Pit (nuclear weapon) (English Wikipedia)

BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Bredl.org (1995-08-22). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
"BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign". Bredl.org. 22 August 1995. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

columbia.edu

cs.columbia.edu

"Permissive Action Links" Archived 2019-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Columbia University. Retrieved February 8, 2010.

doi.org

Lewis, Jeffrey (3 April 2014). "Nuclear-weapons design and testing". Adelphi Series. 54 (446): 43–76. doi:10.1080/19445571.2014.995420. ISSN 1944-5571. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
National Research Council, ed. (1996). "2 Background". An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/9187. ISBN 978-0-309-57330-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
Norris, Robert S.; Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M. (August 1985). "History of the nuclear stockpile". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 41 (7): 106–109. Bibcode:1985BuAtS..41g.106N. doi:10.1080/00963402.1985.11456011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jill C Fahrenholtz (September 1997). Development of an Automated Pit Packaging System for Pantex (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. p. 15. doi:10.2172/534478. S2CID 107183716. SAND 97-2163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

fas.org

"Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1945 until Present"Archived 2020-04-04 at the Wayback Machine – "Fact that plutonium and uranium may be bonded to each other in unspecified pits or weapons."
""Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present"". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Hecker, Siegfried S.; Mart, Joseph C. (2000). "Aging of Plutonium and Its Alloys" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. No. 26. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 243. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2014 – via Federation of American Scientists.

gwu.edu

nsarchive2.gwu.edu

A later history of the stockpile lists the pit systems between warheads using three-digit "capsules"; the Mark 4 is listed, for example, as being compatible with 110, 130, and 140 capsules, while the Mark 5 was compatible with 8 capsules grouped into four pit-types (130/240; 110/170/260; 150/210; 190). Marks 4, 5, 6, 7, and the 12 all had a high degree of capsule compatibility. The thermonuclear Marks 14, 15, 17, 18, 21, and 24 all could use the same capsule type for their primary (150, which was also compatible with Marks 5, 6, and 7). The gun-type Marks 8 and 11 used mutually compatible capsules. For all of these early weapons, the capsules could be (and were) stored separately from the non-nuclear components of the weapons, as a political choice and a safety measure. "History of the Custody and Deployment of Nuclear Weapons, July 1945 through September 1977" (PDF). Office of the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense. February 1978. p. E-2.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Norris, Robert S.; Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M. (August 1985). "History of the nuclear stockpile". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 41 (7): 106–109. Bibcode:1985BuAtS..41g.106N. doi:10.1080/00963402.1985.11456011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016.

hpschapters.org

Taschner, John C. "Nuclear Weapon Accidents" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014.

lanl.gov

library.lanl.gov

"Plutonium – A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream" (PDF).

mit.edu

web.mit.edu

Grant Elliott, "US Nuclear Weapon Safety and Control" Archived 2010-05-08 at the Wayback Machine 2005

nap.edu

National Research Council, ed. (1996). "2 Background". An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/9187. ISBN 978-0-309-57330-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.

nuclear-weapons.info

"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
nuclear-weapons.info Archived 2010-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. nuclear-weapons.info. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.

nuclearsecrecy.com

blog.nuclearsecrecy.com

Wellerstein, Alex. "Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death". Restricted data blog. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.

nuclearweaponarchive.org

"Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication".
Fissionable Materials section of the Nuclear Weapons FAQ, Carey Sublette. Retrieved Sept 23, 2006.

nukestrat.com

Nuclear Explosive Safety Study of B53 Mechanical Disassembly Operations at the USDOE Pantex Plant (PDF) (Report). Department of Energy Nuclear Explosive Safety Study Group. 1 October 1993. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2016.

nukewatch.org

NWNM | U.S. Plutonium Pit Manufacturing Archived 2008-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Nukewatch.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.

osf.io

History of the Mk28 (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. August 1968. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.

osti.gov

T. Ben. Rhinehammer (24 May 1965). "List of drawings for the Reservoir Surveillance" (PDF).

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Jill C Fahrenholtz (September 1997). Development of an Automated Pit Packaging System for Pantex (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. p. 15. doi:10.2172/534478. S2CID 107183716. SAND 97-2163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Jill C Fahrenholtz (September 1997). Development of an Automated Pit Packaging System for Pantex (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. p. 15. doi:10.2172/534478. S2CID 107183716. SAND 97-2163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.

sfreporter.com

Pein, Corey (21 August 2010). "It's the Pits: Los Alamos wants to spend billions for new nuke triggers". Santa Fe Reporter. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.

sipri.org

books.sipri.org

Appendix 8A. Russian and US technology development in support of nuclear warhead and material transparency initiatives Archived 2009-08-05 at the Wayback Machine by Oleg Bukharin

tandfonline.com

Lewis, Jeffrey (3 April 2014). "Nuclear-weapons design and testing". Adelphi Series. 54 (446): 43–76. doi:10.1080/19445571.2014.995420. ISSN 1944-5571. Retrieved 5 May 2025.

web.archive.org

"Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1945 until Present"Archived 2020-04-04 at the Wayback Machine – "Fact that plutonium and uranium may be bonded to each other in unspecified pits or weapons."
National Research Council, ed. (1996). "2 Background". An Evaluation of the Electrometallurgical Approach for Treatment of Excess Weapons Plutonium. Washington DC, USA: The National Academies Press. p. 15. doi:10.17226/9187. ISBN 978-0-309-57330-6. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Wellerstein, Alex. "Christy's Gadget: Reflections on a death". Restricted data blog. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
"Hans Bethe 94 - Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
Taschner, John C. "Nuclear Weapon Accidents" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
"The atomic bomb test for 'Fat Man'". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
Norris, Robert S.; Cochran, Thomas B.; Arkin, William M. (August 1985). "History of the nuclear stockpile". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 41 (7): 106–109. Bibcode:1985BuAtS..41g.106N. doi:10.1080/00963402.1985.11456011. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Clearwater, John (2008). Broken Arrow #1 (E-Book) - John Clearwater - Knihy Google. Hancock House Publishers. ISBN 9780888396716. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
John Clearwater (1999). U.S. nuclear weapons in Canada. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 1-55002-329-2. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
"Nuclear-weapons.info". Archived from the original on 27 September 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
nuclear-weapons.info Archived 2010-03-13 at the Wayback Machine. nuclear-weapons.info. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
Len Ackland (1999). Making a real killing: Rocky Flats and the nuclear West. UNM Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-8263-1877-0. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Bredl.org (1995-08-22). Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
Nuclear Wastelands: A Global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and Its Health and Environmental Effects Archived 2013-06-24 at the Wayback Machine by Arjun Makhijani, Katherine Yih, MIT Press, 2000 ISBN 0-262-63204-7, p. 58
Joseph Cirincione (2008). Bomb Scare: The History and Future of Nuclear Weapons. Columbia University Press. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-231-13511-5. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
"BREDL Southern Anti-Plutonium Campaign". Bredl.org. 22 August 1995. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
Jill C Fahrenholtz (September 1997). Development of an Automated Pit Packaging System for Pantex (PDF) (Report). Sandia National Labs. p. 15. doi:10.2172/534478. S2CID 107183716. SAND 97-2163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
Nuclear Explosive Safety Study of B53 Mechanical Disassembly Operations at the USDOE Pantex Plant (PDF) (Report). Department of Energy Nuclear Explosive Safety Study Group. 1 October 1993. p. 65. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2016.
History of the Mk28 (Report). Sandia National Laboratories. August 1968. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
Grant Elliott, "US Nuclear Weapon Safety and Control" Archived 2010-05-08 at the Wayback Machine 2005
"Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West" Archived 2014-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, Len Ackland, p. 131, University of New Mexico Press, 2002 ISBN 0-8263-2798-2
"Permissive Action Links" Archived 2019-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Columbia University. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
"Fire Resistant Pits" Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. ArmsControlWonk (September 24, 2007). Retrieved February 8, 2010.
"U.S. Strategic Nuclear Forces". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 54 (1). January 1998. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Nathan E. Busch (2004). No end in sight: the continuing menace of nuclear proliferation. University Press of Kentucky. p. 51. ISBN 0-8131-2323-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Sidney D. Drell, Sidney David Drell (2007). Nuclear weapons, scientists, and the post-Cold War challenge: selected papers on arms control. World Scientific. p. 151. ISBN 978-981-256-896-0. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
M. V. Ramana (2003). Prisoners of the nuclear dream. Orient Blackswan. p. 19. ISBN 81-250-2477-8. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy. Springer. 2007. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-387-95560-5. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
Bruce D. Larkin (1996). Nuclear designs: Great Britain, France, and China in the global governance of nuclear arms. Transaction Publishers. p. 272. ISBN 1-56000-239-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
""Restricted Data Declassification Decisions from 1946 until Present"". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Michael E. O'Hanlon (2009). The Science of War: Defense Budgeting, Military Technology, Logistics, and Combat Outcomes. Princeton University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-691-13702-5. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
The Arms Control, Disarmament, and Military Security Dictionary Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine by Jeffrey M. Elliot, Robert Reginald, Wildside Press, 2007 ISBN 1-4344-9052-1
Texas Radiation Online - Pantex Plutonium Plant - Nuclear Weapons^[usurped]. Texasradiation.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
URA Accomplishments^[usurped]. Uraweb.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
Hecker, Siegfried S.; Mart, Joseph C. (2000). "Aging of Plutonium and Its Alloys" (PDF). Los Alamos Science. No. 26. Los Alamos National Laboratory. p. 243. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2014 – via Federation of American Scientists.
Appendix 8A. Russian and US technology development in support of nuclear warhead and material transparency initiatives Archived 2009-08-05 at the Wayback Machine by Oleg Bukharin
NWNM | U.S. Plutonium Pit Manufacturing Archived 2008-09-19 at the Wayback Machine. Nukewatch.org. Retrieved on 2010-02-08.
Pein, Corey (21 August 2010). "It's the Pits: Los Alamos wants to spend billions for new nuke triggers". Santa Fe Reporter. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
National Academy of Sciences (2005). Monitoring nuclear weapons and nuclear-explosive materials. National Academies Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-309-09597-2. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2020.

webofstories.com

"Constructing the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
"Hans Bethe 94 - Help from the British, and the 'Christy Gadget'". Web of Stories. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
"The atomic bomb test for 'Fat Man'". Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2014.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Lewis, Jeffrey (3 April 2014). "Nuclear-weapons design and testing". Adelphi Series. 54 (446): 43–76. doi:10.1080/19445571.2014.995420. ISSN 1944-5571. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 307–308. ISBN 978-0-521-44132-2. OCLC 26764320.