Planck constant (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Planck constant" in English language version.

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Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son. pp. 6, 168. OL 7154661M.
Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer (Revised reprint ed.). Dover. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-486-60590-6.
ter Haar, D. (1967). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-08-012101-7.

arxiv.org

Boya, Luis J. (2004). "The Thermal Radiation Formula of Planck (1900)". arXiv:physics/0402064v1.
Shao, Gaofeng; et al. (2019). "Improved oxidation resistance of high emissivity coatings on fibrous ceramic for reusable space systems". Corrosion Science. 146: 233–246. arXiv:1902.03943. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.006. S2CID 118927116.
Kocia, Lucas; Love, Peter (12 July 2018). "Measurement contextuality and Planck's constant". New Journal of Physics. 20 (7): 073020. arXiv:1711.08066. Bibcode:2018NJPh...20g3020K. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aacef2. S2CID 73623448.
Bais, F. Alexander; Farmer, J. Doyne (2008). "The Physics of Information". In Adriaans, Pieter; van Benthem, Johan (eds.). Philosophy of Information. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 8. Amsterdam: North-Holland. arXiv:0708.2837. ISBN 978-0-444-51726-5.

biodiversitylibrary.org

Here are some papers that are mentioned in^[98] and in which ${\textstyle h/(2\pi )}$ appeared without a separate symbol: ^[102]^: 428 ^[103]^: 549 ^[104]^: 508 ^[105]^: 230 ^[106]^: 458 ^[107]^[108]^: 276 ^[109]^[110]^[111].^[112]

bipm.org

Le Système international d’unités [The International System of Units] (PDF) (in French and English) (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2019, p. 131, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0
"Resolutions of the 26th CGPM" (PDF). BIPM. 2018-11-16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-19. Retrieved 2018-11-20.
Le Système international d’unités [The International System of Units] (PDF) (in French and English) (9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, 2019, ISBN 978-92-822-2272-0

books.google.com

Notable examples of such usage include Landau and Lifshitz^[68]^: 20 and Giffiths,^[69]^: 3 but there are many others, e.g.^[70]^[71]^: 449 ^[72]^: 284 ^[73]^: 3 ^[74]^: 365 ^[75]^: 14 ^[76]^: 18 ^[77]^: 4 ^[78]^: 138 ^[79]^: 251 ^[80]^: 1 ^[81]^: 622 ^[82]^: xx ^[83]^: 20 ^[84]^: 4 ^[85]^: 36 ^[86]^: 41 ^[87]^: 199 ^[88]^: 846 ^[89]^[90]^[91]^: 25 ^[92]^: 653
Rybicki, G. B.; Lightman, A. P. (1979). Radiative Processes in Astrophysics. Wiley. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-471-82759-7. Archived from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
Kragh, Helge (1999), Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century, Princeton University Press, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-691-09552-3, archived from the original on 2021-12-06, retrieved 2021-10-31
Isaacson, Walter (2007-04-10), Einstein: His Life and Universe, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4165-3932-2, archived from the original on 2020-01-09, retrieved 2021-10-31, pp. 309–314.
Giuseppe Morandi; F. Napoli; E. Ercolessi (2001), Statistical mechanics: an intermediate course, World Scientific, p. 84, ISBN 978-981-02-4477-4, archived from the original on 2021-12-06, retrieved 2021-10-31
Lyth, David H.; Liddle, Andrew R. (11 June 2009). The Primordial Density Perturbation: Cosmology, Inflation and the Origin of Structure. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-64374-0.
Huang, Kerson (26 April 2010). Quantum Field Theory: From Operators to Path Integrals. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-3-527-40846-7.
Schmitz, Kenneth S. (11 November 2016). Physical Chemistry: Concepts and Theory. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-800600-9.
Chabay, Ruth W.; Sherwood, Bruce A. (20 November 2017). Matter and Interactions. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-45575-2.
Schwarz, Patricia M.; Schwarz, John H. (25 March 2004). Special Relativity: From Einstein to Strings. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44950-2.
Lévy-Leblond, Jean-Marc (2002). "The meanings of Planck's constant" (PDF). In Beltrametti, E.; Rimini, A.; Robotti, Nadia (eds.). One Hundred Years of H: Pavia, 14-16 September 2000. Italian Physical Society. ISBN 978-88-7438-003-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-10-14.
Shu, Frank (1982). The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy. University Science Books. ISBN 978-0-935702-05-7.
Rennie, Richard; Law, Jonathan, eds. (2017). "Planck constant". A Dictionary of Physics. Oxford Quick Reference (7th ed.). Oxford, UK: OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0198821472.
The International Encyclopedia of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics. Pergamon Press. 1960.
Vértes, Attila; Nagy, Sándor; Klencsár, Zoltán; Lovas, Rezso György; Rösch, Frank (10 December 2010). Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-0719-6.
Bethe, Hans A.; Salpeter, Edwin E. (1957). "Quantum Mechanics of One- and Two-Electron Atoms". In Flügge, Siegfried (ed.). Handbuch der Physik: Atome I-II. Springer.
Lang, Kenneth (11 November 2013). Astrophysical Formulae: A Compendium for the Physicist and Astrophysicist. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-11188-8.
Fox, Mark (14 June 2018). A Student's Guide to Atomic Physics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-99309-5.
Kleiss, Ronald (10 June 2021). Quantum Field Theory: A Diagrammatic Approach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-78750-5.
Zohuri, Bahman (5 January 2021). Thermal Effects of High Power Laser Energy on Materials. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-63064-5.
Balian, Roger (26 June 2007). From Microphysics to Macrophysics: Methods and Applications of Statistical Physics. Volume II. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-45480-9.
Chen, C. Julian (15 August 2011). Physics of Solar Energy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-04459-9.
Shoenberg, D. (3 September 2009). Magnetic Oscillations in Metals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-58317-3.
Powell, John L.; Crasemann, Bernd (5 May 2015). Quantum Mechanics. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-80478-1.
Dresden, Max (6 December 2012). H.A. Kramers Between Tradition and Revolution. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4612-4622-0.
Johnson, R. E. (6 December 2012). Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Collisions. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4684-8448-9.
Garcia, Alejandro; Henley, Ernest M. (13 July 2007). Subatomic Physics (3rd ed.). World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-310-167-8.
Holbrow, Charles H.; Lloyd, James N.; Amato, Joseph C.; Galvez, Enrique; Parks, M. Elizabeth (14 September 2010). Modern Introductory Physics. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-79080-0.
Polyanin, Andrei D.; Chernoutsan, Alexei (18 October 2010). A Concise Handbook of Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering Sciences. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-0640-1.
Dowling, Jonathan P. (24 August 2020). Schrödinger's Web: Race to Build the Quantum Internet. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-08017-9.
Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (22 October 2013). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-4912-7.
Griffiths, David J.; Schroeter, Darrell F. (20 November 2019). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-10314-5.
Itzykson, Claude; Zuber, Jean-Bernard (20 September 2012). Quantum Field Theory. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-13469-7.
Kaku, Michio (1993). Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507652-3.
Bogoli︠u︡bov, Nikolaĭ Nikolaevich; Shirkov, Dmitriĭ Vasilʹevich (1982). Quantum Fields. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Advanced Book Program/World Science Division. ISBN 978-0-8053-0983-6.
Aitchison, Ian J. R.; Hey, Anthony J. G. (17 December 2012). Gauge Theories in Particle Physics: A Practical Introduction: From Relativistic Quantum Mechanics to QED, Fourth Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-1299-3.
de Wit, B.; Smith, J. (2 December 2012). Field Theory in Particle Physics, Volume 1. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-59622-2.
Brown, Lowell S. (1992). Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-46946-3.
Buchbinder, Iosif L.; Shapiro, Ilya (March 2021). Introduction to Quantum Field Theory with Applications to Quantum Gravity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-883831-9.
Jaffe, Arthur (25 March 2004). "9. Where does quantum field theory fit into the big picture?". In Cao, Tian Yu (ed.). Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60272-3.
Cabibbo, Nicola; Maiani, Luciano; Benhar, Omar (28 July 2017). An Introduction to Gauge Theories. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4987-3452-3.
Casalbuoni, Roberto (6 April 2017). Introduction To Quantum Field Theory (Second ed.). World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-314-668-6.
Das, Ashok (24 July 2020). Lectures On Quantum Field Theory (2nd ed.). World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-12-2088-3.
Desai, Bipin R. (2010). Quantum Mechanics with Basic Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87760-2.
Donoghue, John; Sorbo, Lorenzo (8 March 2022). A Prelude to Quantum Field Theory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22348-3.
Folland, Gerald B. (3 February 2021). Quantum Field Theory: A Tourist Guide for Mathematicians. American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 978-1-4704-6483-7.
Fradkin, Eduardo (23 March 2021). Quantum Field Theory: An Integrated Approach. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14908-0.
Gelis, François (11 July 2019). Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48090-1.
Greiner, Walter; Reinhardt, Joachim (9 March 2013). Quantum Electrodynamics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-05246-4.
Liboff, Richard L. (2003). Introductory Quantum Mechanics (4th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-81-317-0441-7.
Hirota, E.; Sakakima, H.; Inomata, K. (9 March 2013). Giant Magneto-Resistance Devices. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-662-04777-4.
Levine, Raphael D. (4 June 2009). Molecular Reaction Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44287-9.
Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (3 August 1982). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Vol. 1. Springer New York. ISBN 978-0-387-90642-3.
Stern, Otto (December 1921). "Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld". Zeitschrift für Physik. 7 (1): 249–253. doi:10.1007/BF01332793.
Kramers, H. A.; Pauli, W. (December 1923). "Zur Theorie der Bandenspektren". Zeitschrift für Physik. 13 (1): 351–367. doi:10.1007/BF01328226.

britannica.com

"Dirac h". Britannica. Archived from the original on 2023-02-17. Retrieved 2023-09-27.

caltech.edu

feynmanlectures.caltech.edu

"The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol. II Ch. 19: The Principle of Least Action". www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-03.

doi.org

Planck, Max (1901), "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum" (PDF), Ann. Phys., 309 (3): 553–63, Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P, doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310, archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-06-10, retrieved 2008-12-15. English translation: "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum". Archived from the original on 2008-04-18.". "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
Shao, Gaofeng; et al. (2019). "Improved oxidation resistance of high emissivity coatings on fibrous ceramic for reusable space systems". Corrosion Science. 146: 233–246. arXiv:1902.03943. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.006. S2CID 118927116.
Lenard, P. (1902), "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung", Annalen der Physik, 313 (5): 149–98, Bibcode:1902AnP...313..149L, doi:10.1002/andp.19023130510, archived from the original on 2019-08-18, retrieved 2019-07-03
Einstein, Albert (1905), "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" (PDF), Annalen der Physik, 17 (6): 132–48, Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E, doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607, archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-09, retrieved 2009-12-03
Millikan, R. A. (1916), "A Direct Photoelectric Determination of Planck's h", Physical Review, 7 (3): 355–88, Bibcode:1916PhRv....7..355M, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.7.355
*Smith, Richard (1962). "Two Photon Photoelectric Effect". Physical Review. 128 (5): 2225. Bibcode:1962PhRv..128.2225S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.128.2225.
- Smith, Richard (1963). "Two-Photon Photoelectric Effect". Physical Review. 130 (6): 2599. Bibcode:1963PhRv..130.2599S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.130.2599.4.
- Heilbron, John L. (2013). "The path to the quantum atom". Nature. 498 (7452): 27–30. doi:10.1038/498027a. PMID 23739408. S2CID 4355108.
- Nicholson, J. W. (1911). "The spectrum of Nebulium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 49. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72...49N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.1.49.
- *Nicholson, J. W. (1911). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona I". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72: 139. Bibcode:1911MNRAS..72..139N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.2.139.
  - Nicholson, J. W. (1912). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 677–693. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.677.
  - Nicholson, J. W. (1912). "On the new nebular line at λ4353". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8): 693. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..72..693N. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.693.
  - McCormmach, Russell (1966). "The Atomic Theory of John William Nicholson". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 3 (2): 160–184. doi:10.1007/BF00357268. JSTOR 41133258. S2CID 120797894.
  - Bohr, N. (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 6th series. 26 (151): 1–25. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
  - Einstein, Albert (2003), "Physics and Reality" (PDF), Daedalus, 132 (4): 24, doi:10.1162/001152603771338742, S2CID 57559543, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-15, The question is first: How can one assign a discrete succession of energy values $H σ$ to a system specified in the sense of classical mechanics (the energy function is a given function of the coordinates $q r$ and the corresponding momenta $p r$ )? The Planck constant $h$ relates the frequency $H σ / h$ to the energy values $H σ$ . It is therefore sufficient to give to the system a succession of discrete frequency values.
  - Galgani, L.; Carati, A.; Pozzi, B. (December 2002). "The Problem of the Rate of Thermalization, and the Relations between Classical and Quantum Mechanics". In Fabrizio, Mauro; Morro, Angelo (eds.). Mathematical Models and Methods for Smart Materials, Cortona, Italy, 25 – 29 June 2001. pp. 111–122. doi:10.1142/9789812776273_0011. ISBN 978-981-238-235-1.
  - Barut, A. O. (1 August 1978). "The Creation of a Photon: A Heuristic Calculation of Planck's Constant ħ or the Fine Structure Constant α". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A. 33 (8): 993–994. Bibcode:1978ZNatA..33..993B. doi:10.1515/zna-1978-0819. S2CID 45829793.
  - Kocia, Lucas; Love, Peter (12 July 2018). "Measurement contextuality and Planck's constant". New Journal of Physics. 20 (7): 073020. arXiv:1711.08066. Bibcode:2018NJPh...20g3020K. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aacef2. S2CID 73623448.
  - Humpherys, David (28 November 2022). "The Implicit Structure of Planck's Constant". European Journal of Applied Physics. 4 (6): 22–25. doi:10.24018/ejphysics.2022.4.6.227. S2CID 254359279.
  - Heilbron, John L. (June 2013). "The path to the quantum atom". Nature. 498 (7452): 27–30. doi:10.1038/498027a. PMID 23739408. S2CID 4355108.
  - McCormmach, Russell (1 January 1966). "The atomic theory of John William Nicholson". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 3 (2): 160–184. doi:10.1007/BF00357268. JSTOR 41133258. S2CID 120797894.
  - Nicholson, J. W. (14 June 1912). "The Constitution of the Solar Corona. II". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 72 (8). Oxford University Press: 677–693. doi:10.1093/mnras/72.8.677. ISSN 0035-8711.
  - Bohr, N. (July 1913). "I. On the constitution of atoms and molecules". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 26 (151): 1–25. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
  - Wilson, W. (1956). "John William Nicholson 1881-1955". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 2: 209–214. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1956.0014. JSTOR 769485.
  - Sommerfeld, A. (1915). "Zur Theorie der Balmerschen Serie" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München. 33 (198): 425–458. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40053-8.
  - Ehrenfest, P. (June 1917). "XLVIII. Adiabatic invariants and the theory of quanta". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 33 (198): 500–513. doi:10.1080/14786440608635664.
  - Bohr, N. (October 1920). "Über die Serienspektra der Elemente". Zeitschrift für Physik. 2 (5): 423–469. doi:10.1007/BF01329978.
  - Stern, Otto (December 1921). "Ein Weg zur experimentellen Prüfung der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld". Zeitschrift für Physik. 7 (1): 249–253. doi:10.1007/BF01332793.
  - Heisenberg, Werner (December 1922). "Zur Quantentheorie der Linienstruktur und der anomalen Zeemaneflekte". Zeitschrift für Physik. 8 (1): 273–297. doi:10.1007/BF01329602.
  - Kramers, H. A.; Pauli, W. (December 1923). "Zur Theorie der Bandenspektren". Zeitschrift für Physik. 13 (1): 351–367. doi:10.1007/BF01328226.
  - Born, M.; Jordan, P. (December 1925). "Zur Quantenmechanik". Zeitschrift für Physik. 34 (1): 858–888. doi:10.1007/BF01328531.
  - Dirac, P. A. M. (December 1925). "The fundamental equations of quantum mechanics". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 109 (752): 642–653. doi:10.1098/rspa.1925.0150.
  - Born, M.; Heisenberg, W.; Jordan, P. (August 1926). "Zur Quantenmechanik. II". Zeitschrift für Physik. 35 (8–9): 557–615. doi:10.1007/BF01379806.
  - Schrödinger, E. (1926). "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem". Annalen der Physik. 384 (4): 361–376. doi:10.1002/andp.19263840404.
  - Dirac, P. A. M. (October 1926). "On the theory of quantum mechanics". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. 112 (762): 661–677. doi:10.1098/rspa.1926.0133.

google.com

As examples, the preceding reference shows what happens when one uses dimensional analysis to obtain estimates for the ionization energy and the size of a hydrogen atom. If we use the Gaussian units, then the relevant parameters that determine the ionization energy ${\textstyle E_{\text{i}}}$ are the mass of the electron ${\textstyle m_{\text{e}}}$ , the electron charge ${\textstyle e}$ , and either the Planck constant ${\textstyle h}$ or the reduced Planck constant ${\textstyle \hbar }$ (since ${\textstyle h}$ and ${\textstyle \hbar }$ have the same dimensions, they will enter the dimensional analysis in the same way). One obtains that ${\textstyle E_{\text{i}}}$ must be proportional to ${\textstyle m_{\text{e}}e^{4}/h^{2}}$ if we used ${\textstyle h}$ , and to ${\textstyle m_{\text{e}}e^{4}/\hbar ^{2}}$ if we used ${\textstyle \hbar }$ . In an order-of-magnitude estimate, we take that the constant of proportionality is 1. Now, the actual correct answer is ${\textstyle E_{\text{i}}=m_{\text{e}}e^{4}/(2\hbar ^{2})}$ ;^[46]^: 45 therefore, if we choose to use ${\textstyle \hbar }$ as one of our parameters, our estimate will off by a factor of 2, whereas if we choose to use ${\textstyle h}$ , it will be off by a factor of ${\textstyle 4\pi ^{2}/2\approx 20}$ . Similarly for the estimate of the size of a hydrogen atom: depending on whether we use ${\textstyle h}$ or ${\textstyle \hbar }$ as one of the parameters, we get either ${\textstyle h^{2}/(m_{\text{e}}e^{2})}$ or ${\textstyle \hbar ^{2}/(m_{\text{e}}e^{2})}$ . The latter happens to be exactly correct,^[47] whereas the estimate using ${\textstyle h}$ is off by a factor of ${\textstyle 4\pi ^{2}\approx 40}$ .
Notable examples of such usage include Landau and Lifshitz^[68]^: 20 and Giffiths,^[69]^: 3 but there are many others, e.g.^[70]^[71]^: 449 ^[72]^: 284 ^[73]^: 3 ^[74]^: 365 ^[75]^: 14 ^[76]^: 18 ^[77]^: 4 ^[78]^: 138 ^[79]^: 251 ^[80]^: 1 ^[81]^: 622 ^[82]^: xx ^[83]^: 20 ^[84]^: 4 ^[85]^: 36 ^[86]^: 41 ^[87]^: 199 ^[88]^: 846 ^[89]^[90]^[91]^: 25 ^[92]^: 653
Some sources^[96]^[97]^: 169 ^[98]^: 180 claim that John William Nicholson discovered the quantization of angular momentum in units of ${\textstyle h/(2\pi )}$ in his 1912 paper,^[99] so prior to Bohr. True, Bohr does credit Nicholson for emphasizing “the possible importance of the angular momentum in the discussion of atomic systems in relation to Planck's theory.”^[100]^: 15 However, in his paper, Nicholson deals exclusively with the quantization of energy, not angular momentum—with the exception of one paragraph in which he says, if, therefore, the constant ${\textstyle h}$ of Planck has, as Sommerfeld has suggested, an atomic significance, it may mean that the angular momentum of an atom can only rise or fall by discrete amounts when electrons leave or return. It is readily seen that this view presents less difficulty to the mind than the more usual interpretation, which is believed to involve an atomic constitution of energy itself,^[99]^: 679 and with the exception of the following text in the summary: in the present paper, the suggested theory of the coronal spectrum has been put upon a definite basis which is in accord with the recent theories of emission of energy by bodies. It is indicated that the key to the physical side of these theories lies in the fact that an expulsion or retention of an electron by any atom probably involves a discontinuous change in the angular momentum of the atom, which is dependent on the number of electrons already present.^[99]^: 692 The literal combination ${\textstyle h/(2\pi )}$ does not appear in that paper. A biographical memoir of Nicholson^[101] states that Nicholson only “later” realized that the discrete changes in angular momentum are integral multiples of ${\textstyle h/(2\pi )}$ , but unfortunately the memoir does not say if this realization occurred before or after Bohr published his paper, or whether Nicholson ever published it.
Here are some papers that are mentioned in^[98] and in which ${\textstyle h/(2\pi )}$ appeared without a separate symbol: ^[102]^: 428 ^[103]^: 549 ^[104]^: 508 ^[105]^: 230 ^[106]^: 458 ^[107]^[108]^: 276 ^[109]^[110]^[111].^[112]

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Planck, Max (1901), "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum" (PDF), Ann. Phys., 309 (3): 553–63, Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P, doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310, archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-06-10, retrieved 2008-12-15. English translation: "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum". Archived from the original on 2008-04-18.". "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
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