Polystyrene (English Wikipedia)

"Common Plastic Resins Used in Packaging". Introduction to Plastics Science Teaching Resources. American Chemistry Council, Inc. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
"History of Polymers & Plastics for Teachers". plastics.americanchemistry.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2025.

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anl.gov (Global: 6,358^th place; English: 4,781^st place)

newton.dep.anl.gov

Polystyrene Foam Burning Danger Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Newton.dep.anl.gov. Retrieved 25 December 2011. Q and A page with an partially incorrect information.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Berthelot, M. (1866) "Sur Les caractères de la benzine et du styrolène, comparés avec ceux des Autres carburetors d'hydrogène" ("On the characters of benzene and styrene, compared with those of other hydrocarbons"), Bulletin de la Société Chimique de Paris, 2nd series, 6: 289–298. From p. 294: "On sait que le stryolène chauffé en vase scellé à 200°, pendant Quelques heures, se change en un polymère résineux (métastyrol), et que ce polymère, distillé brusquement, reproduit le styrolène." ("One knows that styrene [when] heated in a sealed vessel at 200 °C, for several hours, is changed into a resinous polymer (polystyrene), and that this polymer, [when] distilled abruptly, reproduces styrene.")

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"What is Pyrolysis?". AZoCleantech.com. 29 December 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2019.

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The Sun, Baltimore (24 May 2019). "Maryland's new laws: banning foam food containers, raising tobacco-buying age, reforming UMMS board". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.

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Norton, Jed. "Blue Foam, Pink Foam and Foam Board". Antenociti's Workshop. Archived from the original on 26 February 2008. Retrieved 29 January 2008.

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Andrew M. Ballard. "Maryland Foam Packaging Ban, Energy Bills to Become Law". news.bloombergenvironment.com. Retrieved 20 June 2019.

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Wunsch, J.R. (2000). Polystyrene – Synthesis, Production and Applications. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-85957-191-0. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
John Scheirs; Duane Priddy (28 March 2003). Modern Styrenic Polymers: Polystyrenes and Styrenic Copolymers. John Wiley & Sons. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-471-49752-3.
Blyth, John, and Hofmann, Aug. Wilh. (1845). "Ueber das Stryol und einige seiner Zersetzungsproducte" ("On styrol and some of its decomposition products"), Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 53(3): 289–329.
Goodier, K. (22 June 1961). "Making and using an expanded plastic". New Scientist. 240: 706.

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"Moulding Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)".

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nrc-publications.canada.ca

Mihai, Mihaela; Huneault, Michel A.; Favis, Basil D. (2016). "Foaming of Polystyrene/ Thermoplastic Starch Blends". Journal of Cellular Plastics. 43 (3): 215–236. doi:10.1177/0021955X07076532. S2CID 135968555.

canterbury.ac.nz (Global: low place; English: 9,147^th place)

ir.canterbury.ac.nz

Nelligan, R.J. (2006). Guidelines for the use of expanded foam polystyrene panel systems in industrial buildings to minimize the risk of fire (PDF) (MS Thesis). OCLC 166313665.

ceresana.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Expandable Polystyrene, Insight database from Ceresana Research

chemgapedia.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

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"Polystyrene". ChemicalSafetyFacts.org. American Chemistry Council. May 2014. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

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"Celebrating 50 Years of Excellence in People and Products". Dart Container Corporation. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help)

depron.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Technical details". Depron foam. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

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"Disposables Standard". Green Restaurant Association. Retrieved 14 December 2016.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Wypych, George (2012). "PS polystyrene". Handbook of Polymers. pp. 541–7. doi:10.1016/B978-1-895198-47-8.50162-4. ISBN 978-1-895198-47-8.
Maul, J.; Frushour, B. G.; Kontoff, J. R.; Eichenauer, H.; Ott, K.-H. and Schade, C. (2007) "Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_615.pub2
Carroll, Gregory T.; Sojka, Melissa E.; Lei, Xuegong; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (1 August 2006). "Photoactive Additives for Cross-Linking Polymer Films: Inhibition of Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films". Langmuir. 22 (18): 7748–7754. doi:10.1021/la0611099. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 16922559.
Kwon BG, Saido K, Koizumi K, Sato H, Ogawa N, Chung SY, Kusui T, Kodera Y, Kogure K, et al. (May 2014). "Regional distribution of styrene analogues generated from polystyrene degradation along the coastlines of the North-East Pacific Ocean and Hawaii". Environmental Pollution. 188: 45–9. Bibcode:2014EPoll.188...45K. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.019. PMID 24553245.
Natta, G.; Corradini, P.; Bassi, I. W. (1960). "Crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene". Il Nuovo Cimento. 15 (S1): 68–82. Bibcode:1960NCim...15S..68N. doi:10.1007/BF02731861. S2CID 119808547.
Ho, Ba Thanh; Roberts, Timothy K.; Lucas, Steven (August 2017). "An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 38 (2): 308–320. doi:10.1080/07388551.2017.1355293. PMID 28764575. S2CID 13417812.
Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (October 2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (20): 12080–6. Bibcode:2015EnST...4912080Y. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02661. PMID 26390034.
Sun, Jiarui; Prabhu, Apoorva; Aroney, Samuel T. N.; Christian, Rinke (2022). "Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm (Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials". Microbial Genomics. 8 (6): 1–19. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000842. PMC 9455710. PMID 35678705.
Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic". Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (7): 2433–7. Bibcode:2006EnST...40.2433W. doi:10.1021/es0517668. PMID 16649270.
Doroudiani, Saeed; Kortschot, Mark T. (2016). "Expanded Wood Fiber Polystyrene Composites: Processing–Structure–Mechanical Properties Relationships". Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. 17: 13–30. doi:10.1177/0892705704035405. S2CID 138224146.
Doroudiani, Saeed; Chaffey, Charles E.; Kortschot, Mark T. (2002). "Sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide in wood-fiber/polystyrene composites". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 40 (8): 723–735. Bibcode:2002JPoSB..40..723D. doi:10.1002/polb.10129.
Mihai, Mihaela; Huneault, Michel A.; Favis, Basil D. (2016). "Foaming of Polystyrene/ Thermoplastic Starch Blends". Journal of Cellular Plastics. 43 (3): 215–236. doi:10.1177/0021955X07076532. S2CID 135968555.
Faller, Ronald; Bielenberg, Robert; Sicking, Dean; Rohde, John; Reid, John (5 December 2006). Development and Testing of the SAFER Barrier – Version 2, SAFER Barrier Gate, and Alternative Backup Structure. SAE Mobilus (Report). SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. doi:10.4271/2006-01-3612.
Bielenberg, Robert W.; Rohde, John D.; Reid, John D. (1 January 2005). Design of the SAFER Emergency Gate Using LS-DYNA. Engineering/Technology Management. ASMEDC. pp. 345–352. doi:10.1115/imece2005-81078. ISBN 0-7918-4230-4.
Mills, N.J.; Wilkes, S.; Derler, S.; Flisch, A. (July 2009). "FEA of oblique impact tests on a motorcycle helmet". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 36 (7): 913–925. Bibcode:2009IJIE...36..913M. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011. ISSN 0734-743X. S2CID 138180148.
Al-Ajlan, Saleh A. (1 December 2006). "Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique". Applied Thermal Engineering. 26 (17): 2184–2191. Bibcode:2006AppTE..26.2184A. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.04.006. ISSN 1359-4311.
Yousif, Emad; Haddad, Raghad (December 2013). "Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review". SpringerPlus. 2 (1): 398. doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398. PMC 4320144. PMID 25674392.
Karbalaei, Samaneh; Hanachi, Parichehr; Rafiee, Gholamreza; Seifori, Parvaneh; Walker, Tony R. (September 2020). "Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos". Journal of Hazardous Materials. 403 123980. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123980. PMID 33265019. S2CID 224995527.
Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 157–171. Bibcode:2018MarPB.137..157S. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001. PMID 30503422. S2CID 54522420.
Oh, Sewon; Stache, Erin E. (6 April 2022). "Chemical Upcycling of Commercial Polystyrene via Catalyst-Controlled Photooxidation". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 144 (13): 5745–5749. Bibcode:2022JAChS.144.5745O. doi:10.1021/jacs.2c01411. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 35319868. S2CID 247629479.
Hawley-Fedder, R.A.; Parsons, M.L.; Karasek, F.W. (1984). "Products obtained during combustion of polymers under simulated incinerator conditions". Journal of Chromatography A. 315: 201–210. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90737-X. Quoted from a campaign site giving no details of the original source and experiment conditions.
Gurman, Joshua L. (1987). "Polystyrenes: A Review of the Literature on the Products of Thermal Decomposition and Toxicity". Fire and Materials. 11 (3). NIST: 109–130. doi:10.1002/fam.810110302. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
Cohen JT; Carlson G; Charnley G; Coggon D; Delzell E; Graham JD; Greim H; Krewski D; Medinsky M; Monson R; Paustenbach D; Petersen B; Rappaport S; Rhomberg L; Ryan PB; Thompson K (2011). "A comprehensive evaluation of the potential health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 5 (1–2): 1–265. doi:10.1080/10937400252972162. PMID 12012775. S2CID 5547163.
- "A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Potential Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Styrene". The McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment.
- Sakamoto, Hiromi; Matsuzaka, Ayako; Itoh, Rimiko; Tohyama, Yuko (2000). "使い捨て弁当容器から溶出するスチレンダイマー及びトリマーの定量" [Quantitative Analysis of Styrene Dimer and Trimers Migrated from Disposable Lunch Boxes]. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan (in Japanese). 41 (3): 200–205. doi:10.3358/shokueishi.41.200.
- Yanagiba Y, Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, Zhang SY, Watanabe G, Taya K, Li CM, Inotsume Y, Kamijima M, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T (June 2008). "Styrene trimer may increase thyroid hormone levels via down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene UDP-glucuronosyltransferase". Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 (6): 740–5. Bibcode:2008EnvHP.116..740Y. doi:10.1289/ehp.10724. PMC 2430229. PMID 18560529.

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"Dow Chemical Company Styrofoam page". Archived from the original on 24 March 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

earthresource.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Polystyrene Foam Report Archived 25 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Earth Resource Foundation.

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EPS recycling. Archived 22 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Eccleston & Hart Polystrene. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

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"Polystyrene & Health Homepage". Energy Justice Network. Retrieved 9 December 2013.

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Dineen, Shauna (November–December 2005). "The Throwaway Generation: 25 Billion Styrofoam Cups a Year". E-The Environmental Magazine. Archived from the original on 12 November 2006.

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"XPS Insulation Extracted After Field Exposure Confirms High Water Absorption & Diminished R‐Value" Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, EPS Below Grade Series 105, March 2014, Technical Bulletin, EPS Industry Alliance.

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"Recycle Your EPS". EPS Industry Alliance. Retrieved 11 December 2017.

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"Directive (EU) 2019/904". Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

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https://expandedpoly.co.uk/environment/ Polystyrene recycling. Retrieved 17 October 2019.

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"Grace period for polystyrene products". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 December 2020.

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accessdata.fda.gov

"Sec. 177.1640 Polystyrene and rubber-modified polystyrene". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21—Food and Drugs, Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 15 September 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2014.

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Owens Corning FOAMULAR Extruded Polystrene Insulation: Resisting Water Absorption, the Key for High-Performance Foam Plastic Rigid Insulation, Technical Bulletin, Pub. No. 10011642-A, September 2011,

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"CHAPTER 33 STYROFOAM ORDINANCE". Ordinances. Town of Freeport, Maine. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2012.

hal.science (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mills, N.J.; Wilkes, S.; Derler, S.; Flisch, A. (July 2009). "FEA of oblique impact tests on a motorcycle helmet". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 36 (7): 913–925. Bibcode:2009IJIE...36..913M. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011. ISSN 0734-743X. S2CID 138180148.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Kwon BG, Saido K, Koizumi K, Sato H, Ogawa N, Chung SY, Kusui T, Kodera Y, Kogure K, et al. (May 2014). "Regional distribution of styrene analogues generated from polystyrene degradation along the coastlines of the North-East Pacific Ocean and Hawaii". Environmental Pollution. 188: 45–9. Bibcode:2014EPoll.188...45K. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.019. PMID 24553245.
Natta, G.; Corradini, P.; Bassi, I. W. (1960). "Crystal structure of isotactic polystyrene". Il Nuovo Cimento. 15 (S1): 68–82. Bibcode:1960NCim...15S..68N. doi:10.1007/BF02731861. S2CID 119808547.
Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (October 2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (20): 12080–6. Bibcode:2015EnST...4912080Y. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02661. PMID 26390034.
Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic". Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (7): 2433–7. Bibcode:2006EnST...40.2433W. doi:10.1021/es0517668. PMID 16649270.
Doroudiani, Saeed; Chaffey, Charles E.; Kortschot, Mark T. (2002). "Sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide in wood-fiber/polystyrene composites". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 40 (8): 723–735. Bibcode:2002JPoSB..40..723D. doi:10.1002/polb.10129.
Mills, N.J.; Wilkes, S.; Derler, S.; Flisch, A. (July 2009). "FEA of oblique impact tests on a motorcycle helmet". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 36 (7): 913–925. Bibcode:2009IJIE...36..913M. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.12.011. ISSN 0734-743X. S2CID 138180148.
Al-Ajlan, Saleh A. (1 December 2006). "Measurements of thermal properties of insulation materials by using transient plane source technique". Applied Thermal Engineering. 26 (17): 2184–2191. Bibcode:2006AppTE..26.2184A. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.04.006. ISSN 1359-4311.
Schnurr, Riley E.J.; Alboiu, Vanessa; Chaudhary, Meenakshi; Corbett, Roan A.; Quanz, Meaghan E.; Sankar, Karthikeshwar; Srain, Harveer S.; Thavarajah, Venukasan; Xanthos, Dirk; Walker, Tony R. (2018). "Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 137: 157–171. Bibcode:2018MarPB.137..157S. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001. PMID 30503422. S2CID 54522420.
Oh, Sewon; Stache, Erin E. (6 April 2022). "Chemical Upcycling of Commercial Polystyrene via Catalyst-Controlled Photooxidation". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 144 (13): 5745–5749. Bibcode:2022JAChS.144.5745O. doi:10.1021/jacs.2c01411. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 35319868. S2CID 247629479.
Yanagiba Y, Ito Y, Yamanoshita O, Zhang SY, Watanabe G, Taya K, Li CM, Inotsume Y, Kamijima M, Gonzalez FJ, Nakajima T (June 2008). "Styrene trimer may increase thyroid hormone levels via down-regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene UDP-glucuronosyltransferase". Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 (6): 740–5. Bibcode:2008EnvHP.116..740Y. doi:10.1289/ehp.10724. PMC 2430229. PMID 18560529.

health.harvard.edu

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Cohen JT; Carlson G; Charnley G; Coggon D; Delzell E; Graham JD; Greim H; Krewski D; Medinsky M; Monson R; Paustenbach D; Petersen B; Rappaport S; Rhomberg L; Ryan PB; Thompson K (2011). "A comprehensive evaluation of the potential health risks associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews. 5 (1–2): 1–265. doi:10.1080/10937400252972162. PMID 12012775. S2CID 5547163.
- "A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Potential Health Risks Associated with Occupational and Environmental Exposure to Styrene". The McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment.

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Carroll, Gregory T.; Sojka, Melissa E.; Lei, Xuegong; Turro, Nicholas J.; Koberstein, Jeffrey T. (1 August 2006). "Photoactive Additives for Cross-Linking Polymer Films: Inhibition of Dewetting in Thin Polymer Films". Langmuir. 22 (18): 7748–7754. doi:10.1021/la0611099. ISSN 0743-7463. PMID 16922559.
Kwon BG, Saido K, Koizumi K, Sato H, Ogawa N, Chung SY, Kusui T, Kodera Y, Kogure K, et al. (May 2014). "Regional distribution of styrene analogues generated from polystyrene degradation along the coastlines of the North-East Pacific Ocean and Hawaii". Environmental Pollution. 188: 45–9. Bibcode:2014EPoll.188...45K. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.01.019. PMID 24553245.
Ho, Ba Thanh; Roberts, Timothy K.; Lucas, Steven (August 2017). "An overview on biodegradation of polystyrene and modified polystyrene: the microbial approach". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 38 (2): 308–320. doi:10.1080/07388551.2017.1355293. PMID 28764575. S2CID 13417812.
Yang Y, Yang J, Wu WM, Zhao J, Song Y, Gao L, Yang R, Jiang L (October 2015). "Biodegradation and Mineralization of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Mealworms: Part 1. Chemical and Physical Characterization and Isotopic Tests". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (20): 12080–6. Bibcode:2015EnST...4912080Y. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02661. PMID 26390034.
Sun, Jiarui; Prabhu, Apoorva; Aroney, Samuel T. N.; Christian, Rinke (2022). "Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm (Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials". Microbial Genomics. 8 (6): 1–19. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000842. PMC 9455710. PMID 35678705.
Ward PG, Goff M, Donner M, Kaminsky W, O'Connor KE (April 2006). "A two step chemo-biotechnological conversion of polystyrene to a biodegradable thermoplastic". Environmental Science & Technology. 40 (7): 2433–7. Bibcode:2006EnST...40.2433W. doi:10.1021/es0517668. PMID 16649270.
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Polystyrene (English Wikipedia)

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