.com (Global: 4,950^th place; English: 2,443^rd place)

hollywoodreporter.com (Global: 30^th place; English: 22^nd place)

indiancountrytoday.com (Global: low place; English: 9,760^th place)

jhu.edu (Global: 560^th place; English: 313^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

justice.gov (Global: 884^th place; English: 477^th place)

loudwire.com (Global: 729^th place; English: 440^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nationalmap.gov (Global: 102^nd place; English: 67^th place)

nbcnews.com (Global: 156^th place; English: 101^st place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

newsweek.com (Global: 371^st place; English: 235^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

nydailynews.com (Global: 261^st place; English: 147^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

peakbagger.com (Global: 1,004^th place; English: 668^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

sandiegouniontribune.com (Global: 1,290^th place; English: 633^rd place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

si.edu (Global: 256^th place; English: 197^th place)

thefreelibrary.com (Global: 686^th place; English: 383^rd place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thehill.com (Global: 469^th place; English: 252^nd place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

twincities.com (Global: 3,111^th place; English: 1,544^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

ucsb.edu (Global: 1,099^th place; English: 630^th place)

ufl.edu (Global: 880^th place; English: 578^th place)

unl.edu (Global: 1,697^th place; English: 926^th place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

wbur.org (Global: 3,044^th place; English: 1,526^th place)

weather.gov (Global: 1,089^th place; English: 562^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

wusa9.com (Global: low place; English: 5,592^nd place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)