Potassium nitrate (English Wikipedia)

B. J. Kosanke; B. Sturman; K. Kosanke; et al. (2004). "2". Pyrotechnic Chemistry. Journal of Pyrotechnics. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-889526-15-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Peter Watson (2006). Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. HarperCollins. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17.
Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Vol. 1 of Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2011-11-28. In either case, there is linguistic evidence of Chinese origins of the technology: in Damascus, Arabs called the saltpeter used in making gunpowder "Chinese snow," while in Iran it was called "Chinese salt."
Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1963). English artillery, 1326–1716: being the history of artillery in this country prior to the formation of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Royal Artillery Institution. p. 42. The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
Needham, Joseph; Yu, Ping-Yu (1980). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts. Vol. 5. Contributors Joseph Needham, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0521085731. Retrieved 2014-11-21.
Sen, Sudipta (2019). Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-300-11916-9.
Roy, Kaushik (2014). Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-7809-3765-6.
Jack Kelly (2005). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. Basic Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-465-03722-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11.
John Spencer Bassett; Edwin Mims; William Henry Glasson; et al. (1904). The South Atlantic Quarterly. Duke University Press. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Paul-Antoine Cap (1857). Etudes biographiques pour servir à l'histoire des sciences ...: sér. Chimistes. V. Masson. pp. 294–. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
Brown, Catherine (2011-11-14). A Year In A Scots Kitchen. Neil Wilson Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781906476847.
Hall, William L; Robarge, Wayne P; Meeting, American Chemical Society (2004). Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water. American Chemical Society. p. 40. ISBN 9780841238114. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27.
Richard E. Jones & Kristin H. López (2006). Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-12-088465-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-01.

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"Saltpetre | Definition, Uses, & Facts | Britannica". 3 May 2024.

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Record of Potassium nitrate in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 2007-03-09.

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Ema, M.; Kanoh, S. (1983). "[Studies on the pharmacological bases of fetal toxicity of drugs. III. Fetal toxicity of potassium nitrate in 2 generations of rats]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 81 (6): 469–480. doi:10.1254/fpj.81.469. ISSN 0015-5691. PMID 6618340.
Lauer, Klaus (1991). "The history of nitrite in human nutrition: A contribution from German cookery books". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 44 (3): 261–264. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90037-a. ISSN 0895-4356. PMID 1999685.
Haldane, J. (1901). "The Red Colour of Salted Meat". The Journal of Hygiene. 1 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1017/S0022172400000097. ISSN 0022-1724. PMC 2235964. PMID 20474105.
Joshi, Chirag S.; Shukla, Manish R.; Patel, Krunal; Joshi, Jigar S.; Sahu, Omprakash (2014). "Environmentally and Economically Feasibility Manufacturing Process of Potassium Nitrate for Small Scale Industries: A Review". International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy. 41: 88–99. doi:10.56431/p-je383z.
Narihiro, Takashi; Tamaki, Hideyuki; Akiba, Aya; et al. (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104752. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4752N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. PMC 4128746. PMID 25111392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Adiwidjaja, G.; Pohl, D. (2003). "Superstructure of α-phase potassium nitrate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 59 (12): i139 – i140. Bibcode:2003AcCrC..59I.139A. doi:10.1107/S0108270103025277. PMID 14671340.
Nimmo, J. K.; Lucas, B. W. (1976). "The crystal structures of γ- and β-KNO₃ and the α ← γ ← β phase transformations". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 32 (7): 1968–1971. doi:10.1107/S0567740876006894.
Freney, E. J.; Garvie, L. A. J.; Groy, T. L.; Buseck, P. R. (2009). "Growth and single-crystal refinement of phase-III potassium nitrate, KNO₃". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 65 (6): 659–663. doi:10.1107/S0108768109041019. PMID 19923693.
Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 407. doi:10.1016/C2009-0-30414-6. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
Eli S. Freeman (1957). "The Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate and of the Reaction between Potassium Nitrite and Oxygen". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (4): 838–842. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79..838F. doi:10.1021/ja01561a015.
Binkerd, E. F; Kolari, O. E (1975-01-01). "The history and use of nitrate and nitrite in the curing of meat". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 13 (6): 655–661. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(75)90157-1. ISSN 0015-6264. PMID 1107192.
R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam (2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (7): 990–8, quiz 1028–9. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0321. PMID 16803826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29. The efficacy of potassium nitrate to reduce DH, however, is not supported strongly by the literature
Reichert ET. (1880). "On the physiological action of potassium nitrite". Am. J. Med. Sci. 80: 158–180. doi:10.1097/00000441-188007000-00011.

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Narihiro, Takashi; Tamaki, Hideyuki; Akiba, Aya; et al. (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104752. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4752N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. PMC 4128746. PMID 25111392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Adiwidjaja, G.; Pohl, D. (2003). "Superstructure of α-phase potassium nitrate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 59 (12): i139 – i140. Bibcode:2003AcCrC..59I.139A. doi:10.1107/S0108270103025277. PMID 14671340.
Eli S. Freeman (1957). "The Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of Potassium Nitrate and of the Reaction between Potassium Nitrite and Oxygen". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (4): 838–842. Bibcode:1957JAChS..79..838F. doi:10.1021/ja01561a015.

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Ahmad Y Hassan, Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam.

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"Local manufactured drug registration for human (combine) – Zoro kidney tablets". fda.moph.go.th. Thailand. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Potassium nitrate 60mg

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Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-896: N-P-K Fertilizers Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine

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Ema, M.; Kanoh, S. (1983). "[Studies on the pharmacological bases of fetal toxicity of drugs. III. Fetal toxicity of potassium nitrate in 2 generations of rats]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 81 (6): 469–480. doi:10.1254/fpj.81.469. ISSN 0015-5691. PMID 6618340.
Lauer, Klaus (1991). "The history of nitrite in human nutrition: A contribution from German cookery books". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 44 (3): 261–264. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90037-a. ISSN 0895-4356. PMID 1999685.
Haldane, J. (1901). "The Red Colour of Salted Meat". The Journal of Hygiene. 1 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1017/S0022172400000097. ISSN 0022-1724. PMC 2235964. PMID 20474105.
Narihiro, Takashi; Tamaki, Hideyuki; Akiba, Aya; et al. (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104752. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4752N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. PMC 4128746. PMID 25111392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
Adiwidjaja, G.; Pohl, D. (2003). "Superstructure of α-phase potassium nitrate". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 59 (12): i139 – i140. Bibcode:2003AcCrC..59I.139A. doi:10.1107/S0108270103025277. PMID 14671340.
Freney, E. J.; Garvie, L. A. J.; Groy, T. L.; Buseck, P. R. (2009). "Growth and single-crystal refinement of phase-III potassium nitrate, KNO₃". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 65 (6): 659–663. doi:10.1107/S0108768109041019. PMID 19923693.
Binkerd, E. F; Kolari, O. E (1975-01-01). "The history and use of nitrate and nitrite in the curing of meat". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 13 (6): 655–661. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(75)90157-1. ISSN 0015-6264. PMID 1107192.
R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam (2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (7): 990–8, quiz 1028–9. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0321. PMID 16803826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29. The efficacy of potassium nitrate to reduce DH, however, is not supported strongly by the literature

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Haldane, J. (1901). "The Red Colour of Salted Meat". The Journal of Hygiene. 1 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1017/S0022172400000097. ISSN 0022-1724. PMC 2235964. PMID 20474105.
Narihiro, Takashi; Tamaki, Hideyuki; Akiba, Aya; et al. (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e104752. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j4752N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. PMC 4128746. PMID 25111392.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)

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Adam Chattaway; Robert G. Dunster; Ralf Gall; David J. Spring. "The evaluation of non-pyrotechnically generated aerosols as fire suppressants" (PDF). United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-29.

sciencelinks.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

Enomoto, K; et al. (2003). "The Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Silica Dentifrice in the Surface of Dentin". Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 46 (2): 240–247. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11.

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"Sensodyne Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth". 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-03.

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"The Straight Dope: Does saltpeter suppress male ardor?". 1989-06-16. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2025-08-27.

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R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam (2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (7): 990–8, quiz 1028–9. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0321. PMID 16803826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29. The efficacy of potassium nitrate to reduce DH, however, is not supported strongly by the literature

unc.edu (Global: 1,538^th place; English: 1,042^nd place)

docsouth.unc.edu

Joseph LeConte (1862). Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
LeConte, Joseph (1862). Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpetre. Charles P. Pelham, State Printer.

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patft.uspto.gov

David E. Turcotte; Frances E. Lockwood (May 8, 2001). "Aqueous corrosion inhibitor Note. This patent cites potassium nitrate as a minor constituent in a complex mix. Since rust is an oxidation product, this statement requires justification". United States Patent. 6,228,283. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018.

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B. J. Kosanke; B. Sturman; K. Kosanke; et al. (2004). "2". Pyrotechnic Chemistry. Journal of Pyrotechnics. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-889526-15-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-05.
Peter Watson (2006). Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. HarperCollins. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17.
Cathal J. Nolan (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Vol. 1 of Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2011-11-28. In either case, there is linguistic evidence of Chinese origins of the technology: in Damascus, Arabs called the saltpeter used in making gunpowder "Chinese snow," while in Iran it was called "Chinese salt."
Ahmad Y Hassan, Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Jack Kelly (2005). Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World. Basic Books. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-465-03722-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11.
Major George Rains (1861). Notes on Making Saltpetre from the Earth of the Caves. New Orleans, LA: Daily Delta Job Office. p. 14. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Joseph LeConte (1862). Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
Amthyst Galleries, Inc Archived 2008-11-04 at the Wayback Machine. Galleries.com. Retrieved on 2012-03-07.
Inorganic Additives for the Improvement of Tobacco Archived 2007-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, TobaccoDocuments.org
"Meat Science", University of Wisconsin. uwex.edu.
Corned Beef Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, Food Network
UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Archived from the original on 2010-10-07. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part II". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
Michigan State University Extension Bulletin E-896: N-P-K Fertilizers Archived 2015-12-24 at the Wayback Machine
Hall, William L; Robarge, Wayne P; Meeting, American Chemical Society (2004). Environmental Impact of Fertilizer on Soil and Water. American Chemical Society. p. 40. ISBN 9780841238114. Archived from the original on 2018-01-27.
"Sensodyne Toothpaste for Sensitive Teeth". 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
R. Orchardson & D. G. Gillam (2006). "Managing dentin hypersensitivity" (PDF). Journal of the American Dental Association. 137 (7): 990–8, quiz 1028–9. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0321. PMID 16803826. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-29. The efficacy of potassium nitrate to reduce DH, however, is not supported strongly by the literature
Enomoto, K; et al. (2003). "The Effect of Potassium Nitrate and Silica Dentifrice in the Surface of Dentin". Japanese Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 46 (2): 240–247. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11.
Joe Graedon (May 15, 2010). "'Sensitive' toothpaste may help asthma". The Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on September 16, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
"Local manufactured drug registration for human (combine) – Zoro kidney tablets". fda.moph.go.th. Thailand. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Potassium nitrate 60mg
Adam Chattaway; Robert G. Dunster; Ralf Gall; David J. Spring. "The evaluation of non-pyrotechnically generated aerosols as fire suppressants" (PDF). United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-07-29.
Stan Roark (February 27, 2008). "Stump Removal for Homeowners". Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012.
David E. Turcotte; Frances E. Lockwood (May 8, 2001). "Aqueous corrosion inhibitor Note. This patent cites potassium nitrate as a minor constituent in a complex mix. Since rust is an oxidation product, this statement requires justification". United States Patent. 6,228,283. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018.
Elizabeth March (June 2008). "The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines". WIPO Magazine. United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Archived from the original on 25 August 2012.
"Filipino scientist garners 2011 Dioscoro L. Umali Award". Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA). Archived from the original on 30 November 2011.
Juan Ignacio Burgaleta; Santiago Arias; Diego Ramirez. "Gemasolar, The First Tower Thermosolar Commercial Plant With Molten Salt Storage System" (PDF) (Press Release). Torresol Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
"The Straight Dope: Does saltpeter suppress male ardor?". 1989-06-16. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2025-08-27.
Richard E. Jones & Kristin H. López (2006). Human Reproductive Biology, Third Edition. Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-12-088465-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-01.

who.int (Global: 195^th place; English: 302^nd place)

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Elizabeth March (June 2008). "The Scientist, the Patent and the Mangoes – Tripling the Mango Yield in the Philippines". WIPO Magazine. United Nations World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Archived from the original on 25 August 2012.

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Ema, M.; Kanoh, S. (1983). "[Studies on the pharmacological bases of fetal toxicity of drugs. III. Fetal toxicity of potassium nitrate in 2 generations of rats]". Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 81 (6): 469–480. doi:10.1254/fpj.81.469. ISSN 0015-5691. PMID 6618340.
Lauer, Klaus (1991). "The history of nitrite in human nutrition: A contribution from German cookery books". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 44 (3): 261–264. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90037-a. ISSN 0895-4356. PMID 1999685.
Haldane, J. (1901). "The Red Colour of Salted Meat". The Journal of Hygiene. 1 (1): 115–122. doi:10.1017/S0022172400000097. ISSN 0022-1724. PMC 2235964. PMID 20474105.
Binkerd, E. F; Kolari, O. E (1975-01-01). "The history and use of nitrate and nitrite in the curing of meat". Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. 13 (6): 655–661. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(75)90157-1. ISSN 0015-6264. PMID 1107192.

Potassium nitrate (English Wikipedia)

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web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

who.int (Global: 195th place; English: 302nd place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,462nd place; English: 1,223rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

chicagotribune.com (Global: 95^th place; English: 70^th place)

comlaw.gov.au (Global: low place; English: 6,954^th place)

dguv.de (Global: 813^th place; English: 4,749^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ew.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 31^st place)

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

food.gov.uk (Global: 6,369^th place; English: 4,833^rd place)

foodnetwork.com (Global: 2,686^th place; English: 1,450^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 635^th place)

illinois.edu (Global: 1,349^th place; English: 866^th place)

k-state.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,368^th place)

msu.edu (Global: 1,844^th place; English: 1,231^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 355^th place; English: 454^th place)

straightdope.com (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,763^rd place)

unc.edu (Global: 1,538^th place; English: 1,042^nd place)

uspto.gov (Global: 1,459^th place; English: 991^st place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 195^th place; English: 302^nd place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,462^nd place; English: 1,223^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)