Nicolaus Copernicus (English Wikipedia)

The Greek mathematician and astronomer Aristarchus of Samos proposed such a system during the third century BCE (Dreyer 1953, pp. 135–48).In an early unpublished manuscript of De Revolutionibus (which still survives today in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków), Copernicus wrote that "It is credible that ... Philolaus believed in the mobility of the Earth and some even say that Aristarchus was of that opinion", a passage that was removed from the published edition, a decision described by Owen Gingerich as "eminently sensible" "from an editorial viewpoint".^[7] Philolaus was not a heliocentrist as he thought that both the Earth and the Sun moved around a central fire. Gingerich says that there is no evidence that Copernicus was aware of the few clear references to Aristarchus's heliocentrism in ancient texts (as distinct from one other unclear and confusing one), especially Archimedes's The Sand-Reckoner (which was not in print until the year after Copernicus died), and that it would have been in his interest to mention them had he known of them, before concluding that he developed his idea and its justification independently of Aristarchus.^[7] Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover Publications.
Dreyer (1953, p. 319). Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover Publications.
Dreyer (1953), pp. 40–52; Linton (2004, p. 20). Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover Publications. Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8.
Dreyer (1953), pp. 123–35; Linton (2004, p. 24). Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover Publications. Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8.
Dreyer (1953, pp. 135–48); Heath (1913), pp. 301–08) Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1953) [1906]. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover Publications. Heath, Sir Thomas (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes. London: Oxford University Press.
Heath (1913), p. 302. The italics and parenthetical comments are as they appear in Heath's original. Heath, Sir Thomas (1913). Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes. London: Oxford University Press.
Young, M.J.L., ed. (2 November 2006). Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-521-02887-5.
Dreyer, John L.E. (1906). History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler. Cambridge University Press. p. 342.
Danielson (2006) Danielson, Dennis Richard (2006). "1 Patrons and Poets (footnote 13)". The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution. New York: Walker & Company. p. 421. ISBN 978-0-8027-1530-2.
Repcheck (2007, p. 160) Repcheck, Jack (2007). Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8951-1.
Cohen, I. Bernard (1985). Revolution in Science. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-674-76778-2.
Owen (1869, p. 310); Rosen (1995, p. 166–67). Owen's remark appears in volume XI of his collected works, not the volume (XIX) cited by Rosen. Owen, John (1869) [1671], "Of the Original of the Sabbath", in Goold, William H.; Quick, Charles W. (eds.), The Works of John Owen, vol. XI, Philadelphia: The Leighton Publications, pp. 286–326 Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.

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Adi Setia (2004), "Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World: A Preliminary Survey", Islam & Science, 2, archived from the original on 10 July 2012, retrieved 2 March 2010

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Sparavigna, Ameila Carolina (2017). "Stellarium software and the occultation of Aldebaran observed by Copernicus". HAL. Retrieved 22 July 2022.

astronomia.pl

Gąssowski, Jerzy (2005). "Poszukiwanie grobu Kopernika" [Searching for Copernicus's Grave]. astronomia.pl (in Polish). Grupa Astronomia. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2017. It results from the research of Dr. Jerzy Sikorski, an Olsztyn historian and an outstanding researcher of the life and work of Nicolaus Copernicus. According to Dr. Sikorski, the canon of the Frombork cathedral was buried in the immediate vicinity of this altar, which was entrusted to their care. This altar was the one who once wore the call of Saint Andrew, and now St. Cross, fourth in the right row.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Easton, Adam (21 November 2008). "Polish tests 'confirm Copernicus'". BBC News. Retrieved 18 January 2010.

bbkl.de

Wojciech Iwanczak (1998). "Watzenrode, Lucas". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 13. Herzberg: Bautz. col. 389–93. ISBN 3-88309-072-7.

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Bogucka, Maria; Samsonowicz, Henryk (1986), Dzieje Miast i Mieszczaństwa w Polsce Przedrozbiorowej (PDF), pp. 266–267

books.google.com

Koyré (1973, pp. 27, 90) and Rosen (1995, pp. 64, 184) take the view that Copernicus was indeed concerned about possible objections from theologians, while Lindberg and Numbers (1986) argue against it. Koestler (1963) also denies it. Indirect evidence that Copernicus was concerned about objections from theologians comes from a letter written to him by Andreas Osiander in 1541, in which Osiander advises Copernicus to adopt a proposal by which he says "you will be able to appease the Peripatetics and theologians whose opposition you fear". (Koyré, 1973, pp. 35, 90) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. S2CID 163075869. Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-00159-3. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
Rosen (1995, pp. 187–92), originally published in 1967 in Saggi su Galileo Galilei . Rosen is particularly scathing about this and other statements in The Sleepwalkers, which he criticizes as inaccurate. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Fantoli (2005, pp. 118–19); Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148, 153). On-line copies of Finocchiaro's translations of the relevant documents, Inquisition Minutes of 25 February 1616 and Cardinal Bellarmine's certificate of 26 May 1616, have been made available by Gagné (2005). This notice of the decree would not have prevented Galileo from discussing heliocentrism solely as a mathematical hypothesis, but a stronger formal injunction (Finocchiaro, 1989, pp. 147–48) not to teach it "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing", allegedly issued to him by the Commissary of the Holy Office, Father Michelangelo Segizzi, would certainly have done so (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 119–20, 137). There has been much controversy over whether the copy of this injunction in the Vatican archives is authentic; if so, whether it was ever issued; and if so, whether it was legally valid (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 120–43). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989)) Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49).
André Goddu, Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition (2010), p. 436 (note 125), citing Goddu, review of Jerzy Gassowski, "Poszukiwanie grobu Mikołaja Kopernika" ("Search for Grave of Nicolaus Copernicus"), in Journal for the History of Astronomy, 38.2 (May 2007), p. 255.
Rosen, Edward (1995). "Chapter 6: Copernicus' Alleged Priesthood". In Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his successors. UK: The Hambledon Press. pp. 47–56. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Andreas Kühne, Stefan Kirschner, Biographia Copernicana: Die Copernicus-Biographien des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts (2004), p. 14
George Kish (1978). A Source Book in Geography. Harvard University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-674-82270-2.
Linton (2004, pp. 124, 137–38), Saliba (2009, pp. 160–65), Swerdlow & Neugebauer (1984, pp. 46–48). Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. Saliba, George (2009), "Islamic reception of Greek astronomy" (PDF), in Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg (2009), vol. 260, pp. 149–65, Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..149S, doi:10.1017/S1743921311002237 Swerdlow, Noel Mark; Neugebauer, Otto Eduard (1984), Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus: In Two Parts, New York: Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4613-8264-5
Goddu (2010, pp. 261–69, 476–86), Huff (2010, pp. 263–64), di Bono (1995), Veselovsky (1973). Goddu, André (2010). Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-18107-6.
Except for the circle labelled "V. Telluris" in the diagram from the printed edition, representing the orbital path of the Earth, and the first circle in both diagrams, representing the outer boundary of the universe, and of a presumed spherical shell of fixed stars, the numbered circles in the diagrams represent the boundaries of hypothetical spherical shells ("orbes" in Copernicus's Latin) whose motion was assumed to carry the planets and their epicycles around the Sun (Gingerich, 2014, pp. 36–38; 2016, pp. 34–35). Gingerich, Owen (2014), God's Planet, Harvard University Press, Bibcode:2014gopl.book.....G, ISBN 978-0-674-41710-6 Gingerich, Owen (2016), Copernicus: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-933096-6
Rosen (2004, pp. 58–59); Swerdlow (1973, p. 436) Rosen, Edward (2004) [1939]. Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus (Second Edition, revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0. Swerdlow, Noel (December 1973), "The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory—A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 117 (6): 423–512
Westman (2011, p. 194) Westman, Robert S. (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25481-7.
Feldhay (1995, p. 205) Feldhay, Rivka (1995). Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition Or Critical Dialogue?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34468-5.
Westman (2011, p. 195) Westman, Robert S. (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25481-7.
Feldhay (1995, pp. 205–07) Feldhay, Rivka (1995). Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition Or Critical Dialogue?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34468-5.
Feldhay (1995, p. 207) Feldhay, Rivka (1995). Galileo and the Church: Political Inquisition Or Critical Dialogue?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34468-5.
Westman (2011, pp. 195–96) Westman, Robert S. (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25481-7.
Westman (2011, p. 196) Westman, Robert S. (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25481-7.
Westman (2011, p. 197) Westman, Robert S. (2011). The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25481-7.
Rosen (1995, p. 198) Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Owen (1869, p. 310); Rosen (1995, p. 166–67). Owen's remark appears in volume XI of his collected works, not the volume (XIX) cited by Rosen. Owen, John (1869) [1671], "Of the Original of the Sabbath", in Goold, William H.; Quick, Charles W. (eds.), The Works of John Owen, vol. XI, Philadelphia: The Leighton Publications, pp. 286–326 Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Finocchiaro (2010, p. 71) Maurice A. Finocchiaro (2010). Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-3201-0.
Finocchiaro (2010, p. 75) Maurice A. Finocchiaro (2010). Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-3201-0.
Graney (2015, pp. 68–69) Graney, Christopher M. (2015). Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science Against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-02988-3.
Finocchiaro (2010, p. 72) Maurice A. Finocchiaro (2010). Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-3201-0.
Graney (2015, pp. 69–75) Graney, Christopher M. (2015). Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science Against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-02988-3.
Finocchiaro (2010, p. 73) Maurice A. Finocchiaro (2010). Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-3201-0.
Graney (2015, p. 74) Graney, Christopher M. (2015). Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science Against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-02988-3.
Graney (2015, p. 70) Graney, Christopher M. (2015). Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science Against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-02988-3.
Decree of the General Congregation of the Index, 5 March 1616, translated from the Latin by Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148–49). An on-line copy of Finocchiaro's translation has been made available by Gagné (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))
Finocchiaro (1989, p. 30) Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5.
From the Inquisition's sentence of 22 June 1633 (de Santillana, 1976, pp. 306–10; Finocchiaro 1989, pp. 287–91) de Santillana, Giorgio (1976) [1955]. The Crime of Galileo (Midway reprint). Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73481-1. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5.
Hilliam, Rachel (2005). Galileo Galilei: Father of Modern Science. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-4042-0314-3.
Sidney Lee, Shakespeare's Handwriting: Facsimiles of the Five Authentic Autograph Signatures, London, Smith Elder, 1899.
Rosen (1995, p. 127). Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Freely, John (2014). Celestial Revolutionary: Copernicus, the Man and His Universe. I.B.Tauris. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-85773-490-7.

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DeMarco, Peter (13 April 2004). "Book quest took him around the globe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

cambridge.org

Linton (2004, pp. 124, 137–38), Saliba (2009, pp. 160–65), Swerdlow & Neugebauer (1984, pp. 46–48). Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. Saliba, George (2009), "Islamic reception of Greek astronomy" (PDF), in Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg (2009), vol. 260, pp. 149–65, Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..149S, doi:10.1017/S1743921311002237 Swerdlow, Noel Mark; Neugebauer, Otto Eduard (1984), Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus: In Two Parts, New York: Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4613-8264-5

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"16th-century astronomer Copernicus reburied as hero in Poland". Cleveland Plain Dealer/Associated Press. 25 May 2010.

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Koyré (1973, pp. 27, 90) and Rosen (1995, pp. 64, 184) take the view that Copernicus was indeed concerned about possible objections from theologians, while Lindberg and Numbers (1986) argue against it. Koestler (1963) also denies it. Indirect evidence that Copernicus was concerned about objections from theologians comes from a letter written to him by Andreas Osiander in 1541, in which Osiander advises Copernicus to adopt a proposal by which he says "you will be able to appease the Peripatetics and theologians whose opposition you fear". (Koyré, 1973, pp. 35, 90) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. S2CID 163075869. Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-00159-3. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
Volckart, Oliver (1997). "Early Beginnings of the Quantity Theory of Money and Their Context in Polish and Prussian Monetary Policies, c. 1520–1550". The Economic History Review. New Series. 50 (3): 430–49. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00063.
Bogdanowicz, W.; Allen, M.; Branicki, W.; Lembring, M.; Gajewska, M.; Kupiec, T. (2009). "Genetic identification of putative remains of the famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus". PNAS. 106 (30): 12279–82. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612279B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901848106. PMC 2718376. PMID 19584252.
Gingerich, O. (2009). "The Copernicus grave mystery". PNAS. 106 (30): 12215–16. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612215G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907491106. PMC 2718392. PMID 19622737.
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Ragep, F. Jamil; Al-Qushji, Ali (2001b), "Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, 16 (Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64 & 66–71, Bibcode:2001Osir...16...49R, doi:10.1086/649338, S2CID 142586786
Linton (2004, pp. 124, 137–38), Saliba (2009, pp. 160–65), Swerdlow & Neugebauer (1984, pp. 46–48). Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. Saliba, George (2009), "Islamic reception of Greek astronomy" (PDF), in Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg (2009), vol. 260, pp. 149–65, Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..149S, doi:10.1017/S1743921311002237 Swerdlow, Noel Mark; Neugebauer, Otto Eduard (1984), Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus: In Two Parts, New York: Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4613-8264-5
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Crowther, Kathleen M. (2020). "Sacrobosco's Sphaera in Spain and Portugal". De sphaera of Johannes de Sacrobosco in the Early Modern Period. pp. 161–184. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30833-9_7. ISBN 978-3-030-30832-2. S2CID 214562125.

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Koyré (1973, pp. 27, 90) and Rosen (1995, pp. 64, 184) take the view that Copernicus was indeed concerned about possible objections from theologians, while Lindberg and Numbers (1986) argue against it. Koestler (1963) also denies it. Indirect evidence that Copernicus was concerned about objections from theologians comes from a letter written to him by Andreas Osiander in 1541, in which Osiander advises Copernicus to adopt a proposal by which he says "you will be able to appease the Peripatetics and theologians whose opposition you fear". (Koyré, 1973, pp. 35, 90) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. S2CID 163075869. Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-00159-3. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
Rosen (1995, pp. 187–92), originally published in 1967 in Saggi su Galileo Galilei . Rosen is particularly scathing about this and other statements in The Sleepwalkers, which he criticizes as inaccurate. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Rosen, Edward (1995). "Chapter 6: Copernicus' Alleged Priesthood". In Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his successors. UK: The Hambledon Press. pp. 47–56. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Gingerich (2004, pp. 187–89, 201); Koyré (1973, p. 94); Kuhn (1957, p. 93); Rosen (2004, p. 123); Rabin (2005). Robbins (1964, p. x), however, includes Copernicus among a list of Renaissance astronomers who "either practiced astrology themselves or countenanced its practice". Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-01315-9. Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bibcode:1957crpa.book.....K. OCLC 535467. Rosen, Edward (2004) [1939]. Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus (Second Edition, revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0. Rabin, Sheila (2005). "Nicolaus Copernicus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 ed.). Retrieved 26 May 2008. Ptolemy, Claudius (1964) [1940]. Tetrabiblos. translated by F.E. Robbins (Loeb Classical Library ed.). London: William Heinemann.
Kuhn, 1957, pp. 187–88. Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bibcode:1957crpa.book.....K. OCLC 535467.
Bogdanowicz, W.; Allen, M.; Branicki, W.; Lembring, M.; Gajewska, M.; Kupiec, T. (2009). "Genetic identification of putative remains of the famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus". PNAS. 106 (30): 12279–82. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612279B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901848106. PMC 2718376. PMID 19584252.
Gingerich, O. (2009). "The Copernicus grave mystery". PNAS. 106 (30): 12215–16. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612215G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907491106. PMC 2718392. PMID 19622737.
Ragep, F. Jamil; Al-Qushji, Ali (2001b), "Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, 16 (Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64 & 66–71, Bibcode:2001Osir...16...49R, doi:10.1086/649338, S2CID 142586786
Swerdlow, Noel M. (31 December 1973). "The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117 (6): 423–512. Bibcode:1973PAPhS.117..423S. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986461.
Linton (2004, pp. 124, 137–38), Saliba (2009, pp. 160–65), Swerdlow & Neugebauer (1984, pp. 46–48). Linton, Christopher M. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82750-8. Saliba, George (2009), "Islamic reception of Greek astronomy" (PDF), in Valls-Gabaud & Boskenberg (2009), vol. 260, pp. 149–65, Bibcode:2011IAUS..260..149S, doi:10.1017/S1743921311002237 Swerdlow, Noel Mark; Neugebauer, Otto Eduard (1984), Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus' De Revolutionibus: In Two Parts, New York: Springer Verlag, ISBN 978-1-4613-8264-5
Except for the circle labelled "V. Telluris" in the diagram from the printed edition, representing the orbital path of the Earth, and the first circle in both diagrams, representing the outer boundary of the universe, and of a presumed spherical shell of fixed stars, the numbered circles in the diagrams represent the boundaries of hypothetical spherical shells ("orbes" in Copernicus's Latin) whose motion was assumed to carry the planets and their epicycles around the Sun (Gingerich, 2014, pp. 36–38; 2016, pp. 34–35). Gingerich, Owen (2014), God's Planet, Harvard University Press, Bibcode:2014gopl.book.....G, ISBN 978-0-674-41710-6 Gingerich, Owen (2016), Copernicus: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford & New York, NY: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-933096-6
Donald H. Kobe (1998). "Copernicus and Martin Luther: An Encounter Between Science and Religion". American Journal of Physics. 66 (3): 190. Bibcode:1998AmJPh..66..190K. doi:10.1119/1.18844.
Rosen (1995, p. 198) Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Owen (1869, p. 310); Rosen (1995, p. 166–67). Owen's remark appears in volume XI of his collected works, not the volume (XIX) cited by Rosen. Owen, John (1869) [1671], "Of the Original of the Sabbath", in Goold, William H.; Quick, Charles W. (eds.), The Works of John Owen, vol. XI, Philadelphia: The Leighton Publications, pp. 286–326 Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.
Rosen (1995, p. 127). Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5.

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Koyré (1973, pp. 27, 90) and Rosen (1995, pp. 64, 184) take the view that Copernicus was indeed concerned about possible objections from theologians, while Lindberg and Numbers (1986) argue against it. Koestler (1963) also denies it. Indirect evidence that Copernicus was concerned about objections from theologians comes from a letter written to him by Andreas Osiander in 1541, in which Osiander advises Copernicus to adopt a proposal by which he says "you will be able to appease the Peripatetics and theologians whose opposition you fear". (Koyré, 1973, pp. 35, 90) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. S2CID 163075869. Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-00159-3. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
Swerdlow, Noel M. (31 December 1973). "The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117 (6): 423–512. Bibcode:1973PAPhS.117..423S. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986461.
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Rosen (1960, p. 438) Rosen, Edward (1960). "Calvin's Attitude toward Copernicus". Journal of the History of Ideas. 21 (3): 431–41. doi:10.2307/2708147. JSTOR 2708147.

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King, David A. (2007). "Ibn al-Shāṭir: ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm". In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 569–70. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)

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Bogdanowicz, W.; Allen, M.; Branicki, W.; Lembring, M.; Gajewska, M.; Kupiec, T. (2009). "Genetic identification of putative remains of the famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus". PNAS. 106 (30): 12279–82. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612279B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901848106. PMC 2718376. PMID 19584252.
Gingerich, O. (2009). "The Copernicus grave mystery". PNAS. 106 (30): 12215–16. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612215G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907491106. PMC 2718392. PMID 19622737.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bogdanowicz, W.; Allen, M.; Branicki, W.; Lembring, M.; Gajewska, M.; Kupiec, T. (2009). "Genetic identification of putative remains of the famous astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus". PNAS. 106 (30): 12279–82. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612279B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901848106. PMC 2718376. PMID 19584252.
Gingerich, O. (2009). "The Copernicus grave mystery". PNAS. 106 (30): 12215–16. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10612215G. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907491106. PMC 2718392. PMID 19622737.

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Koyré (1973, pp. 27, 90) and Rosen (1995, pp. 64, 184) take the view that Copernicus was indeed concerned about possible objections from theologians, while Lindberg and Numbers (1986) argue against it. Koestler (1963) also denies it. Indirect evidence that Copernicus was concerned about objections from theologians comes from a letter written to him by Andreas Osiander in 1541, in which Osiander advises Copernicus to adopt a proposal by which he says "you will be able to appease the Peripatetics and theologians whose opposition you fear". (Koyré, 1973, pp. 35, 90) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Rosen, Edward (1995). Hilfstein, Erna (ed.). Copernicus and his Successors. London: Hambledon Press. Bibcode:1995cops.book.....R. ISBN 978-1-85285-071-5. Lindberg, David C.; Numbers, Ronald L. (1986). "Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science". Church History. 55 (3): 338–354. doi:10.2307/3166822. JSTOR 3166822. S2CID 163075869. Koestler, Arthur (1963) [1959]. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-0-448-00159-3. Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4.
Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context, 14 (1–2): 145–63, doi:10.1017/s0269889701000060, S2CID 145372613
Ragep, F. Jamil; Al-Qushji, Ali (2001b), "Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, 16 (Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64 & 66–71, Bibcode:2001Osir...16...49R, doi:10.1086/649338, S2CID 142586786
Crowther, Kathleen M. (2020). "Sacrobosco's Sphaera in Spain and Portugal". De sphaera of Johannes de Sacrobosco in the Early Modern Period. pp. 161–184. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30833-9_7. ISBN 978-3-030-30832-2. S2CID 214562125.

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Rabin (2005). Rabin, Sheila (2005). "Nicolaus Copernicus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 ed.). Retrieved 26 May 2008.
Gingerich (2004, pp. 187–89, 201); Koyré (1973, p. 94); Kuhn (1957, p. 93); Rosen (2004, p. 123); Rabin (2005). Robbins (1964, p. x), however, includes Copernicus among a list of Renaissance astronomers who "either practiced astrology themselves or countenanced its practice". Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-01315-9. Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bibcode:1957crpa.book.....K. OCLC 535467. Rosen, Edward (2004) [1939]. Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus (Second Edition, revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0. Rabin, Sheila (2005). "Nicolaus Copernicus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 ed.). Retrieved 26 May 2008. Ptolemy, Claudius (1964) [1940]. Tetrabiblos. translated by F.E. Robbins (Loeb Classical Library ed.). London: William Heinemann.

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Fantoli (2005, pp. 118–19); Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148, 153). On-line copies of Finocchiaro's translations of the relevant documents, Inquisition Minutes of 25 February 1616 and Cardinal Bellarmine's certificate of 26 May 1616, have been made available by Gagné (2005). This notice of the decree would not have prevented Galileo from discussing heliocentrism solely as a mathematical hypothesis, but a stronger formal injunction (Finocchiaro, 1989, pp. 147–48) not to teach it "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing", allegedly issued to him by the Commissary of the Holy Office, Father Michelangelo Segizzi, would certainly have done so (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 119–20, 137). There has been much controversy over whether the copy of this injunction in the Vatican archives is authentic; if so, whether it was ever issued; and if so, whether it was legally valid (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 120–43). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989)) Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49).
Decree of the General Congregation of the Index, 5 March 1616, translated from the Latin by Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148–49). An on-line copy of Finocchiaro's translation has been made available by Gagné (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))

web.archive.org

Fantoli (2005, pp. 118–19); Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148, 153). On-line copies of Finocchiaro's translations of the relevant documents, Inquisition Minutes of 25 February 1616 and Cardinal Bellarmine's certificate of 26 May 1616, have been made available by Gagné (2005). This notice of the decree would not have prevented Galileo from discussing heliocentrism solely as a mathematical hypothesis, but a stronger formal injunction (Finocchiaro, 1989, pp. 147–48) not to teach it "in any way whatever, either orally or in writing", allegedly issued to him by the Commissary of the Holy Office, Father Michelangelo Segizzi, would certainly have done so (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 119–20, 137). There has been much controversy over whether the copy of this injunction in the Vatican archives is authentic; if so, whether it was ever issued; and if so, whether it was legally valid (Fantoli, 2005, pp. 120–43). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989)) Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49). Fantoli, Annibale (2005). The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial. In McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49).
Rosen, Ed (December 1960). "Copernicus was not a priest" (PDF). Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 104 (6). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013.
Gąssowski, Jerzy (2005). "Poszukiwanie grobu Kopernika" [Searching for Copernicus's Grave]. astronomia.pl (in Polish). Grupa Astronomia. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2017. It results from the research of Dr. Jerzy Sikorski, an Olsztyn historian and an outstanding researcher of the life and work of Nicolaus Copernicus. According to Dr. Sikorski, the canon of the Frombork cathedral was buried in the immediate vicinity of this altar, which was entrusted to their care. This altar was the one who once wore the call of Saint Andrew, and now St. Cross, fourth in the right row.
Decree of the General Congregation of the Index, 5 March 1616, translated from the Latin by Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 148–49). An on-line copy of Finocchiaro's translation has been made available by Gagné (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5. Gagné, Marc (2005). Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (ed.). "Texts from The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History". Translated by Finocchiaro. West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. (Extracts from Finocchiaro (1989))
From the Inquisition's sentence of 22 June 1633 (de Santillana, 1976, pp. 306–10; Finocchiaro 1989, pp. 287–91) de Santillana, Giorgio (1976) [1955]. The Crime of Galileo (Midway reprint). Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73481-1. Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5.
Melkowski, Stefan (May 2003). "O historii i o współczesności" [On History and the Present Day] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 January 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
Findlen, Paula (2013). "Copernicus, Nicolaus". World Book Advanced. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
Renner, Terrence (20 February 2010). "Element 112 is Named Copernicium". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
"NameExoWorlds". nameexoworlds.iau.org. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
World premiere, 23 January 2013, Salle Pleyel Archived 21 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine
Dutch premiere, 1 March 2014, at Amsterdam's Concertgebouw – Movers of the Earth

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upload.wikimedia.org

/koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs, kəˈ-/ koh-PUR-nik-əs, kə-;^[2]^[3]^[4] Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik^[5] [miˈkɔwaj kɔˈpɛrɲik] ^ⓘ; Middle Low German: Niklas Koppernigk; German: Nikolaus Kopernikus.

wikisource.org

de.wikisource.org

"Nicolaus Coppernicus aus Thorn über die Kreisbewegungen der Weltkörper/Vorwort – Wikisource". de.wikisource.org.

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Gingerich (2004, pp. 187–89, 201); Koyré (1973, p. 94); Kuhn (1957, p. 93); Rosen (2004, p. 123); Rabin (2005). Robbins (1964, p. x), however, includes Copernicus among a list of Renaissance astronomers who "either practiced astrology themselves or countenanced its practice". Gingerich, Owen (2004). The Book Nobody Read. London: William Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-01315-9. Koyré, Alexandre (1973). The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0504-4. Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bibcode:1957crpa.book.....K. OCLC 535467. Rosen, Edward (2004) [1939]. Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; The Letter against Werner; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus (Second Edition, revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43605-0. Rabin, Sheila (2005). "Nicolaus Copernicus". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 ed.). Retrieved 26 May 2008. Ptolemy, Claudius (1964) [1940]. Tetrabiblos. translated by F.E. Robbins (Loeb Classical Library ed.). London: William Heinemann.
Kuhn, 1957, pp. 187–88. Kuhn, Thomas (1957). The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bibcode:1957crpa.book.....K. OCLC 535467.
Swerdlow, Noel M. (31 December 1973). "The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117 (6): 423–512. Bibcode:1973PAPhS.117..423S. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986461.