Open source (English Wikipedia)

Wen, Shao-Fang; Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart (15 January 2020). "An empirical study of security culture in open source software communities". ASONAM '19: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 863–870. doi:10.1145/3341161.3343520. hdl:11250/2646705. Retrieved 16 December 2025. OSS is released under license in compliance with the Open Source Definition as articulated by the Open Source Initiative (also known as the OSI).
Feller, Joseph; Fitzgerald, Brian (10 December 2000). "A framework analysis of the open source software development paradigm". ICIS '00: Proceedings of the twenty first international conference on Information systems. Association for Information Systems. p. 58. Retrieved 16 December 2025 – via Association for Computing Machinery. Open Source Software is software released under a license conforming to the Open Source Definition (OSD), as articulated by the Open Source Initiative.

adaptivecycle.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities Archived 2021-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Organization Science, 22(5), 1224-1239, doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614

adobe.com (Global: 2,320^th place; English: 1,990^th place)

"FAQs about fonts". Adobe. Adobe Inc. Retrieved 9 August 2026.

alibabacloud.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Alibaba Unveils Qwen3.8-27B and Releases Weights of Qwen3.8 Flagship Model".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Raymond, Eric S. (2001). The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary. OReilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00108-7.^{[page needed]}
Kai-Fu Lee (25 September 2018). AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-1-328-54639-5. OCLC 1035622189.

artificialanalysis.ai (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Comparison of Open Source AI Models across Intelligence, Performance, Price, Context Window, and more | Artificial Analysis". artificialanalysis.ai. Retrieved 14 September 2026.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Bothmann, Ludwig; Strickroth, Sven; Casalicchio, Giuseppe; Rügamer, David; Lindauer, Marius; Scheipl, Fabian; Bischl, Bernd (2022). "Developing Open Source Educational Resources for Machine Learning and Data Science". Proceedings of the Third Teaching Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Workshop. PMLR. 207: 1–6. arXiv:2107.14330.
Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science. 25 (5): 1414–1433. arXiv:1406.7541. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 6583883. SSRN 1096442.

balter.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ben.balter.com

Balter, Ben (27 January 2014). "Open source, not just software anymore". Retrieved 23 May 2026.

bc.edu (Global: 4,969^th place; English: 2,859^th place)

ejournals.bc.edu

Corbly, James Edward (25 September 2014). "The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries". Information Technology and Libraries. 33 (3): 65. doi:10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105. ISSN 2163-5226. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.

benkler.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Yochai Benkler (2006). The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. Yale University Press, New Haven, USA.

bilkent.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

repository.bilkent.edu.tr

Löker, Koray (May 2008). Revolution of Open Source and Film Making: Towards Open Film Making (MA thesis). Bilkent University. Retrieved 1 August 2026.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2008). Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing. O'Reilly Media. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-596-55395-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.

byu.edu (Global: 1,502^nd place; English: 829^th place)

scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Gurell, Seth Michael (2012). Measuring the Technical Difficulty in Reusing Open Educational Resources with the ALMS Analysis Framework (PhD thesis). Brigham Young University.

caul.edu.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

oercollective.caul.edu.au

"An introduction to open licensing and the public domain". Council of Australian University Librarians. Retrieved 30 July 2026.

cnbc.com (Global: 303^rd place; English: 191^st place)

Capoot, Ashley; Sigalos, MacKenzie (5 August 2025). "OpenAI releases lower-cost models to rival Meta, Mistral and DeepSeek". CNBC. Retrieved 23 September 2025.

communia-association.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Policy Recommendations for the Public Domain". COMMUNIA Association. Retrieved 5 August 2026.

creativecommons.org (Global: 580^th place; English: 287^th place)

"Public Domain". Creative Commons. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
"License Types". Creative Commons. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
"Copyright Reform". Creative Commons. Retrieved 5 August 2026.

davelab6.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

Crossland, Dave (2008). The Free Font Movement (PDF) (MA thesis). University of Reading.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Rossi, Simon (2026). "Open Source 2.0: From Open Source Software to Open Source Resources?". Zenodo (Preprint). doi:10.5281/zenodo.20237079.
Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science. 25 (5): 1414–1433. arXiv:1406.7541. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 6583883. SSRN 1096442.
Alcock, Celena; Hudson, Nathaniel; Chilana, Parmit K. (2016). Barriers to Using, Customizing, and Printing 3D Designs on Thingiverse (PDF). doi:10.1145/2957276.2957301.
Suber, Peter (2012). Open Access. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9286.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-51763-8.
Pomerantz, Jeffrey; Peek, Robin (2016). "Fifty shades of open". First Monday. 21 (5). doi:10.5210/fm.v21i5.6360.
Hrynaszkiewicz, Iain; Cockerill, Matthew J. (2012). "Open by default: a proposed copyright license and waiver agreement for open access research and data in peer-reviewed journals". BMC Research Notes. 5 494. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-494. PMC 3465200. PMID 22958225.
Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities Archived 2021-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Organization Science, 22(5), 1224-1239, doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
Lakhani, Karim R., & von Hippel, Eric (2003). How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance. Research Policy, 32, 923–943 doi:10.2139/ssrn.290305
Corbly, James Edward (25 September 2014). "The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries". Information Technology and Libraries. 33 (3): 65. doi:10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105. ISSN 2163-5226. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (2021). "The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 379 (2197). Bibcode:2021RSPTA.37900079F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079. OSTI 1836982. PMID 33775148. Wikidata Q111919147. Retrieved 5 February 2026 – via OSTI.
Wen, Shao-Fang; Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart (15 January 2020). "An empirical study of security culture in open source software communities". ASONAM '19: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 863–870. doi:10.1145/3341161.3343520. hdl:11250/2646705. Retrieved 16 December 2025. OSS is released under license in compliance with the Open Source Definition as articulated by the Open Source Initiative (also known as the OSI).
Morgan, Lorraine; Finnegan, Patrick (2007). "Benefits and Drawbacks of Open Source Software: An Exploratory Study of Secondary Software Firms". Open Source Development, Adoption and Innovation. IFIP — the International Federation for Information Processing. Vol. 234. Springer. pp. 307–312. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72486-7_33. ISBN 978-0-387-72485-0.
Bonvoisin, Jérémy; Mies, Robert; Boujut, Jean-François; Stark, Rainer (5 September 2017). "What is the 'Source' of Open Source Hardware?". Journal of Open Hardware. 1 (1) 5. doi:10.5334/joh.7. ISSN 2514-1708.
Joshua M. Pearce. (20 June 2015). "Return on Investment for Open Source Hardware Development". Science and Public Policy. 43 (2): 192–195. doi:10.1093/scipol/scv034.
Gavras, Kosmas; Kostakis, Vasilis (2021). "Mapping the types of modularity in open-source hardware". Design Science. 7 e13. doi:10.1017/dsj.2021.11. ISSN 2053-4701.
Liesenfeld, Andreas; Dingemanse, Mark (5 June 2024). "Rethinking open source generative AI: Open washing and the EU AI Act". The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1774–1787. doi:10.1145/3630106.3659005. ISBN 979-8-4007-0450-5.
Widder, David Gray; Whittaker, Meredith; West, Sarah Myers (November 2024). "Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters". Nature. 635 (8040): 827–833. Bibcode:2024Natur.635..827W. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08141-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 39604616.
Castelvecchi, Davide (29 June 2023). "Open-source AI chatbots are booming — what does this mean for researchers?". Nature. 618 (7967): 891–892. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..891C. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01970-6. PMID 37340135.
Toma, Augustin; Senkaiahliyan, Senthujan; Lawler, Patrick R.; Rubin, Barry; Wang, Bo (December 2023). "Generative AI could revolutionize health care — but not if control is ceded to big tech". Nature. 624 (7990): 36–38. Bibcode:2023Natur.624...36T. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03803-y. PMID 38036861.
Johnson, A. Daniel (2023). "Using Markdown, R Studio, and free tools to write, publish, and share an open-source scientific writing guide". Advances in Biology Laboratory Education. 43 (10). doi:10.37590/able.v43.art10.
Rohde H; Qin, J; Cui, Y; Li, D; Loman, NJ; Hentschke, M; Chen, W; Pu, F; et al. (2011). "Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin–Producing E. coli O104:H4" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 365 (8): 718–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107643. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 21793736.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"A battle is raging over the definition of open-source AI". The Economist. 6 November 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 9 December 2025.

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

Davies, Pascale (20 February 2024). "What is open source AI and why is profit so important to the debate?". Euronews. Retrieved 28 November 2024.

fedoraproject.org (Global: 9,728^th place; English: 9,210^th place)

"SIGs/Sound". Fedora Project. Retrieved 29 July 2026.

flosshub.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Berry (2004) Internet Ethics: Privacy, Ethics and Alienation – An Open Source Approach. (PDF file)

freedomdefined.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Definition of Free Cultural Works". freedomdefined.org. Retrieved 5 August 2026.
, Open Source Hardware Definition. Freedom Defined. 2011.

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

docs.github.com

"GitHub Glossary: Open source". GitHub. Retrieved 23 May 2026.

gizmodo.com (Global: 763^rd place; English: 486^th place)

Wright, Webb (1 July 2026). "The AI Cold War Just Got Chillier". Gizmodo. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

"Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs". Free Software Foundation Inc.
"What is Free Software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation".

hackaday.com (Global: low place; English: 7,931^st place)

List, Jenny (7 March 2025). "Open Source Hardware, How Open Do You Want It To Be?". Hackaday. Retrieved 5 August 2026.

hackr.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

Inouye, Jenna (30 January 2025). "What is Open Source Software? How Does It Work?". Hackr.io. Retrieved 3 August 2026.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Wen, Shao-Fang; Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart (15 January 2020). "An empirical study of security culture in open source software communities". ASONAM '19: Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 863–870. doi:10.1145/3341161.3343520. hdl:11250/2646705. Retrieved 16 December 2025. OSS is released under license in compliance with the Open Source Definition as articulated by the Open Source Initiative (also known as the OSI).

huggingface.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Qwen/Qwen3.8-2.4T-A95B · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 13 August 2026. Retrieved 25 August 2026.

iit.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,534^th place)

scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu

Goss, Adrienne K. (2007). "Codifying a Commons: Copyright, Copyleft, and the Creative Commons Project". Chicago-Kent Law Review. ISSN 0009-3599.

linux.org.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

Murenin, Constantine A. (10 December 2006). "Почему так важно иметь документацию по программированию железа". Linux.org.ru (in Russian).

lwn.net (Global: 4,372^nd place; English: 3,269^th place)

Vervloesem, Koen (18 October 2023). "Defining open hardware". LWN.net.
Corbet, Jonathan (28 August 2012). "Adobe's open source font experience". LWN.net.

magnatune.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is "Open Music" ?". Magnatune. Retrieved 7 July 2025.

mako.cc (Global: low place; English: low place)

Yochai Benkler, Benjamin Mako Hill and Aaron Shaw (2015). Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence. In Handbook of Collective Intelligence, edited by Thomas Malone and Michael Bernstein. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

direct.mit.edu

Suber, Peter (2012). Open Access. MIT Press. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9286.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-262-51763-8.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hrynaszkiewicz, Iain; Cockerill, Matthew J. (2012). "Open by default: a proposed copyright license and waiver agreement for open access research and data in peer-reviewed journals". BMC Research Notes. 5 494. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-494. PMC 3465200. PMID 22958225.
Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (2021). "The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 379 (2197). Bibcode:2021RSPTA.37900079F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079. OSTI 1836982. PMID 33775148. Wikidata Q111919147. Retrieved 5 February 2026 – via OSTI.
Widder, David Gray; Whittaker, Meredith; West, Sarah Myers (November 2024). "Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters". Nature. 635 (8040): 827–833. Bibcode:2024Natur.635..827W. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08141-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 39604616.
Castelvecchi, Davide (29 June 2023). "Open-source AI chatbots are booming — what does this mean for researchers?". Nature. 618 (7967): 891–892. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..891C. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01970-6. PMID 37340135.
Toma, Augustin; Senkaiahliyan, Senthujan; Lawler, Patrick R.; Rubin, Barry; Wang, Bo (December 2023). "Generative AI could revolutionize health care — but not if control is ceded to big tech". Nature. 624 (7990): 36–38. Bibcode:2023Natur.624...36T. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03803-y. PMID 38036861.
Rohde H; Qin, J; Cui, Y; Li, D; Loman, NJ; Hentschke, M; Chen, W; Pu, F; et al. (2011). "Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin–Producing E. coli O104:H4" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 365 (8): 718–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107643. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 21793736.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hrynaszkiewicz, Iain; Cockerill, Matthew J. (2012). "Open by default: a proposed copyright license and waiver agreement for open access research and data in peer-reviewed journals". BMC Research Notes. 5 494. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-5-494. PMC 3465200. PMID 22958225.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

McCabe, David; Isaac, Mike; Swanson, Ana; Conger, Kate (4 August 2026). "White House Whipsaws Silicon Valley (and Itself) Over A.I. Rules". The New York Times.

openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957^th place)

Theo de Raadt (3 December 2016). Open Documentation for Hardware. OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.

opencontent.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Wiley, David (26 September 2023). "Defining the "Open" in Open Content and Open Educational Resources". Improving Learning. Retrieved 28 July 2026.

opendefinition.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Guide to Open Licensing". Open Knowledge Foundation. Retrieved 30 July 2026.

openfontlicense.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"OFL FAQ". SIL International. Retrieved 30 July 2026.

opensource.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is open source?". Opensource.com. Retrieved 23 May 2026.
"Then, now, and the future of open source fonts". Opensource.com. 8 November 2013.
Suehle, Ruth (8 October 2010). "Applying the open source software model to the world of filmmaking". Opensource.com. Retrieved 1 August 2026.

opensource.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Licenses & Standards". Open Source Initiative. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2026.
"The Open Source AI Definition – 1.0". Open Source Initiative. 28 October 2024. Archived from the original on 31 March 2025. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
"Open Weights: not quite what you've been told". Open Source Initiative. 29 January 2025. Retrieved 23 September 2025.
"The Open Source Definition (Annotated) | Open Source Initiative". Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (2021). "The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 379 (2197). Bibcode:2021RSPTA.37900079F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079. OSTI 1836982. PMID 33775148. Wikidata Q111919147. Retrieved 5 February 2026 – via OSTI.

oziellaw.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Navigating Open Source Software Ownership, Licensing and Commercialization". Oziel Law. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2026.

peerproduction.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gavras, Kosmas (April 2019). "OPEN SOURCE BEYOND SOFTWARE: RE-INVENT OPEN DESIGN ON THE COMMON'S GROUND". Journal of Peer Production. 13.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Lessig, Lawrence (2004). Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-006-9.
Sheen S. Levine; Michael J. Prietula (2014). Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

"China's Moonshot unveils world's largest open AI model, closing in on US rivals", Reuters, retrieved 31 July 2026
"Alibaba unveils its largest AI model yet, DeepSeek's latest model is ultra-low cost", Reuters, retrieved 3 August 2026
"Alibaba launches latest agentic AI platform with international unit's Accio Work". Reuters.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

rowan.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

rdw.rowan.edu

Bergmann, Seth D. "Computer Organization with ARM64". Rowan Digital Works. Rowan University. Retrieved 3 August 2026.

sacd.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

Society of Dramatic Authors and Composers. "Authors' rights and their work". SACD. Retrieved 5 August 2026.

scixplorer.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (2021). "The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 379 (2197). Bibcode:2021RSPTA.37900079F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079. OSTI 1836982. PMID 33775148. Wikidata Q111919147. Retrieved 5 February 2026 – via OSTI.
Widder, David Gray; Whittaker, Meredith; West, Sarah Myers (November 2024). "Why 'open' AI systems are actually closed, and why this matters". Nature. 635 (8040): 827–833. Bibcode:2024Natur.635..827W. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08141-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 39604616.
Castelvecchi, Davide (29 June 2023). "Open-source AI chatbots are booming — what does this mean for researchers?". Nature. 618 (7967): 891–892. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..891C. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01970-6. PMID 37340135.
Toma, Augustin; Senkaiahliyan, Senthujan; Lawler, Patrick R.; Rubin, Barry; Wang, Bo (December 2023). "Generative AI could revolutionize health care — but not if control is ceded to big tech". Nature. 624 (7990): 36–38. Bibcode:2023Natur.624...36T. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03803-y. PMID 38036861.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science. 25 (5): 1414–1433. arXiv:1406.7541. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 6583883. SSRN 1096442.

sfu.ca (Global: 3,708^th place; English: 2,384^th place)

hci.cs.sfu.ca

Alcock, Celena; Hudson, Nathaniel; Chilana, Parmit K. (2016). Barriers to Using, Customizing, and Printing 3D Designs on Thingiverse (PDF). doi:10.1145/2957276.2957301.

sparcopen.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Battling Disease with Open: Open Source Malaria Consortium". SPARC. Retrieved 29 July 2026.

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

papers.ssrn.com

Levine, Sheen S.; Prietula, M. J. (2013). "Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance". Organization Science. 25 (5): 1414–1433. arXiv:1406.7541. doi:10.1287/orsc.2013.0872. ISSN 1047-7039. S2CID 6583883. SSRN 1096442.
MacCormack, Alan; Rusnak, John; Baldwin, Carliss Y. (2011). "Exploring the Duality between Product and Organizational Architectures: A Test of the Mirroring Hypothesis". SSRN 1104745.

technologyreview.com (Global: 2,515^th place; English: 1,716^th place)

Williams, Rhiannon; O'Donnell, James (22 August 2024). "We finally have a definition for open-source AI". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 28 November 2024.

the-turing-way.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

book.the-turing-way.org

"Glossary: Open source". The Turing Way Community. Retrieved 23 May 2026.

theoj.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jose.theoj.org

"About the Journal of Open Source Education". Journal of Open Source Education. Retrieved 28 July 2026.

thesoftwarescout.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Accio Work Review 2026: Alibaba's AI Sourcing Agent Tested". thesoftwarescout.com. 30 May 2026. Retrieved 25 August 2026.

theverge.com (Global: 208^th place; English: 158^th place)

Robison, Kylie (28 October 2024). "Open-source AI must reveal its training data, per new OSI definition". The Verge. Retrieved 28 November 2024.

torgo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Appelquist, Daniel (2023). "What's the deal with Open Source, Open Data, and Open Standards licenses?". torgo.com. Retrieved 30 July 2026.

translationcommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jamra, Mark; Patel, Neil; Texin, Tex; Weissman, Dyana (2025). "Font Creation Guidelines" (PDF). Translation Commons.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

"Recommendation on Open Educational Resources (OER)". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 May 2026.

uq.edu.au (Global: 3,996^th place; English: 2,378^th place)

espace.library.uq.edu.au

Rohde H; Qin, J; Cui, Y; Li, D; Loman, NJ; Hentschke, M; Chen, W; Pu, F; et al. (2011). "Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin–Producing E. coli O104:H4" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 365 (8): 718–24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107643. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 21793736.

vox.com (Global: 697^th place; English: 420^th place)

Piper, Kelsey (2 February 2024). "Should we make our most powerful AI models open source to all?". Vox. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
Sandbrink, Jonas (7 August 2023). "ChatGPT could make bioterrorism horrifyingly easy". Vox. Retrieved 14 November 2024.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Guggenheim, Benjamin (14 May 2026). "AI & Tech Brief: The AI Cold War". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, Ann (2011). Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities Archived 2021-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Organization Science, 22(5), 1224-1239, doi:10.1287/orsc.1100.0614
St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2008). Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing. O'Reilly Media. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-596-55395-1. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
Corbly, James Edward (25 September 2014). "The Free Software Alternative: Freeware, Open Source Software, and Libraries". Information Technology and Libraries. 33 (3): 65. doi:10.6017/ital.v33i3.5105. ISSN 2163-5226. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
Theo de Raadt (3 December 2016). Open Documentation for Hardware. OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.
"The Open Source AI Definition – 1.0". Open Source Initiative. 28 October 2024. Archived from the original on 31 March 2025. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
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wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

Fortunato, Laura; Galassi, Mark (2021). "The case for free and open source software in research and scholarship". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 379 (2197). Bibcode:2021RSPTA.37900079F. doi:10.1098/rsta.2020.0079. OSTI 1836982. PMID 33775148. Wikidata Q111919147. Retrieved 5 February 2026 – via OSTI.

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Thompson, Nicholas; Nicholas Thompson, Ian Bremmer (23 October 2018). "The AI Cold War That Threatens Us All". WIRED. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Goss, Adrienne K. (2007). "Codifying a Commons: Copyright, Copyleft, and the Creative Commons Project". Chicago-Kent Law Review. ISSN 0009-3599.
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"A battle is raging over the definition of open-source AI". The Economist. 6 November 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 9 December 2025.
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wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Chin, Josh; Huang, Raffaele (11 November 2025). "The AI Cold War That Will Redefine Everything". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 13 August 2026.

wwu.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,216^th place)

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Open source (English Wikipedia)

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adobe.com (Global: 2,320^th place; English: 1,990^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

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cnbc.com (Global: 303^rd place; English: 191^st place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

fedoraproject.org (Global: 9,728^th place; English: 9,210^th place)

github.com (Global: 380^th place; English: 337^th place)

gizmodo.com (Global: 763^rd place; English: 486^th place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

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openbsd.org (Global: low place; English: 9,957^th place)

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