Orca (English Wikipedia)

Stevens, Blair (June 11, 2020). "Even years after Blackfish, SeaWorld still has Orcas". Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

alaska.edu

gi.alaska.edu

Killer Whales Develop a Taste For Sea Otters Archived November 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Ned Rozell, Article #1418, Alaska Science Forum, December 10, 1998. Retrieved February 26, 2010

apnews.com

Movie-Star Whale Keiko Dies of Pneumonia. Archived June 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Associated Press. Published December 13, 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

aquaticmammalsjournal.org

Josh D. McInnes; Andrew W. Trites; Chelsea R. Mathieson; Marilyn E. Dahlheim; Jeffrey E. Moore; Paula A. Olson; Kevin M. Lester (2024). "Evidence for an Oceanic Population of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Offshore Waters of California and Oregon". Aquatic Mammals. 50 (2 }): 93–106. doi:10.1578/am.50.2.2024.93. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
Visser, Ingrid N.; Berghan, Jo; van Meurs, Rinie; Fertl, Dagmar (2000). "Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Predation on a Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in New Zealand Waters" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 26 (3): 229–231. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2014.

archive.org

Leatherwood, Stephen; Hobbs, Larry J. (1988). Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the eastern North Pacific and adjacent Arctic waters: a guide to their identification. Courier Dover Publications. p. 118. ISBN 0-486-25651-0. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Carwardine 2001, p. 19. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 20. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Heptner et al. 1996, p. 681. Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffmann, Robert S. (1996). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 3. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 978-1-886106-81-9.
Heptner et al. 1996, p. 683. Heptner, V. G.; Nasimovich, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; Hoffmann, Robert S. (1996). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. II, part 3. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation. ISBN 978-1-886106-81-9.
Carwardine 2001, pp. 30–32. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 21. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 29. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 64. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 67. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.
Carwardine 2001, p. 26. Carwardine, Mark (2001). Killer Whales. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7894-8266-2.

archive.today

"Orcinus orca – Orca (Killer Whale)". Marinebio.org. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
Research on Orcas Archived September 11, 2012, at archive.today, Raincoast Research Society. Retrieved February 18, 2010
Gaius Plinius Secundus. Historia Naturalis 9.5.12 Archived September 15, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (Latin), in Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius: Into the Roman World Archived May 24, 2012, at archive.today. (See also an English translation Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley, 1855.) Retrieved February 19, 2010.

arquivo.pt

Weir, C. R.; Collins, T.; Carvalho, I.; Rosenbaum, H. C. (2010). "Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Angolan and Gulf of Guinea waters, tropical West Africa" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 90 (8): 1601–1611. Bibcode:2010JMBUK..90.1601W. doi:10.1017/S002531541000072X. S2CID 84721171. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2014.

baleinesendirect.org

"Boats to Maintain Greater Distance from Killer Whales | Whales online". November 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.

bbc.com

"First stranded Orca found in almost 20 years in the Wash". BBC News. January 14, 2020. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020.

bewhalewise.org

"Home". Be Whale Wise. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.

biodic.go.jp

"海域自然環境保全基礎調査 - 海棲動物調査報告書, (2)- 19. シャチ Orcinus orca (Linnaeus,1758)マイルカ科" (PDF). 自然環境保全基礎調査: 54. 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin). Vol. v.1 (10th ed.). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 824. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2018.

books.google.com

Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 69. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
(Baird 2002). Status of Killer Whales in Canada Archived November 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Contract report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Also published as Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in Canada Archived July 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Canadian Field-Naturalist 115 (4) (2001), 676–701. Retrieved January 26, 2010. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, pp. 16–21. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Baird 2002, p. 129. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Webber, Marc A.; Jefferson, Thomas Allen; Pitman, Robert L. (July 28, 2015). Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification. Academic Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-12-409592-2.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 45. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Baird 2002, p. 128. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Baird 2002, p. 10. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Estes, James (February 26, 2009). "Ecological effects of marine mammals". In Perrin, William F. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Wursig, Bernd & Thewissen, J. G. M. Academic Press. pp. 357–361. ISBN 978-0-08-091993-5. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Heimlich & Boran 2001, p. 45. Heimlich, Sara; Boran, James (2001). Killer Whales. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-545-4.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Baird 2002, pp. 61–62. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Baird 2002, p. 23. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Baird, Robert W.; Baird, Robin W. (August 31, 2006). Killer Whales of the World: Natural History and Conservation. Voyageur Press. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
Baird 2002, p. 124. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 19. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Baird 2002, p. 14. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Heimlich & Boran 2001, p. 35. Heimlich, Sara; Boran, James (2001). Killer Whales. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-545-4.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 27. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 99. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 98. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 100. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000, p. 11. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000). Killer Whales (Second ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0800-2.
Baird 2002, pp. 73–80. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Heimlich & Boran 2001, p. 11. Heimlich, Sara; Boran, James (2001). Killer Whales. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-545-4.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

bucknell.edu

departments.bucknell.edu

Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

cascadiaresearch.org

(Baird 2002). Status of Killer Whales in Canada Archived November 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Contract report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Also published as Status of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca, in Canada Archived July 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Canadian Field-Naturalist 115 (4) (2001), 676–701. Retrieved January 26, 2010. Baird, Robin W. (2002). Killer Whales of the World. Stillwater, MN.: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2654-1.
Baird, R. W.; et al. (2006). "Killer whales in Hawaiian waters: information on population identity and feeding habits" (PDF). Pacific Science. 60 (4): 523–530. doi:10.1353/psc.2006.0024. hdl:10125/22585. S2CID 16788148. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.

cbc.ca

Chung, Emily (February 18, 2019). "Killer whales eat dolphins. So why are these dolphins tempting fate?". CBC News. Archived from the original on August 7, 2023. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
"Why orcas wear dead salmon as 'hats' remains a mystery, scientists say". CBC. November 30, 2024. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
"'Horrified' scientists first to see killer whale infanticide | CBC News". Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
"Ottawa Sued over Lack of Legislation to Protect B.C. Killer Whales". CBC News. October 9, 2008. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
"Orphaned orca's reunion with family celebrated". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2007.

cbsnews.com

Associated Press. Whale Attack Renews Captive Animal Debate CBS News, March 1, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010

cites.org

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cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"SeaWorld trainer killed by killer whale" Archived April 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, CNN, February 25, 2010, Retrieved September 9, 2010

coloradocollege.edu

Weiß, Brigitte M.; Ladich, Friedrich; Spong, Paul; Symonds, Helena (2006). "Vocal behaviour of resident killer whale matrilines with newborn calves: The role of family signatures" (PDF). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 119 (1): 627–635. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..119..627W. doi:10.1121/1.2130934. PMID 16454316. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2011.

csmonitor.com

Wood, Daniel (February 24, 2010). "Death of Sea World trainer: Do 'killer whales' belong in theme parks?". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2012.

cumbria.ac.uk

insight.cumbria.ac.uk

Miller, Patrick James O'Malley; Shapiro, Ari Daniel; Deecke, Volker Bernt (November 2010). "The diving behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales : variations with ecological not physiological factors" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 88 (11): 1103–1112. doi:10.1139/Z10-080. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2020. Overall, the whales spent 50% of their time 8 m or shallower and 90% of their time 40 m or shallower

dal.ca

whitelab.biology.dal.ca

Rendell, Luke; Whitehead, Hal (2001). "Culture in whales and dolphins". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 24 (2): 309–324. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0100396X. PMID 11530544. S2CID 24052064. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010.

dfo-mpo.gc.ca

pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Olesiuk, Peter F.; Ellis, Graeme M. and Ford, John K. B. (2005). Life History and Population Dynamics of Northern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia Archived April 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Research Document 2005/045, Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Fisheries and Oceans Canada. p. 33. Retrieved January 27, 2010

doi.org

Reeves, R.; Pitman, R. L.; Ford, J. K. B. (2017). "Orcinus orca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15421A50368125. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15421A50368125.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
LeDuc, R. G.; Perrin, W. F.; Dizon, A. E. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among the delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (3): 619–648. Bibcode:1999MMamS..15..619L. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x. ISSN 0824-0469.
Horreo, Jose L. (2018). "New insights into the phylogenetic relationships among the oceanic dolphins (Cetacea: Delphinidae)". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 57 (2): 476–480. doi:10.1111/jzs.12255. S2CID 91933816.
McGowen, Michael R.; Tsagkogeorga, Georgia; Álvarez-Carretero, Sandra; dos Reis, Mario; Struebig, Monika; Deaville, Robert; Jepson, Paul D.; Jarman, Simon; Polanowski, Andrea; Morin, Phillip A.; Rossiter, Stephen J. (October 21, 2019). "Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture". Systematic Biology. 69 (3): 479–501. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syz068. ISSN 1063-5157. PMC 7164366. PMID 31633766.
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De Bruyn, P. J. N.; Tosh, C. A.; Terauds, A. (2013). "Killer whale ecotypes: Is there a global model?". Biological Reviews. 88 (1): 62–80. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00239.x. hdl:2263/21531. PMID 22882545. S2CID 6336624.
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Josh D. McInnes; Andrew W. Trites; Chelsea R. Mathieson; Marilyn E. Dahlheim; Jeffrey E. Moore; Paula A. Olson; Kevin M. Lester (2024). "Evidence for an Oceanic Population of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Offshore Waters of California and Oregon". Aquatic Mammals. 50 (2 }): 93–106. doi:10.1578/am.50.2.2024.93. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
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Anderson, Robert; Waayers, Robyn; Knight, Andrew (August 2016). "Orca Behavior and Subsequent Aggression Associated with Oceanarium Confinement". Animals. 6 (8): 49. doi:10.3390/ani6080049. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 4997274. PMID 27548232.
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Ford & Ellis 2006. Ford, John K. B.; Ellis, Graeme M. (2006). "Selective foraging by fish-eating killer whales Orcinus orca in British Columbia". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 316: 185–199. Bibcode:2006MEPS..316..185F. doi:10.3354/meps316185.
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Baird, R. W.; et al. (2006). "Killer whales in Hawaiian waters: information on population identity and feeding habits" (PDF). Pacific Science. 60 (4): 523–530. doi:10.1353/psc.2006.0024. hdl:10125/22585. S2CID 16788148. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Weir, C. R.; Collins, T.; Carvalho, I.; Rosenbaum, H. C. (2010). "Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in Angolan and Gulf of Guinea waters, tropical West Africa" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 90 (8): 1601–1611. Bibcode:2010JMBUK..90.1601W. doi:10.1017/S002531541000072X. S2CID 84721171. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2014.
Miller, Patrick James O'Malley; Shapiro, Ari Daniel; Deecke, Volker Bernt (November 2010). "The diving behaviour of mammal-eating killer whales : variations with ecological not physiological factors" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 88 (11): 1103–1112. doi:10.1139/Z10-080. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved August 23, 2020. Overall, the whales spent 50% of their time 8 m or shallower and 90% of their time 40 m or shallower
Reisinger, Ryan R.; Keith, Mark; Andrews, Russel D.; de Bruyn, P. J. N. (December 2015). "Movement and diving of killer whales (Orcinus orca) at a Southern Ocean archipelago". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 473: 90–102. Bibcode:2015JEMBE.473...90R. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2015.08.008. hdl:2263/49986. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2021. maximum dive depths were 767.5 and 499.5 m
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Visser, Ingrid N. (2005). "First Observations of Feeding on Thresher (Alopias vulpinus) and Hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) Sharks by Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Specialising on Elasmobranch Prey". Aquatic Mammals. 31 (1): 83–88. doi:10.1578/AM.31.1.2005.83.
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Pancaldi, Francesca; Ayres, Kathryn A.; Gallagher, Austin J.; Moskito, James; Williamson, Kelsey C.; Higuera Rivas, Jesús Erick (November 29, 2024). "Killer whales (Orcinus orca) hunt, kill and consume the largest fish on Earth, the whale shark (Rhincodon typus)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 11. doi:10.3389/fmars.2024.1448254. ISSN 2296-7745.
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Towner, AV; Watson, RGA; Kock, AA; Papastamatiou, Y; Sturup, M; Gennari, E; Baker, K; Booth, T; Dicken, M; Chivell, W; Elwen, S (April 3, 2022). "Fear at the top: killer whale predation drives white shark absence at South Africa's largest aggregation site". African Journal of Marine Science. 44 (2): 139–152. Bibcode:2022AfJMS..44..139T. doi:10.2989/1814232X.2022.2066723. ISSN 1814-232X. S2CID 250118179.
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