Persecution of Christians (English Wikipedia)

"Andrew R Murphy". academia.edu. Virginia Commonwealth University, Political Science, Faculty Member Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Political Science, Faculty Member

alsadiqin.org

Abrahamson; Katz; et al. (2004). "The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638" (PDF). alsadiqin.org.

antiquities.org.il

"Human Skeletal Remains from the Mamilla cave, Jerusalem". Yossi Nagar. Retrieved 8 January 2014.

archive.org

Ide, Arthur Frederick; Smith, John Paul (1985). Martyrdom of Women: A Study of Death Psychology in the Early Christian Church to 301 CE. Garland: Tangelwuld. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-930383-49-7. apud deMause, Lloyd (2002). "Ch. 9. The Evolution of Psyche and Society. Part III.". The Emotional Life of Nations. New York: Karnac. ISBN 1-892746-98-0. Both Christians and Jews "engaged in a contest and reflection about the new-fangled practice of martyrdom,"¹⁹¹ even unto suicide...and Augustine spoke of "the mania for self-destruction" of early Christians.¹⁹² But the Christians, following Tertullian's dicta that "martyrdom is required by God," forced their own martyrdom so they could die in an ecstatic trance: "Although their tortures were gruesome, the martyrs did not suffer, enjoying their analgesic state."¹⁹⁵
192. Arthur J. Droge and James D. Tabor, A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom Among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992, p. 5.
193. Arthur F. Ide, Martyrdom of Women: A Study of Death Psychology in the Early Christian Church to 301 CE. Garland: Tangelwuld, 1985, p. 21.
194. Ibid., p. 136.
195. Ibid., pp. 146, 138.
Droge, Arthur J.; Tabor, James D. (November 1992). A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom Among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-06-062095-0. Misquoted as Groge and Tabor (1992:136) by C. Douzinas in Closs Stephens, Angharad; Vaughan-Williams, Nick; Douzinas, C. (2009). Terrorism and the Politics of Response. Oxon and New York: Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-415-45506-0.
Diana Preston (2000). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. Walker. p. 25. ISBN 9780802713612.
Brandt, Nat (1994). Massacre in Shansi. Syracuse University Press. p. xiii. ISBN 978-0-8156-0282-8.

arizona.edu

bibleinterp.arizona.edu

Gideon Avi (2010). "The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 CE) ––An Archaeological Assessment". The Bible and Interpretation. University of Arizona.

bbc.com

Hargitai, Quinn (3 November 2016). "The country that's famous for tolerance". (BBC Travel) bbc.com. BBC.
Ruth Alexander (12 November 2013). "Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?". BBC News.

books.google.com

Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304.
Wand 1990, p. 13. Wand, John Williams Charles (1990). A History of the Early Church to AD 500. Routledge. p. 320. ISBN 9780203131145.
Burke, John J. (1993) [1899]. Characteristics of the Early Church. M.H. Wiltzius. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4086-5991-5.
Guy, Laurie (28 October 2011). Introducing Early Christianity: A Topical Survey of Its Life, Beliefs Practices. InterVarsity Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8308-3942-1.
Droge, Arthur J.; Tabor, James D. (November 1992). A Noble Death: Suicide and Martyrdom Among Christians and Jews in Antiquity. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-06-062095-0. Misquoted as Groge and Tabor (1992:136) by C. Douzinas in Closs Stephens, Angharad; Vaughan-Williams, Nick; Douzinas, C. (2009). Terrorism and the Politics of Response. Oxon and New York: Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-415-45506-0.
Shaw, Brent D. (2011). Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-521-19605-5.
Shaw, Brent D. (2011). Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 598–599. ISBN 978-0-521-19605-5.
Shaw, Brent D. (2011). Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 458–460. ISBN 978-0-521-19605-5.
Shaw, Brent D. (2011). Sacred Violence: African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine. Cambridge University Press. pp. 460–466. ISBN 978-0-521-19605-5.
Frend, W.H.C. (2020). The Donatist Church. Wipf and Stock. ISBN 9781532697555.
Bowman, Alan; Peter Garnsey; Averil Cameron, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. p. 474. ISBN 9780521301992.
Joel Thomas Walker (2006). The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq. University of California Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780520932197.
Ehsan Yarshater (1983). The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian. Cambridge University Press. p. 929. ISBN 9780521246934.
Jacob Neusner (1997). History of the Jews in Babylonia. Brill. pp. 24, 25. ISBN 9004021469.
Mehrdad Kia (2016). The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 280. ISBN 9781610693912.
Jacob Neusner (1965). A History of the Jews in Babylonia, Part V: Later Sasanian Times. Brill. p. 44.
Krzysztof Stopka (2016). Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th–15th Century). Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 61. ISBN 9788323395553.
Elton L. Daniel (2012). The History of Iran. ABC-CLIO. p. 59. ISBN 9780313375095.
Richard E. Payne (2015). A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity. University of California Press. pp. 49, 55–56. ISBN 9780520961531.
Philip Wood (2013). History and Identity in the Late Antique Near East. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 9780199915408.
Joel Thomas Walker (2006). The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq. University of California Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780520245785.
R. W. Thomson (1999). The Armenian History Attributed to Sebeos. Historical commentary by James Howard-Johnston. Assistance from Tim Greenwood. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853235644.
Edward Lipiński (2004). Itineraria Phoenicia. Peeters Publishers. pp. 542–543. ISBN 9789042913448.
Mordechai Aviam (2004). Jews, Pagans and Christians in the Galilee: 25 Years of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys : Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods. Harvard University Press. p. 239. ISBN 9781580461719.
Stillman, Norman A. (1998) [1979]. "Under the New Order". The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. pp. 22–28. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.
Runciman, Steven (1987) [1951]. "The Reign of Antichrist". A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–37. ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9.
Sahner, Christian C. (2020) [2018]. "Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam". Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-0-691-17910-0. LCCN 2017956010.
Pipes, Daniel (1981). Slave Soldiers and Islam: The Genesis of a Military System. Daniel Pipes. pp. 142–43. ISBN 9780300024470.
Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Da Capo Press. p. 206. ISBN 9780306815850.
The History of the Conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain: Known as the Futuh. Cosimo. January 2010. p. 170. ISBN 9781616404352.
Barbarians, Marauders, And Infidels. Basic Books. 26 May 2004. p. 144. ISBN 9780813391533.
Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the conquest of Spain, ed. [with text and] tr. by J.H. Jones. 1858. p. 205.
The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise. Open Road Media. 9 February 2016. p. 12. ISBN 9781504034692.
Nau, François (13 November 2013). Le'Expansion Nestorienne en Asie. Gorgias Press, LLC. pp. 106–13. ISBN 9781611438321.
Gil, Moshe (27 February 1997). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. p. 473. ISBN 9780521599849.
The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews Under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain. ISI Books. 2016. ISBN 9781610170956.
Historia de los mozárabes de España: Bajo el gobierno de los virreyes (Años 711 a 756). Ediciones Turner. 1983. ISBN 9788475060859.
Reinhart Dozy (12 January 2017). Spanish Islam: A History of the Moslems in Spain. Routledge. ISBN 9781315304694.
Lewis, Bernard (1987). Islam from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 158–65. ISBN 978-0-19-505088-2.
Maqrīzī, Aḥmad ibn ʻalī (1873). A Short History of the Copts and Their Church. p. 86.
Wood, Philip (20 April 2021). The Imam of the Christians: The World of Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, C. 750–850. Princeton University Press. p. 169. ISBN 9780691219950.
Runciman, Steven (1999) [1951]. A History of the Crusades: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9.
Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969) [1955]. Setton, Kenneth Meyer (ed.). A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: the First Hundred Years (2nd ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-299-04834-1.
Runciman, Steven (1999) [1951]. A History of the Crusades: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-521-34770-9.
Holt, Andrew (2019). ""Defensive wars," crusades as". The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia: Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. pp. 444–446. ISBN 978-1-4408-5462-0.
Hillenbrand, Carole (21 November 2007). Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The battle of Mazikert. p. 244. ISBN 9780748631155.
Nicolle, David (20 August 2013). Manzikert 1071: The Breaking of Byzantium. Bloomsbury. p. 92. ISBN 9781780965055.
Vryonis, Speros (2008). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh Through the Fifteenth Century. ISBN 9781597404761.
Miszczak, Izabela (2020). The Secrets of Ephesus. ISBN 9788395654039.
Miszczak, Izabela (2016). Around Ephesus and Kuşadası. ISBN 9788394426903.
Fuller, J. F. C. (22 August 1987). A Military History of the Western World: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. Hachette Books. p. 404. ISBN 9780306803048.
Laurent, Joseph (1913). Byzance et les Turcs Seldjoucides dans l'Asie occidentale jusqu'en 1081. pp. 106–109.
Vryonis, Speros (1971). The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. University of California Press. pp. 194–95. ISBN 9780520015975.
Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The Call from the East. Vintage. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780099555032.
Frankopan, Peter (2013). The First Crusade: The Call from the East. Vintage. p. 61. ISBN 9780099555032.
Ellenblum, Ronnie (2 August 2012). The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950-1072. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. ISBN 9781139560986.
Der Islam: Zeitschrift für geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients, Volume 83, Issues 1-2. 2006. p. 101.
Rubenstein, Jay Carter (26 December 2014). The First Crusade: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 56. ISBN 9781457629105.
Runciman, Steven (1965). The Fall of Constantinople 1453. Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–148. ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9.
Ní Chléirigh, Léan (2010). "The Impact of the First Crusade on Western Opinion Toward the Byzantine Empire: The Gesta Dei per Francos of Guibert of Nogent and the Historia Hierosolymitana of Fulcher of Chartres". In Kostick, Conor (ed.). The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 161–188. ISBN 9781136902475.
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-285428-5.
Tyerman, Christopher (2005). The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-19-157811-3.
Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). The Crusades. Westport, CN and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 53–76. ISBN 978-0-313-32685-1.
Browne, Laurence E. (September 1967). The Eclipse of Chrostianity in Asia. p. 163.
Christian Van Gorder, A. (2010). Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Modern Iran. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 9780739136096.
Stark, Rodney (25 October 2011). The Triumph of Christianity: How the Jesus Movement Became the World's Largest Religion. Harper Collins. p. 210. ISBN 9780062098702.
Browne, Laurence E. (September 1967). The Eclipse of Chrostianity in Asia. p. 167.
Masters, Bruce (25 March 2004). Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9780521005821.
Madden, Thomas F. (2005). The New Concise History of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 181–182. ISBN 9780742538221.
Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). The fire, the star and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781845110567.
Victor Purcell (2010). The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study. Cambridge University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780521148122.
Stephen G. Haw (2003). A traveller's history of China. Interlink Books. p. 172. ISBN 1-56656-486-7.
Henry McAleavy (1967). The modern history of China. Praeger. p. 165. ISBN 9780297176619.
Sterling Making of America Project (1914). The Atlantic monthly, Volume 113 By Making of America Project. Atlantic Monthly Co. p. 80.
Jonathan Fenby (2005). Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 126. ISBN 0-7867-1484-0.
Diana Lary (1974). Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-521-20204-3.
Claydon, David (2005). A New Vision, a New Heart, a Renewed Call. William Carey Library. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-87808-363-3.
Uhalley, Stephen; Wu, Xiaoxin (2015). China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future. Routledge. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-317-47501-9.
Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 87. ISBN 978-0-521-25514-1.
Spielvogel, Jackson Western Civilization: Combined Volume p. 549, 2005 Thomson Wadsworth
Tallett, Frank (1991). "Dechristianizing France: The year II and the revolutionary experience". In Tallett, Frank; Atkin, Nicholas (eds.). Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789. A&C Black. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9.
Lewis, Gwynne (1993). The French Revolution: Rethinking the Debate. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 0-415-05466-4.
Joes, Anthony James (2006). Resisting Rebellion. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9780813191706.
The Gentleman's Magazine 1833, p. 388 harvnb error: no target: ge (help)
Bowring 1997, p. 126 harvnb error: no target: bow (help)
Scurry & Whiteway 1824, p. 103 harvnb error: no target: jam (help)
Scurry & Whiteway 1824, p. 104 harvnb error: no target: jam (help)
Treadgold, Warren T. (October 1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press. pp. 813–814. ISBN 9780804726306.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1979). The End of the Byzantine Empire. London: Edward Arnold. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7131-6250-9.
Roger Crowley (6 August 2009). Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453. Faber & Faber. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-571-25079-0. The vast majority of the ordinary citizens - about 30,000 - were marched off to the slave markets of Edirne, Bursa and Ankara.
M.J Akbar (3 May 2002). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-134-45259-0. Some 30,000 Christians were either enslaved or sold.
Jim Bradbury (1992). The Medieval Siege. Boydell & Brewer. p. 322. ISBN 978-0-85115-312-4.
Pavlowitch 2002, pp. 19–20. Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773.
Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: a short history. Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8.
Griffin, Roger (2006). Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (eds.). World Fascism: A-K. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 10. ISBN 9781576079409. There is no doubt that in the long run Nazi leaders such as Hitler and Himmler intended to eradicate Christianity just as ruthlessly as they intended to eradicate any other rival ideology, even if in the short term they had to be content to make compromises with it.
Mosse, George Lachmann (2003). Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-299-19304-1. Had the Nazis won the war, their ecclesiastical policies would have gone beyond those of the German Christians, to the utter destruction of both the Protestant and Catholic Churches.
Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7425-5363-7. Consequently, it was Hitler's long range goal to eliminate the churches once he had consolidated his control over his European empire.
Fischel, Jack R. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust. Scarecrow Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8108-7485-5. The objective was to either destroy Christianity and restore the German gods of antiquity or turn Jesus into an Aryan.
Dill, Marshall (1970). Germany: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press. p. 365. ISBN 0472071017. It seems no exaggeration to insist that the greatest challenge the Nazis had to face was their effort to eradicate Christianity in Germany or at least subjugate it to their general world outlook.
Hesse, Hans (2001). Persecution and resistance of Jehovah's Witnesses during the Nazi regime, 1933–1945. Berghahn Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-3-86108-750-2.
Akbar, M.J. (2003). The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict Between Islam and Christianity. Lotus Collection. ISBN 9788174362919.
Mark Twain (1869). The Innocents Abroad. Collins Clear-Type Press. ISBN 9781495902291.
Adalian, Rouben Paul (2012). "The Armenian genocide". In Totten, Samuel; Parsons, William S. (eds.). Century of Genocide. Routledge. pp. 117–56. ISBN 9780415871914.
Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). "Adana Massacre". Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 9780810874503.
Christopher J. Walker (1980). Armenia, the Survival of a Nation. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04944-7. * Akçam, Taner (2007). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. p. 327. – Profile at Google Books
Aprim, Frederick A. (January 2005). Assyrians: the continuous saga. F.A. Aprim. p. 40. ISBN 9781413438574.
Adappur, Abraham (2000). Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West. Intercultural Publications. ISBN 9788185574479. Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government – that of the Soviet Union under the Communists.
Peris, Daniel (1998). Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780801434853. Created in 1925, the League of the Militant Godless was the nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism.
Nelson, James M. (2009). Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Springer. p. 427. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-87573-6_12. ISBN 978-0-387-87572-9. Estimates of the total number of Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.
Payne, Stanley G. (2008). Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II. Yale University Press. pp. 13, 215. ISBN 978-0-300-12282-4.
Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Penguin. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-101-20120-6.

brill.com

Carrier, Richard (2 July 2014). "The prospect of a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, Annals 15.44". Vigiliae Christianae. 68 (3). Brill Academic Publishers: 264–283. doi:10.1163/15700720-12341171.
Johnson, Todd; Zurlo, Gina (2018). "Martyrdom (Country-by-country statistics)". World Christian Database. Brill Academic Publishers.

britannica.com

"Nestorianism | Definition, History, & Churches | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2 June 2023.

cambridge.org

Hsia, R. Po-Chia (14 May 2018). "Christianity and Empire: The Catholic Mission in Late Imperial China". Studies in Church History. 54: 208–224. doi:10.1017/stc.2018.1. S2CID 165314911.Retrieved 2023-02-14.

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"Persecution of Christians in 2016". Center for the Study of Global Christianity. 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
"Status of Global Christianity, 2017, in the Context of 1900–2050" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity. 2017.

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"Three State and Counterrevolution in France by Charles Tilly". cdlib.org. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

ceu.hu

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Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). "Albanian Identities" (PDF). International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relation. If the tax levied on the Christians in the Albanian communities in the 16th century amounted to about 45 akçes, in the middle of the 17th century it ran up to 780 akçes a year. In order to save the clans from hunger and ruin, the Albanian elders advised the people in the villages to adopt Islam...Nevertheless, the willingness of the Gegs to support the campaigns of the Catholic West against the Empire, did not abate.... men in Albania, Christians, but also Muslims, were ready to take up arms, given the smallest help from the Catholic West.... the complex dual religious identity of the Albanians become clear. Emblematic is the case of the Crypto-Christians inhabiting the inaccessible geographical area...

chicagotribune.com

Jordan, Mary (18 April 2007). "Albania finds religion after decades of atheism". The Chicago Tribune.

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Ye Xiaowen (19 February 2001). "China's Religions Retrospect and Prospect". Hong Kong: China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 29 June 2011.

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Holt, Andrew (2013). "Crusading against Barbarians: Muslims as Barbarians in Crusades Era Sources". East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Transcultural Experiences in the Premodern World. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 443–456. doi:10.1515/9783110321517.443. ISBN 978-3-11-032151-7.
"The Laws of Chingiz Khân". The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus. Gorgias Press. 2003. pp. 354–355. doi:10.31826/9781463209179-020. ISBN 9781463209179.

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Smith, Roger W. (Spring 2015). "Introduction: The Ottoman Genocides of Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1). Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1–9. doi:10.3138/GSI.9.1.01. ISSN 2291-1855. JSTOR 26986011. S2CID 154145301.
Roshwald, Aviel (2013). "Part II. The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945". In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0011. ISBN 9780191750304.
Katz, Steven T. (1984). "Issues in the Separation of Judaism and Christianity after 70 C.E.: A Reconsideration". Journal of Biblical Literature. 103 (1): 43–44. doi:10.2307/3260313. JSTOR 3260313.
Shaw, Brent (14 August 2015). "The Myth of the Neronian Persecution". The Journal of Roman Studies. 105: 73–100. doi:10.1017/S0075435815000982. S2CID 162564651.
Carrier, Richard (2 July 2014). "The prospect of a Christian interpolation in Tacitus, Annals 15.44". Vigiliae Christianae. 68 (3). Brill Academic Publishers: 264–283. doi:10.1163/15700720-12341171.
Nicholson, Oliver (2018), Nicholson, Oliver (ed.), "Christians, persecution of", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8, retrieved 7 October 2020
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