Political party (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Political party" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

82doi.org

2^nd place

64web.archive.org

1^st place

49semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

9jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

5worldcat.org

5^th place

5nih.gov

4^th place

4books.google.com

3^rd place

4archive.org

6^th place

4loc.gov

70^th place

63^rd place

3handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

2ox.ac.uk

613^th place

456^th place

2vu.nl

8,540^th place

6,274^th place

2washingtonpost.com

34^th place

27^th place

2brunel.ac.uk

low place

8,260^th place

2idea.int

low place

9,936^th place

2sagepub.com

731^st place

638^th place

2lse.ac.uk

2,117^th place

1,361^st place

1berkeley.edu

580^th place

462^nd place

1politifact.com

3,208^th place

1,803^rd place

1jessenorman.com

low place

1wilsoncenter.org

3,524^th place

2,337^th place

1ids.ac.uk

low place

1lsbu.ac.uk

low place

1core.ac.uk

1,734^th place

1,312^th place

1government.nl

low place

9,207^th place

1v-dem.net

low place

1figshare.com

5,893^rd place

3,320^th place

1escholarship.org

1,523^rd place

976^th place

1nytimes.com

7^th place

1freedomhouse.org

2,046^th place

1,783^rd place

1scmp.com

362^nd place

245^th place

1theconversation.com

928^th place

651^st place

1zenodo.org

621^st place

380^th place

1usp.br

2,069^th place

5,287^th place

1foreignpolicy.com

1,116^th place

790^th place

1bostonreview.net

low place

6,395^th place

1e-ir.info

low place

1afrobarometer.org

low place

1observer.com

760^th place

494^th place

1bloomberg.com

99^th place

77^th place

1opensecrets.org

4,705^th place

2,665^th place

1aph.gov.au

2,365^th place

1,348^th place

1cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

1colorcombos.com

low place

1knust.edu.gh

low place

1philstar.com

563^rd place

330^th place

1dw.com

204^th place

353^rd place

1datawrapper.de

low place

1nunatsiaq.com

low place

1inews.co.uk

1,084^th place

617^th place

1crwflags.com

1,852^nd place

1,494^th place

1anarchism.net

low place

1ucsd.edu

1,933^rd place

1,342^nd place

1rival.la

low place

1gp.org

low place

1goethe.de

5,358^th place

7,287^th place

1thediplomat.com

1,382^nd place

876^th place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1mashable.com

561^st place

392^nd place

1adl.org

1,810^th place

1,134^th place

1nps.gov

135^th place

105^th place

1elephant.art

low place

1globalgreens.org

low place

1maltatoday.com.mt

9,759^th place

6,785^th place

1gq-magazine.co.uk

1,188^th place

719^th place

1refinery29.com

1,225^th place

750^th place

1uol.com.br

74^th place

444^th place

1wsj.com

79^th place

65^th place

1townandcountrymag.com

1,446^th place

865^th place

1thehistorypress.co.uk

low place

1ssrn.com

703^rd place

501^st place

1jacobinmag.com

5,166^th place

3,338^th place

1jusbrasil.com.br

6,338^th place

low place

1cam.ac.uk

670^th place

480^th place

1tiemporeal.com.pe

low place

adl.org

"Hate Symbols Database". Anti-Defamation League. 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

afrobarometer.org

"Africans increasingly support multiparty democracy, but trust in political parties remains low". Afrobarometer. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

anarchism.net

"The Classical Symbol of Anarchism". Anarchism.net. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

aph.gov.au

"Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters". Parliament of Australia. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

archive.org

William Nisbet Chambers, ed. (1972). The first party system. New York: Wiley. p. 1. ISBN 978-0471143406.
Downs, Anthony (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper Collins. pp. 114–142.
Cha, Victor; Hwang, Balbina (2009). "Government and Politics". In Worden, Robert (ed.). North Korea: a Country Study (5th ed.). Federal Research Division. Library of Congress. p. 214. ISBN 978-1598044683.
Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Why is the Conservative Party Blue", BBC, 20 April 2006, archived from the original on 14 February 2021, retrieved 24 January 2021

berkeley.edu

gspp.berkeley.edu

Sarah F. Anzia; Olivia M. Meeks (May 2016). "Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections" (PDF). University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation Conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

bloomberg.com

Archana Chaudhary; Jeanette Rodrigues (11 March 2019). "Why India's Election Is Among the World's Most Expensive". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

books.google.com

Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Whiggism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 542–543. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n328. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Basham, Patrick (2008). "Political Parties". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 379–380. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n233. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Baillargeon, Normand (2013) [2008]. "Introduction". Order Without Power: An Introduction to Anarchism: History and Current Challenges. Translated by Mary Foster. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-472-5. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Cassel-Picot, Muriel "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green" in Leydier, Gilles and Martin, Alexia (2013) Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 105 Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-1443852838

bostonreview.net

Rosenfeld, Sam (14 April 2020). "It Takes Three (or More)". Boston Review. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

brunel.ac.uk

bura.brunel.ac.uk

Stephen P. Nicholson; Christopher J. Carman; Chelsea M. Coe; Aidan Feeney; Balázs Fehér; Brett K. Hayes; Christopher Kam; Jeffrey A. Karp; Gergo Vaczi; Evan Heit (13 February 2018). "The Nature of Party Categories in Two-Party and Multiparty Systems". Advances in Political Psychology. 39 (S1): 279–304. doi:10.1111/pops.12486. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_76305.
Justin Fisher; Todd A. Eisenstadt (1 November 2004). "Introduction: Comparative Party Finance: What is to be Done?". Party Politics. 10 (6): 619–626. doi:10.1177/1354068804046910. S2CID 144721738.

cam.ac.uk

histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk

Einaudi, Luca (August 2017). "Coins of the Month – The symbols of the French socialists from the nineteenth century to today". www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk. Joint Centre for History and Economics, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.

cnn.com

Manveena Suri; Oscar Holland (19 April 2019). "Ceiling fans, brooms and mangoes: The election symbols of India's political parties". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

colorcombos.com

"Understanding Political Color Designations". Gremillion Consulting. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

core.ac.uk

Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata; Sobolewska-Myślik, Katarzyna (2017). "New Political Entrepreneurs in Poland" (PDF). Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science. 24 (2): 137–157. doi:10.5817/PC2017-2-137. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.

crwflags.com

"Agrarian Party of Russia". Flags of the World. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

datawrapper.de

blog.datawrapper.de

Rost, Lisa Charlotte (28 August 2018). "Election reporting: Which color for which party?". Datawrapper. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

doi.org

Avnon, Dan (16 November 2007). "Parties laws in democratic systems of government". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 1 (2): 283–300. doi:10.1080/13572339508420429.
Belloni, Frank P.; Beller, Dennis C. (1976). "The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations". The Western Political Quarterly. 29 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/106591297602900405. S2CID 144697443.
Metcalf, Michael F. (1977). "The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians". Scandinavian Journal of History. 2 (1–4): 265–287. doi:10.1080/03468757708578923.
Carles Boix (2009). "The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems". In Carles Boix; Susan C. Stokes (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 499–521. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021. ISBN 978-0199566020.
Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Whiggism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 542–543. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n328. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Minicucci, Stephen (2004). "Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860". Studies in American Political Development. 18 (2). Cambridge University Press: 160–185. doi:10.1017/S0898588X04000094. S2CID 144902648.
Jordan, Donald (1986). "John O'Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the Centralization of Popular Politics in Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 25 (97): 46–66. doi:10.1017/S0021121400025335. S2CID 156076896.
Corder, J. Kevin; Wolbrecht, Christina (2006). "Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage". The Journal of Politics. 68 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00367.x. S2CID 54176570.
Muirhead, Russell; Rosenblum, Nancy L. (2020). "The Political Theory of Parties and Partisanship: Catching up". Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 95–110. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041916-020727.
Boix, Carles; Miller, Michael; Rosato, Sebastian (2013). "A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007". Comparative Political Studies. 46 (12): 1523–1554. doi:10.1177/0010414012463905. S2CID 45833659.
Svolik, Milan (2008). "Authoritarian reversals and democratic consolidation". American Political Science Review. 102 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080143. S2CID 34430604.
Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Wig, Tore (2017). "Autocratic elections: Stabilizing tool or force for change?". World Politics. 69 (1): 98–143. doi:10.1017/S0043887116000149. hdl:10852/59622.
Adams, James (December 2010). "Review of Voting for Policy, Not Parties: How Voters Compensate for Power Sharing, by Orit Kedar". Perspectives on Politics. 8 (4): 1257–1258. doi:10.1017/S153759271000280X. S2CID 147390789.
Lybeck, Johan A. (2017). "Is the Lipset-Rokkan Hypothesis Testable?". Scandinavian Political Studies. 8 (1–2): 105–113. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1985.tb00314.x.
Tsebelis, George (2000). "Veto players and institutional analysis". Governance. 13 (4): 441–474. doi:10.1111/0952-1895.00141.
McKelvey, Richard D. (1976). "Intransitivities in multidimensional voting bodies". Journal of Economic Theory. 12: 472–482. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(76)90040-5.
Schofield, Norman (1983). "Generic instability of majority rule". Review of Economic Studies. 50 (4): 695–705. doi:10.2307/2297770. JSTOR 2297770.
Helms, Ludger (11 March 2020). "Leadership succession in politics: The democracy/autocracy divide revisited". The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 22 (2): 328–346. doi:10.1177/1369148120908528.
Marsh, Michael (October 1993). "Introduction: Selecting the party leader". European Journal of Political Research. 24 (3): 229–231. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1993.tb00378.x.
William Cross; André Blais (26 January 2011). "Who selects the party leader?". Party Politics. 18 (2): 127–150. doi:10.1177/1354068810382935. S2CID 144582117.
Barber, Stephen (17 September 2013). "Arise, Careerless Politician: The Rise of the Professional Party Leader". Politics. 34 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12030. S2CID 143270021.
Garzia, Diego (3 September 2012). "Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment". Politics. 32 (3): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01443.x. hdl:1814/23834. S2CID 55189815.
Jean-François Daoust; André Blais; Gabrielle Péloquin-Skulski (29 April 2019). "What do voters do when they prefer a leader from another party?". Party Politics. 50 (2): 1103–1109. doi:10.1177/1354068819845100. S2CID 155675264.
Kenig, Ofer (30 October 2009). "Classifying Party Leaders' Selection Methods in Parliamentary Democracies". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 19 (4): 433–447. doi:10.1080/17457280903275261. S2CID 146321598.
Li Cheng; Lynn White (1998). "The Fifteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Full-Fledged Technocratic Leadership with Partial Control by Jiang Zemin". Asian Survey. 38 (3): 231–264. doi:10.2307/2645427. JSTOR 2645427.
Brownlee, Jason (July 2007). "Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies". World Politics. 59 (4): 595–628. doi:10.1353/wp.2008.0002. S2CID 154483430.
Trevaskes, Susan (16 April 2018). "A Law Unto Itself: Chinese Communist Party Leadership and Yifa zhiguo in the Xi Era". Modern China. 44 (4): 347–373. doi:10.1177/0097700418770176. S2CID 149719307.
Kroeger, Alex M. (9 March 2018). "Dominant Party Rule, Elections, and Cabinet Instability in African Autocracies". British Journal of Political Science. 50 (1): 79–101. doi:10.1017/S0007123417000497. S2CID 158190033.
Andrew C. Eggers; Arthur Spirling (11 April 2016). "The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832–1915". British Journal of Political Science. 48 (2): 343–367. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000016. S2CID 155635327.
Gauja, Anika (4 December 2014). "The construction of party membership". European Journal of Political Research. 54 (2): 232–248. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12078.
Weldon, Steven (1 July 2006). "Downsize My Polity? The Impact of Size on Party Membership and Member Activism". Party Politics. 12 (4): 467–481. doi:10.1177/1354068806064729. S2CID 145573225.
Peter Mair; Ingrid van Biezen (1 January 2001). "Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980–2000". Party Politics. 7 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1177/1354068801007001001. S2CID 143913812.
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". Party Politics. 1 (1): 20. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001. S2CID 143611762.
Angell, Harold M. (June 1987). "Duverger, Epstein and the Problem of the Mass Party: The Case of the Parti Québécois". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 20 (2): 364. doi:10.1017/S0008423900049489. S2CID 154446570.
Krouwel, Andre (2003). "Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch-All Party". West European Politics. 26 (2): 24. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341091. S2CID 145308222.
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". Party Politics. 1 (1): 16. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001. S2CID 143611762.
Meguid, Bonnie M. (2005). "Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success". American Political Science Review. 99 (3): 347–348. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051701. S2CID 145304603.
Meyer, Thomas; Miller, Bernhard (2015). "The niche party concept and its measurement". Party Politics. 21 (2): 259–271. doi:10.1177/1354068812472582. PMC 5180693. PMID 28066152.
Adams, James; Clark, Michael; Ezrow, Lawrence; Glasgow, Garrett (2006). "Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–1998" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 50 (3): 513–529. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x. S2CID 30867881. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata; Sobolewska-Myślik, Katarzyna (2017). "New Political Entrepreneurs in Poland" (PDF). Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science. 24 (2): 137–157. doi:10.5817/PC2017-2-137. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
Hooghe, Liesbet (2007). "What Drives Euroskepticism? Party–Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity". European Union Politics. 8 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1465116507073283. S2CID 154281437. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
Lachat, Romain (December 2008). "The impact of party polarization on ideological voting". Electoral Studies. 27 (4): 687–698. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2008.06.002.
Roemer, John E. (June 1994). "The Strategic Role of Party Ideology When Voters are Uncertain About How the Economy Works". The American Political Science Review. 88 (2): 327–335. doi:10.2307/2944707. JSTOR 2944707. S2CID 145184235.
Richard Gunther; Larry Diamond (1 March 2003). "Species of Political Parties: A New Typology". Party Politics. 9 (2): 167–199. doi:10.1177/13540688030092003. S2CID 16407503.
Hicken, Allen (17 March 2011). "Clientelism". Annual Review of Political Science. 14: 289–310. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220508.
Mark Schneider; Paul Teske (September 1992). "Toward A Theory of the Political Entrepreneur: Evidence from Local Government". The American Political Science Review. 86 (3): 737–747. doi:10.2307/1964135. JSTOR 1964135. S2CID 155041917.
Scott Mainwaring; Mariano Torcal (2005). "Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Third Wave of Democratization". In Richard S. Katz; William Crotty (eds.). Handbook of Party Politics. Sage Publications. pp. 204–227. doi:10.4135/9781848608047.n19. ISBN 978-0761943143.
Birch, Sarah (2003). Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-Communist Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 99–118. doi:10.1057/9781403938763. ISBN 978-1-349-43138-0.
Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2013). "How democracy functions without parties: The Republic of Palau". Party Politics. 22 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1177/1354068813509524. S2CID 144651495.
Brian F. Schaffner; Matthew Streb; Gerald Wright (1 March 2001). "Tearns Without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections". Political Research Quarterly. 54 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1177/106591290105400101. S2CID 17440529.
Northup, Nancy (December 1987). "Local Nonpartisan Elections, Political Parties and the First Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 87 (7): 1677–1701. doi:10.2307/1122744. JSTOR 1122744.
Steven Levitsky; Maxwell A. Cameron (19 December 2008). "Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru". Latin American Politics and Society. 45 (3): 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00248.x. S2CID 153626617.
Coppedge, Michael (1 October 1998). "The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems". Party Politics. 4 (4): 547–568. doi:10.1177/1354068898004004007. S2CID 3276149.
Cini, Michelle (2 December 2009). "A Divided Nation: Polarization and the Two-Party System in Malta". South European Society and Politics. 7 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1080/714004966. S2CID 154269904.
Minion K. C. Morrison; Jae Woo Hong (December 2006). "Ghana's political parties: How ethno/regional variations sustain the national two-party system". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 623–647. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06002114. S2CID 154384854.
James Loxton; Timothy Power (2 June 2020). "Introducing authoritarian diasporas: causes and consequences of authoritarian elite dispersion". Democratization. 28 (3): 465–483. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1866553. S2CID 232245480.
Kornblith, Miriam (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: Chavismo After Chávez?". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 47–61. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0050. S2CID 36800728.
William Roberts Clark; Matt Golder (August 2006). "Rehabilitating Duverger's Theory: Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral Laws". Comparative Political Studies. 39 (6): 679–708. doi:10.1177/0010414005278420. S2CID 154525800.
Ferree, Karen E.; Powell, G. Bingham; Scheiner, Ethan (May 2014). "Context, Electoral Rules, and Party Systems". Annual Review of Political Science. 17: 421–439. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-195419.
Stephen P. Nicholson; Christopher J. Carman; Chelsea M. Coe; Aidan Feeney; Balázs Fehér; Brett K. Hayes; Christopher Kam; Jeffrey A. Karp; Gergo Vaczi; Evan Heit (13 February 2018). "The Nature of Party Categories in Two-Party and Multiparty Systems". Advances in Political Psychology. 39 (S1): 279–304. doi:10.1111/pops.12486. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_76305.
Anthony Heath; Siana Glouharova; Oliver Heath (2005). "India: Two-Party Contests within a Multiparty System". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–156. doi:10.1093/0199257566.003.0007. ISBN 978-0199257560.
A. Farid Wadjdi; Mistiani; Nebula F. Hasani (2020). "The Multi-Party System in Indonesia: Reviewing the Number of Electoral Parties from the Aspects of the National Defense and Security". Journal of Social and Political Sciences. 3 (3): 711–724. doi:10.31014/aior.1991.03.03.204. S2CID 224991370.
Xiang Wu; Salman Ali (25 July 2020). "The Novel Changes in Pakistan's Party Politics: Analysis of Causes and Impacts". Chinese Political Science Review. 5 (4): 513–533. doi:10.1007/s41111-020-00156-z. PMC 7382323. S2CID 220833554.
Dodd, Lawrence C. (September 1974). "Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game-Theoretic Analysis". The American Political Science Review. 68 (3): 1093–1117. doi:10.2307/1959150. JSTOR 1959150. S2CID 147014497.
Michalik, Susanne (2015). "Introduction". Multiparty Elections in Authoritarian Regimes. p. 1. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09511-6_1. ISBN 978-3-658-09510-9.
Donovan, Todd; Parry, Janine A.; Bowler, Shaun (March 2005). "O Other, Where Art Thou? Support for Multiparty Politics in the United States". Social Science Quarterly. 86 (1): 147–159. doi:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00295.x.
Gideon Rahat; Reuven Y. Hazan (2005). "Israel: The Politics of an Extreme Electoral System". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford University Press. pp. 333–351. doi:10.1093/0199257566.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199257560.
Raunio, Tapio (2005). "Finland: One Hundred Years of Quietude". In Michael Gallagher; Paul Mitchell (eds.). The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 486. doi:10.1093/0199257566.001.0001. ISBN 978-0199257560.
Epstein, Leon D. (March 1964). "A Comparative Study of Canadian Parties". The American Political Science Review. 58 (1): 46–59. doi:10.2307/1952754. JSTOR 1952754. S2CID 145086350.
Basham, Patrick (2008). "Political Parties". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 379–380. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n233. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Justin Fisher; Todd A. Eisenstadt (1 November 2004). "Introduction: Comparative Party Finance: What is to be Done?". Party Politics. 10 (6): 619–626. doi:10.1177/1354068804046910. S2CID 144721738.
Alexander, Brad (June 2005). "Good Money and Bad Money: Do Funding Sources Affect Electoral Outcomes?". Political Research Quarterly. 58 (2): 353–358. doi:10.2307/3595635. JSTOR 3595635.
Scarrow, Susan E. (15 June 2007). "Political Finance in Comparative Perspective". Annual Review of Political Science. 10: 193–210. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.080505.100115.
Cruz, Cesi (7 August 2018). "Social Networks and the Targeting of Vote Buying". Comparative Political Studies. 52 (3): 382–411. doi:10.1177/0010414018784062. S2CID 158712487.
Chris W. Bonneau; Damon M. Cann (October 2011). "Campaign Spending, Diminishing Marginal Returns, and Campaign Finance Restrictions in Judicial Elections". The Journal of Politics. 73 (4): 1267–1280. doi:10.1017/S0022381611000934.
David L. Wiltse; Raymond J. La Raja; Dorie E. Apollonio (11 September 2019). "Typologies of Party Finance Systems: A Comparative Study of How Countries Regulate Party Finance and Their Institutional Foundations". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 18 (3): 243–261. doi:10.1089/elj.2018.0493. PMC 8189065. PMID 34113217.
Ansolabehere, Stephen; Rodden, Jonathan; Snyder, James M. Jr. (2006). "Purple America". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (2): 97–118. doi:10.1257/jep.20.2.97.
Alex Marland; Tom Flanagan (December 2013). "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 46 (4): 951–972. doi:10.1017/S0008423913001108. S2CID 153857522.
Korff, Gottfried; Peterson, Larry (Fall 1992). "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand". International Labor and Working-Class History. 42: 70–81. doi:10.1017/S0147547900011236. S2CID 144046575.
Fuentes, Juan Francisco (27 June 2018). "Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion". Ler História. 72 (72): 151–173. doi:10.4000/lerhistoria.3560. S2CID 158703576.
Suryadinata, Leo (August 2007). "The Decline of the Hegemonic Party System in Indonesia: Golkar after the Fall of Soeharto". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 29 (2): 333–358. doi:10.1355/CS29-2F (inactive 16 January 2025). S2CID 153413092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)

dw.com

Johnson, Ian P. (20 November 2017). "Germany's colorful coalition shorthand". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

e-ir.info

Malachova, Anastasija (21 November 2012). "Does a Multi-party System Lead to "More" Democracy?". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

elephant.art

"The Real Meanings Behind Six Symbols of Protest". Elephant art. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

escholarship.org

Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

figshare.com

Scott Mainwaring; Mariano Torcal (2005). "Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Third Wave of Democratization". In Richard S. Katz; William Crotty (eds.). Handbook of Party Politics. Sage Publications. pp. 204–227. doi:10.4135/9781848608047.n19. ISBN 978-0761943143.

foreignpolicy.com

Drutman, Lee (19 October 2019). "Let a Thousand Parties Bloom". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

freedomhouse.org

"Freedom in the World 2020: Cuba". Freedom House. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

globalgreens.org

"Green Party Taiwan". Global Greens. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

goethe.de

Klein, Sarah (April 2018). "Interview with Gerd Koenen: The Fading of a Political Colour". Goethe-Institut. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

government.nl

"The purpose of political parties". Government of the Netherlands. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

gp.org

McLarty, Scott (2019). "Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green". United States Green Party. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

gq-magazine.co.uk

O'Hara, Glen (17 August 2020). "There is still a place for Liberal Democrats in British politics". GQ. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Knutsen, Carl Henrik; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Wig, Tore (2017). "Autocratic elections: Stabilizing tool or force for change?". World Politics. 69 (1): 98–143. doi:10.1017/S0043887116000149. hdl:10852/59622.
Garzia, Diego (3 September 2012). "Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment". Politics. 32 (3): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01443.x. hdl:1814/23834. S2CID 55189815.
Stephen P. Nicholson; Christopher J. Carman; Chelsea M. Coe; Aidan Feeney; Balázs Fehér; Brett K. Hayes; Christopher Kam; Jeffrey A. Karp; Gergo Vaczi; Evan Heit (13 February 2018). "The Nature of Party Categories in Two-Party and Multiparty Systems". Advances in Political Psychology. 39 (S1): 279–304. doi:10.1111/pops.12486. hdl:1959.4/unsworks_76305.

idea.int

"Are there provisions for direct public funding to political parties?". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
Hamada, Yukihiko (11 December 2018). "Let's talk about money: comparative perspectives on political finance regulations". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

ids.ac.uk

opendocs.ids.ac.uk

Byamukama, Nathan (October 2003). "Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950s up to Independence (1962): Lessons for Democracy" (PDF). Conference on Constitutalism and Multiparty Governance in Uganda: 7. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

inews.co.uk

Finnis, Alex (10 September 2020). "Why Boris Johnson and MPs are wearing a wheat sheaf badge on their lapel: The campaign to support British farmers explained". i. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

jacobinmag.com

Pâkzâd, Poyâ (December 2020). "Denmark's "Democratic Ownership" Agenda Shows We Can Run Our Own Lives". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

jessenorman.com

"ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke". Jesse Norman. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.

jstor.org

Schofield, Norman (1983). "Generic instability of majority rule". Review of Economic Studies. 50 (4): 695–705. doi:10.2307/2297770. JSTOR 2297770.
Li Cheng; Lynn White (1998). "The Fifteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party: Full-Fledged Technocratic Leadership with Partial Control by Jiang Zemin". Asian Survey. 38 (3): 231–264. doi:10.2307/2645427. JSTOR 2645427.
Roemer, John E. (June 1994). "The Strategic Role of Party Ideology When Voters are Uncertain About How the Economy Works". The American Political Science Review. 88 (2): 327–335. doi:10.2307/2944707. JSTOR 2944707. S2CID 145184235.
Mark Schneider; Paul Teske (September 1992). "Toward A Theory of the Political Entrepreneur: Evidence from Local Government". The American Political Science Review. 86 (3): 737–747. doi:10.2307/1964135. JSTOR 1964135. S2CID 155041917.
Northup, Nancy (December 1987). "Local Nonpartisan Elections, Political Parties and the First Amendment". Columbia Law Review. 87 (7): 1677–1701. doi:10.2307/1122744. JSTOR 1122744.
Dodd, Lawrence C. (September 1974). "Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game-Theoretic Analysis". The American Political Science Review. 68 (3): 1093–1117. doi:10.2307/1959150. JSTOR 1959150. S2CID 147014497.
Epstein, Leon D. (March 1964). "A Comparative Study of Canadian Parties". The American Political Science Review. 58 (1): 46–59. doi:10.2307/1952754. JSTOR 1952754. S2CID 145086350.
Alexander, Brad (June 2005). "Good Money and Bad Money: Do Funding Sources Affect Electoral Outcomes?". Political Research Quarterly. 58 (2): 353–358. doi:10.2307/3595635. JSTOR 3595635.
Meitzner, Marcus (August 2007). "Party Financing in Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Between State Subsidies and Political Corruption". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 29 (2): 238–263. JSTOR 25798830. S2CID 154173938.

jusbrasil.com.br

ambito-juridico.jusbrasil.com.br

"Uso de cores de partido em prédios públicos gera condenação por improbidade". Jusbrasil (in Portuguese). 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

knust.edu.gh

ir.knust.edu.gh

Enninful, Ebenezer Kofi (November 2012). "The Symbolism of Ghanaian Political Parties and their Impact on the Electorates" (PDF). Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Whiggism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 542–543. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n328. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Basham, Patrick (2008). "Political Parties". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 379–380. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n233. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

loc.gov

Levush, Ruth (March 2016). "Regulation of Campaign Finance and Free Advertising". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Atwill, Nicole (May 2009). "Campaign Finance: Comparative Summary". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

lsbu.ac.uk

researchopen.lsbu.ac.uk

Barber, Stephen (17 September 2013). "Arise, Careerless Politician: The Rise of the Professional Party Leader". Politics. 34 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12030. S2CID 143270021.

lse.ac.uk

eprints.lse.ac.uk

Carbone, Giovanni M. (November 2003). "Developing Multi-Party Politics: Stability and Change in Ghana and Mozambique" (PDF). Crisis States Programme Working Paper Series. 1 (36). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.

blogs.lse.ac.uk

Horncastle, William (27 November 2020). "The 2020 election was the most expensive in history, but campaign spending does not always lead to success". London School of Economics. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

maltatoday.com.mt

"AD+PD launches new logo to symbolise party's ethos". Malta Today. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

mashable.com

Speedy, Sam (27 May 2017). "The movement behind the rose emoji that you probably don't know about". Mashable. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meyer, Thomas; Miller, Bernhard (2015). "The niche party concept and its measurement". Party Politics. 21 (2): 259–271. doi:10.1177/1354068812472582. PMC 5180693. PMID 28066152.
Xiang Wu; Salman Ali (25 July 2020). "The Novel Changes in Pakistan's Party Politics: Analysis of Causes and Impacts". Chinese Political Science Review. 5 (4): 513–533. doi:10.1007/s41111-020-00156-z. PMC 7382323. S2CID 220833554.
David L. Wiltse; Raymond J. La Raja; Dorie E. Apollonio (11 September 2019). "Typologies of Party Finance Systems: A Comparative Study of How Countries Regulate Party Finance and Their Institutional Foundations". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 18 (3): 243–261. doi:10.1089/elj.2018.0493. PMC 8189065. PMID 34113217.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Meyer, Thomas; Miller, Bernhard (2015). "The niche party concept and its measurement". Party Politics. 21 (2): 259–271. doi:10.1177/1354068812472582. PMC 5180693. PMID 28066152.
David L. Wiltse; Raymond J. La Raja; Dorie E. Apollonio (11 September 2019). "Typologies of Party Finance Systems: A Comparative Study of How Countries Regulate Party Finance and Their Institutional Foundations". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy. 18 (3): 243–261. doi:10.1089/elj.2018.0493. PMC 8189065. PMID 34113217.

nps.gov

"Symbols of the Women's Suffrage Movement". United States National Park Service. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

nunatsiaq.com

George, Jane (11 March 2013). "Greenland vote likely headed for a squeaker this March 12". Nunatsiaq News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

nytimes.com

"Saudi Arabia: Political Party Formed". The New York Times. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

observer.com

Francis, Darrell (13 July 2016). "Why the Two-Party System Isn't as Broken as You May Think". Observer. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

opensecrets.org

"2020 election to cost $14 billion, blowing away spending records". OpenSecrets. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

ox.ac.uk

ora.ox.ac.uk

Andrew C. Eggers; Arthur Spirling (11 April 2016). "The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832–1915". British Journal of Political Science. 48 (2): 343–367. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000016. S2CID 155635327.
James Loxton; Timothy Power (2 June 2020). "Introducing authoritarian diasporas: causes and consequences of authoritarian elite dispersion". Democratization. 28 (3): 465–483. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1866553. S2CID 232245480.

philstar.com

interaksyon.philstar.com

Malasig, Jeline (16 May 2018). "Can you paint with all the colors of politics?". InterAksyon. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

politifact.com

Dirr, Alison (24 October 2016). "Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world?". Politifact Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.

refinery29.com

Huber, Eliza (16 July 2020). "Why Are Primary Colors Trending In Fashion Right Now?". Refinery29. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

rival.la

"A quick history of the Circle-A". Rival LA. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Hooghe, Liesbet (2007). "What Drives Euroskepticism? Party–Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity". European Union Politics. 8 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1465116507073283. S2CID 154281437. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

sk.sagepub.com

Basham, Patrick (2008). "Political Parties". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 379–380. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n233. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

scmp.com

Staff writer (30 June 2015). "China's Communist Party membership tops entire population of Germany". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Belloni, Frank P.; Beller, Dennis C. (1976). "The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations". The Western Political Quarterly. 29 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/106591297602900405. S2CID 144697443.
Minicucci, Stephen (2004). "Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860". Studies in American Political Development. 18 (2). Cambridge University Press: 160–185. doi:10.1017/S0898588X04000094. S2CID 144902648.
Jordan, Donald (1986). "John O'Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the Centralization of Popular Politics in Ireland". Irish Historical Studies. 25 (97): 46–66. doi:10.1017/S0021121400025335. S2CID 156076896.
Corder, J. Kevin; Wolbrecht, Christina (2006). "Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage". The Journal of Politics. 68 (1): 34–49. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00367.x. S2CID 54176570.
Boix, Carles; Miller, Michael; Rosato, Sebastian (2013). "A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007". Comparative Political Studies. 46 (12): 1523–1554. doi:10.1177/0010414012463905. S2CID 45833659.
Svolik, Milan (2008). "Authoritarian reversals and democratic consolidation". American Political Science Review. 102 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080143. S2CID 34430604.
Adams, James (December 2010). "Review of Voting for Policy, Not Parties: How Voters Compensate for Power Sharing, by Orit Kedar". Perspectives on Politics. 8 (4): 1257–1258. doi:10.1017/S153759271000280X. S2CID 147390789.
William Cross; André Blais (26 January 2011). "Who selects the party leader?". Party Politics. 18 (2): 127–150. doi:10.1177/1354068810382935. S2CID 144582117.
Barber, Stephen (17 September 2013). "Arise, Careerless Politician: The Rise of the Professional Party Leader". Politics. 34 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12030. S2CID 143270021.
Garzia, Diego (3 September 2012). "Party and Leader Effects in Parliamentary Elections: Towards a Reassessment". Politics. 32 (3): 175–185. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01443.x. hdl:1814/23834. S2CID 55189815.
Jean-François Daoust; André Blais; Gabrielle Péloquin-Skulski (29 April 2019). "What do voters do when they prefer a leader from another party?". Party Politics. 50 (2): 1103–1109. doi:10.1177/1354068819845100. S2CID 155675264.
Kenig, Ofer (30 October 2009). "Classifying Party Leaders' Selection Methods in Parliamentary Democracies". Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 19 (4): 433–447. doi:10.1080/17457280903275261. S2CID 146321598.
Brownlee, Jason (July 2007). "Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies". World Politics. 59 (4): 595–628. doi:10.1353/wp.2008.0002. S2CID 154483430.
Trevaskes, Susan (16 April 2018). "A Law Unto Itself: Chinese Communist Party Leadership and Yifa zhiguo in the Xi Era". Modern China. 44 (4): 347–373. doi:10.1177/0097700418770176. S2CID 149719307.
Kroeger, Alex M. (9 March 2018). "Dominant Party Rule, Elections, and Cabinet Instability in African Autocracies". British Journal of Political Science. 50 (1): 79–101. doi:10.1017/S0007123417000497. S2CID 158190033.
Andrew C. Eggers; Arthur Spirling (11 April 2016). "The Shadow Cabinet in Westminster Systems: Modeling Opposition Agenda Setting in the House of Commons, 1832–1915". British Journal of Political Science. 48 (2): 343–367. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000016. S2CID 155635327.
Weldon, Steven (1 July 2006). "Downsize My Polity? The Impact of Size on Party Membership and Member Activism". Party Politics. 12 (4): 467–481. doi:10.1177/1354068806064729. S2CID 145573225.
Peter Mair; Ingrid van Biezen (1 January 2001). "Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies, 1980–2000". Party Politics. 7 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1177/1354068801007001001. S2CID 143913812.
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". Party Politics. 1 (1): 20. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001. S2CID 143611762.
Angell, Harold M. (June 1987). "Duverger, Epstein and the Problem of the Mass Party: The Case of the Parti Québécois". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 20 (2): 364. doi:10.1017/S0008423900049489. S2CID 154446570.
Krouwel, Andre (2003). "Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch-All Party". West European Politics. 26 (2): 24. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341091. S2CID 145308222.
Katz, Richard S.; Mair, Peter (1995). "Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The Emergence of the Cartel Party". Party Politics. 1 (1): 16. doi:10.1177/1354068895001001001. S2CID 143611762.
Meguid, Bonnie M. (2005). "Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success". American Political Science Review. 99 (3): 347–348. doi:10.1017/S0003055405051701. S2CID 145304603.
Adams, James; Clark, Michael; Ezrow, Lawrence; Glasgow, Garrett (2006). "Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–1998" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 50 (3): 513–529. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x. S2CID 30867881. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
Hooghe, Liesbet (2007). "What Drives Euroskepticism? Party–Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity". European Union Politics. 8 (1): 5–12. doi:10.1177/1465116507073283. S2CID 154281437. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
Roemer, John E. (June 1994). "The Strategic Role of Party Ideology When Voters are Uncertain About How the Economy Works". The American Political Science Review. 88 (2): 327–335. doi:10.2307/2944707. JSTOR 2944707. S2CID 145184235.
Richard Gunther; Larry Diamond (1 March 2003). "Species of Political Parties: A New Typology". Party Politics. 9 (2): 167–199. doi:10.1177/13540688030092003. S2CID 16407503.
Mark Schneider; Paul Teske (September 1992). "Toward A Theory of the Political Entrepreneur: Evidence from Local Government". The American Political Science Review. 86 (3): 737–747. doi:10.2307/1964135. JSTOR 1964135. S2CID 155041917.
Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Veenendaal, Wouter P. (2013). "How democracy functions without parties: The Republic of Palau". Party Politics. 22 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1177/1354068813509524. S2CID 144651495.
Brian F. Schaffner; Matthew Streb; Gerald Wright (1 March 2001). "Tearns Without Uniforms: The Nonpartisan Ballot in State and Local Elections". Political Research Quarterly. 54 (1): 7–30. doi:10.1177/106591290105400101. S2CID 17440529.
Steven Levitsky; Maxwell A. Cameron (19 December 2008). "Democracy Without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru". Latin American Politics and Society. 45 (3): 1–33. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00248.x. S2CID 153626617.
Coppedge, Michael (1 October 1998). "The Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems". Party Politics. 4 (4): 547–568. doi:10.1177/1354068898004004007. S2CID 3276149.
Cini, Michelle (2 December 2009). "A Divided Nation: Polarization and the Two-Party System in Malta". South European Society and Politics. 7 (1): 6–23. doi:10.1080/714004966. S2CID 154269904.
Minion K. C. Morrison; Jae Woo Hong (December 2006). "Ghana's political parties: How ethno/regional variations sustain the national two-party system". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 623–647. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06002114. S2CID 154384854.
James Loxton; Timothy Power (2 June 2020). "Introducing authoritarian diasporas: causes and consequences of authoritarian elite dispersion". Democratization. 28 (3): 465–483. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1866553. S2CID 232245480.
Kornblith, Miriam (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: Chavismo After Chávez?". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 47–61. doi:10.1353/jod.2013.0050. S2CID 36800728.
William Roberts Clark; Matt Golder (August 2006). "Rehabilitating Duverger's Theory: Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral Laws". Comparative Political Studies. 39 (6): 679–708. doi:10.1177/0010414005278420. S2CID 154525800.
A. Farid Wadjdi; Mistiani; Nebula F. Hasani (2020). "The Multi-Party System in Indonesia: Reviewing the Number of Electoral Parties from the Aspects of the National Defense and Security". Journal of Social and Political Sciences. 3 (3): 711–724. doi:10.31014/aior.1991.03.03.204. S2CID 224991370.
Xiang Wu; Salman Ali (25 July 2020). "The Novel Changes in Pakistan's Party Politics: Analysis of Causes and Impacts". Chinese Political Science Review. 5 (4): 513–533. doi:10.1007/s41111-020-00156-z. PMC 7382323. S2CID 220833554.
Dodd, Lawrence C. (September 1974). "Party Coalitions in Multiparty Parliaments: A Game-Theoretic Analysis". The American Political Science Review. 68 (3): 1093–1117. doi:10.2307/1959150. JSTOR 1959150. S2CID 147014497.
Epstein, Leon D. (March 1964). "A Comparative Study of Canadian Parties". The American Political Science Review. 58 (1): 46–59. doi:10.2307/1952754. JSTOR 1952754. S2CID 145086350.
Justin Fisher; Todd A. Eisenstadt (1 November 2004). "Introduction: Comparative Party Finance: What is to be Done?". Party Politics. 10 (6): 619–626. doi:10.1177/1354068804046910. S2CID 144721738.
Meitzner, Marcus (August 2007). "Party Financing in Post-Soeharto Indonesia: Between State Subsidies and Political Corruption". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 29 (2): 238–263. JSTOR 25798830. S2CID 154173938.
Cruz, Cesi (7 August 2018). "Social Networks and the Targeting of Vote Buying". Comparative Political Studies. 52 (3): 382–411. doi:10.1177/0010414018784062. S2CID 158712487.
Alex Marland; Tom Flanagan (December 2013). "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 46 (4): 951–972. doi:10.1017/S0008423913001108. S2CID 153857522.
Korff, Gottfried; Peterson, Larry (Fall 1992). "From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand". International Labor and Working-Class History. 42: 70–81. doi:10.1017/S0147547900011236. S2CID 144046575.
Fuentes, Juan Francisco (27 June 2018). "Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion". Ler História. 72 (72): 151–173. doi:10.4000/lerhistoria.3560. S2CID 158703576.
Suryadinata, Leo (August 2007). "The Decline of the Hegemonic Party System in Indonesia: Golkar after the Fall of Soeharto". Contemporary Southeast Asia. 29 (2): 333–358. doi:10.1355/CS29-2F (inactive 16 January 2025). S2CID 153413092.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (link)

ssrn.com

papers.ssrn.com

Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too". SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 3 (4): 40–46. ISSN 0973-3167. SSRN 969272.

theconversation.com

Cohen, Alexander (2 March 2020). "The two-party system is here to stay". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

thediplomat.com

Tran, Bich T. (29 August 2019). "Evolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam's Control Over the Military". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

theguardian.com

Hatherley, Owen (12 February 2013). "Has the communist hammer and sickle had its day?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

thehistorypress.co.uk

"Peace symbols through history". The History Press. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

tiemporeal.com.pe

"¿Coincidencia? ¿Por qué estos 3 logos de partidos de izquierda son tan parecidos?". Tiempo Real (in Spanish). 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

townandcountrymag.com

Iredale, Jessica (20 January 2021). "The Deep Meaning of the Color Purple at the Biden Inauguration". Town & Country Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

ucsd.edu

library.ucsd.edu

"Disciplina: mando único: Partido Sindicalista". University of California, San Diego. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

uol.com.br

entretenimento.uol.com.br

"Youtuber mistura aberturas de "Game of Thrones" e "Tiger King" em animação". UOL (in Portuguese). 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

usp.br

neci.fflch.usp.br

Marcondes de Freitas, Andréa. "Governmental Coalitions in Multiparty Presidentialism: The Brazilian Case (1988–2011)" (PDF). Universidade de São Paulo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2021.

v-dem.net

"V-Party Dataset". V-Dem Institute. Retrieved 2 June 2023.

vu.nl

research.vu.nl

Krouwel, Andre (2003). "Otto Kirchheimer and the Catch-All Party". West European Politics. 26 (2): 24. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341091. S2CID 145308222.
Adams, James; Clark, Michael; Ezrow, Lawrence; Glasgow, Garrett (2006). "Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–1998" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 50 (3): 513–529. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x. S2CID 30867881. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.

washingtonpost.com

Blake, Aaron (27 April 2016). "Why are there only two parties in American politics?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
Farhi, Paul (2 November 2004), "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 9 May 2008, retrieved 24 January 2021

web.archive.org

Sarah F. Anzia; Olivia M. Meeks (May 2016). "Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections" (PDF). University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation Conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Dirr, Alison (24 October 2016). "Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world?". Politifact Wisconsin. Archived from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Whiggism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 542–543. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n328. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
"ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke". Jesse Norman. 2 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Liddiard, Patrick. "What Can Be Done About the Problem of Political Parties?". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Adams, James; Clark, Michael; Ezrow, Lawrence; Glasgow, Garrett (2006). "Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–1998" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 50 (3): 513–529. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00199.x. S2CID 30867881. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata; Sobolewska-Myślik, Katarzyna (2017). "New Political Entrepreneurs in Poland" (PDF). Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science. 24 (2): 137–157. doi:10.5817/PC2017-2-137. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
"The purpose of political parties". Government of the Netherlands. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
"Saudi Arabia: Political Party Formed". The New York Times. 10 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
"Freedom in the World 2020: Cuba". Freedom House. 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Staff writer (30 June 2015). "China's Communist Party membership tops entire population of Germany". South China Morning Post. SCMP Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Cohen, Alexander (2 March 2020). "The two-party system is here to stay". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Marcondes de Freitas, Andréa. "Governmental Coalitions in Multiparty Presidentialism: The Brazilian Case (1988–2011)" (PDF). Universidade de São Paulo. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Carbone, Giovanni M. (November 2003). "Developing Multi-Party Politics: Stability and Change in Ghana and Mozambique" (PDF). Crisis States Programme Working Paper Series. 1 (36). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
Drutman, Lee (19 October 2019). "Let a Thousand Parties Bloom". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Rosenfeld, Sam (14 April 2020). "It Takes Three (or More)". Boston Review. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Malachova, Anastasija (21 November 2012). "Does a Multi-party System Lead to "More" Democracy?". E-International Relations. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"Africans increasingly support multiparty democracy, but trust in political parties remains low". Afrobarometer. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Francis, Darrell (13 July 2016). "Why the Two-Party System Isn't as Broken as You May Think". Observer. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Archana Chaudhary; Jeanette Rodrigues (11 March 2019). "Why India's Election Is Among the World's Most Expensive". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"2020 election to cost $14 billion, blowing away spending records". OpenSecrets. 28 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Levush, Ruth (March 2016). "Regulation of Campaign Finance and Free Advertising". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"Are there provisions for direct public funding to political parties?". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
"Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters". Parliament of Australia. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Horncastle, William (27 November 2020). "The 2020 election was the most expensive in history, but campaign spending does not always lead to success". London School of Economics. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Hamada, Yukihiko (11 December 2018). "Let's talk about money: comparative perspectives on political finance regulations". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Atwill, Nicole (May 2009). "Campaign Finance: Comparative Summary". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
Manveena Suri; Oscar Holland (19 April 2019). "Ceiling fans, brooms and mangoes: The election symbols of India's political parties". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Understanding Political Color Designations". Gremillion Consulting. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Enninful, Ebenezer Kofi (November 2012). "The Symbolism of Ghanaian Political Parties and their Impact on the Electorates" (PDF). Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Malasig, Jeline (16 May 2018). "Can you paint with all the colors of politics?". InterAksyon. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Johnson, Ian P. (20 November 2017). "Germany's colorful coalition shorthand". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Rost, Lisa Charlotte (28 August 2018). "Election reporting: Which color for which party?". Datawrapper. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Farhi, Paul (2 November 2004), "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 9 May 2008, retrieved 24 January 2021
George, Jane (11 March 2013). "Greenland vote likely headed for a squeaker this March 12". Nunatsiaq News. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Finnis, Alex (10 September 2020). "Why Boris Johnson and MPs are wearing a wheat sheaf badge on their lapel: The campaign to support British farmers explained". i. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Agrarian Party of Russia". Flags of the World. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"The Classical Symbol of Anarchism". Anarchism.net. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Disciplina: mando único: Partido Sindicalista". University of California, San Diego. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Baillargeon, Normand (2013) [2008]. "Introduction". Order Without Power: An Introduction to Anarchism: History and Current Challenges. Translated by Mary Foster. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-472-5. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"A quick history of the Circle-A". Rival LA. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
McLarty, Scott (2019). "Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green". United States Green Party. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Klein, Sarah (April 2018). "Interview with Gerd Koenen: The Fading of a Political Colour". Goethe-Institut. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Tran, Bich T. (29 August 2019). "Evolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam's Control Over the Military". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Hatherley, Owen (12 February 2013). "Has the communist hammer and sickle had its day?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Why is the Conservative Party Blue", BBC, 20 April 2006, archived from the original on 14 February 2021, retrieved 24 January 2021
Speedy, Sam (27 May 2017). "The movement behind the rose emoji that you probably don't know about". Mashable. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Hate Symbols Database". Anti-Defamation League. 2021. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Symbols of the Women's Suffrage Movement". United States National Park Service. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"The Real Meanings Behind Six Symbols of Protest". Elephant art. 1 July 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Green Party Taiwan". Global Greens. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"AD+PD launches new logo to symbolise party's ethos". Malta Today. 14 November 2020. Archived from the original on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
O'Hara, Glen (17 August 2020). "There is still a place for Liberal Democrats in British politics". GQ. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Cassel-Picot, Muriel "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green" in Leydier, Gilles and Martin, Alexia (2013) Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 105 Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-1443852838
Huber, Eliza (16 July 2020). "Why Are Primary Colors Trending In Fashion Right Now?". Refinery29. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Youtuber mistura aberturas de "Game of Thrones" e "Tiger King" em animação". UOL (in Portuguese). 18 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Block, Walter E. (8 November 2020). "Libertarians Spoil the Election". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Iredale, Jessica (20 January 2021). "The Deep Meaning of the Color Purple at the Biden Inauguration". Town & Country Magazine. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Peace symbols through history". The History Press. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Pâkzâd, Poyâ (December 2020). "Denmark's "Democratic Ownership" Agenda Shows We Can Run Our Own Lives". Jacobin. Archived from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
"Uso de cores de partido em prédios públicos gera condenação por improbidade". Jusbrasil (in Portuguese). 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
Einaudi, Luca (August 2017). "Coins of the Month – The symbols of the French socialists from the nineteenth century to today". www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk. Joint Centre for History and Economics, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
"¿Coincidencia? ¿Por qué estos 3 logos de partidos de izquierda son tan parecidos?". Tiempo Real (in Spanish). 20 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

wilsoncenter.org

Liddiard, Patrick. "What Can Be Done About the Problem of Political Parties?". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "Whiggism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 542–543. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n328. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203. Archived from the original on 17 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
Basham, Patrick (2008). "Political Parties". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 379–380. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n233. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965.
Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too". SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 3 (4): 40–46. ISSN 0973-3167. SSRN 969272.

wsj.com

Block, Walter E. (8 November 2020). "Libertarians Spoil the Election". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.

zenodo.org

A. Farid Wadjdi; Mistiani; Nebula F. Hasani (2020). "The Multi-Party System in Indonesia: Reviewing the Number of Electoral Parties from the Aspects of the National Defense and Security". Journal of Social and Political Sciences. 3 (3): 711–724. doi:10.31014/aior.1991.03.03.204. S2CID 224991370.