Proof of work (English Wikipedia)

Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2025.

blockchain.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Overview of the Bitcoin mining pools Archived 2020-04-21 at the Wayback Machine on blockchain.info

bloomberg.com (Global: 99^th place; English: 77^th place)

"The Only Crypto Story You Need, by Matt Levine". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
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cbeci.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI)". www.cbeci.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
"Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index". Cambridge Center For Alternative Finance. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.

chainbulletin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Proof of Work Explained in Simple Terms - The Chain Bulletin". chainbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.

cnbc.com (Global: 220^th place; English: 155^th place)

Sigalos, MacKenzie (23 November 2022). "New York governor signs first-of-its-kind law cracking down on bitcoin mining — here's everything that's in it". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2022-12-04.

cryptoquant.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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digitaltrends.com (Global: 1,702^nd place; English: 1,049^th place)

What is an ASIC miner Archived 2018-05-22 at the Wayback Machine on digitaltrends.com

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Lachtar, Nada; Andrius, Abdulrahman Abu; Bacha, Anys; Malik, Hafiz (2023-10-01). "A Cross-Stack Approach Towards Defending Against Cryptojacking". IEEE Computer Architecture Letters. 19 (2): 126–129. doi:10.1109/LCA.2023.3017457 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 1556-6056. S2CID 222070383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Jakobsson, Markus; Juels, Ari (1999). "Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols". Secure Information Networks: Communications and Multimedia Security. Kluwer Academic Publishers: 258–272. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-35568-9_18.
Dwork, Cynthia; Naor, Moni (1993). "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail". Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 92. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 740. Springer. pp. 139–147. doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-57340-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-26. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
Wright, Craig S (2008). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3440802. ISSN 1556-5068.
Dwork, Cynthia; Naor, Moni (1993), Brickell, Ernest F. (ed.), "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail", Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92, vol. 740, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 139–147, doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10, ISBN 978-3-540-57340-1, retrieved 2025-02-27
Duke, David (May 2002). "What is the difference between Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS)?". Network Security. 2002 (5): 4. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(02)05008-0. ISSN 1353-4858.
Percival, C.; Josefsson, S. (August 2016). The scrypt Password-Based Key Derivation Function (Report). RFC Editor. doi:10.17487/rfc7914.
Dwork, Cynthia; Goldberg, Andrew; Naor, Moni (2003). "On Memory-Bound Functions for Fighting Spam". Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2729. Springer. pp. 426–444. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45146-4_25. ISBN 978-3-540-40674-7.
Tromp, John (2015). "Cuckoo Cycle: A Memory Bound Graph-Theoretic Proof-of-Work" (PDF). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8976. Springer. pp. 49–62. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48051-9_4. ISBN 978-3-662-48050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
Abliz, Mehmud; Znati, Taieb (December 2009). "A Guided Tour Puzzle for Denial of Service Prevention". 2009 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. Honolulu, HI. pp. 279–288. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.6304. doi:10.1109/ACSAC.2009.33. ISBN 978-1-4244-5327-6. S2CID 14434713.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Gabber, Eran; Jakobsson, Markus; Matias, Yossi; Mayer, Alain J. (1998). "Curbing junk e-mail via secure classification". Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1465. pp. 198–213. doi:10.1007/BFb0055484. ISBN 978-3-540-64951-9. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023.
Franklin, Matthew K.; Malkhi, Dahlia (1997). "Auditable metering with lightweight security". Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1318. pp. 151–160. doi:10.1007/3-540-63594-7_75. ISBN 978-3-540-63594-9. Updated version May 4, 1998.
Savva Shanaev; Arina Shuraeva; Mikhail Vasenin; Maksim Kuznetsov (2019). "Cryptocurrency Value and 51% Attacks: Evidence from Event Studies". The Journal of Alternative Investments. 22 (3): 65–77. doi:10.3905/jai.2019.1.081. S2CID 211422987. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
Ciaian, Pavel; Kancs, d’Artis; Rajcaniova, Miroslava (2021-10-21). "The economic dependency of bitcoin security". Applied Economics. 53 (49): 5738–5755. doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1931003. hdl:10419/251105. ISSN 0003-6846. S2CID 231942439.

econinfosec.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Liu, Debin; Camp, L. Jean (June 2006). "Proof of Work can work - Fifth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security". Archived from the original on 2017-08-20. Retrieved 2015-12-29.

euronews.com (Global: 612^th place; English: 921^st place)

Bateman, Tom (2022-01-19). "Ban proof of work crypto mining to save energy, EU regulator says". euronews. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-22.

europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

europarl.europa.eu

"Cryptocurrencies and blockchain" (PDF). European Parliament. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020. the two best-known – and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used

github.com (Global: 383^rd place; English: 320^th place)

tevador/RandomX: Proof of work algorithm based on random code execution Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine on Github
Andresen, Gavin. "March 2013 Chain Fork Post-Mortem". Bitcoin Core. Retrieved 3 December 2025.

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Ciaian, Pavel; Kancs, d’Artis; Rajcaniova, Miroslava (2021-10-21). "The economic dependency of bitcoin security". Applied Economics. 53 (49): 5738–5755. doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1931003. hdl:10419/251105. ISSN 0003-6846. S2CID 231942439.

hashcash.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Back, Adam (August 2002). "Hashcash - A Denial of Service Counter-Measure" (PDF).
Back, Adam. "HashCash". Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2005-03-02. A popular PoW system. First announced in March 1997.

iacr.org (Global: 5,032^nd place; English: 3,357^th place)

eprint.iacr.org

Coelho, Fabien (2005). "Exponential memory-bound functions for proof of work protocols". Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
Tromp, John (2015). "Cuckoo Cycle: A Memory Bound Graph-Theoretic Proof-of-Work" (PDF). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8976. Springer. pp. 49–62. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48051-9_4. ISBN 978-3-662-48050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
Coelho, Fabien (2007). "An (almost) constant-effort solution-verification proof-of-work protocol based on Merkle trees". Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2007-11-25.

crypto.iacr.org

Fitzi, Matthias. "Combinatorial Optimization via Proof-of-Useful-Work" (PDF). IACR conference Crypto 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

dci.mit.edu

"51% attacks". 51% attacks - MIT Digital Currency. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2025.

nakamotoinstitute.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"RPOW - Reusable Proofs of Work". nakamotoinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2024-01-17.

pm-research.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jai.pm-research.com

Savva Shanaev; Arina Shuraeva; Mikhail Vasenin; Maksim Kuznetsov (2019). "Cryptocurrency Value and 51% Attacks: Evidence from Event Studies". The Journal of Alternative Investments. 22 (3): 65–77. doi:10.3905/jai.2019.1.081. S2CID 211422987. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2020-10-28.

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Abliz, Mehmud; Znati, Taieb (December 2009). "A Guided Tour Puzzle for Denial of Service Prevention". 2009 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. Honolulu, HI. pp. 279–288. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.6304. doi:10.1109/ACSAC.2009.33. ISBN 978-1-4244-5327-6. S2CID 14434713.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

Abadi, Martín; Burrows, Mike; Manasse, Mark; Wobber, Ted (2005). "Moderately hard, memory-bound functions". 5 (2): 299–327. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Gabber, Eran; Jakobsson, Markus; Matias, Yossi; Mayer, Alain J. (1998). "Curbing junk e-mail via secure classification". Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1465. pp. 198–213. doi:10.1007/BFb0055484. ISBN 978-3-540-64951-9. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Lachtar, Nada; Andrius, Abdulrahman Abu; Bacha, Anys; Malik, Hafiz (2023-10-01). "A Cross-Stack Approach Towards Defending Against Cryptojacking". IEEE Computer Architecture Letters. 19 (2): 126–129. doi:10.1109/LCA.2023.3017457 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 1556-6056. S2CID 222070383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Abliz, Mehmud; Znati, Taieb (December 2009). "A Guided Tour Puzzle for Denial of Service Prevention". 2009 Annual Computer Security Applications Conference. Honolulu, HI. pp. 279–288. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.597.6304. doi:10.1109/ACSAC.2009.33. ISBN 978-1-4244-5327-6. S2CID 14434713.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Savva Shanaev; Arina Shuraeva; Mikhail Vasenin; Maksim Kuznetsov (2019). "Cryptocurrency Value and 51% Attacks: Evidence from Event Studies". The Journal of Alternative Investments. 22 (3): 65–77. doi:10.3905/jai.2019.1.081. S2CID 211422987. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
Ciaian, Pavel; Kancs, d’Artis; Rajcaniova, Miroslava (2021-10-21). "The economic dependency of bitcoin security". Applied Economics. 53 (49): 5738–5755. doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1931003. hdl:10419/251105. ISSN 0003-6846. S2CID 231942439.

sia.tech (Global: low place; English: low place)

blog.sia.tech

Vorick, David (13 May 2018). "The State of Cryptocurrency Mining". Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

link.springer.com

Dwork, Cynthia; Naor, Moni (1993), Brickell, Ernest F. (ed.), "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail", Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92, vol. 740, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 139–147, doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10, ISBN 978-3-540-57340-1, retrieved 2025-02-27

ssrn.com (Global: 703^rd place; English: 501^st place)

Wright, Craig S (2008). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3440802. ISSN 1556-5068.

unc.edu (Global: 1,538^th place; English: 1,042^nd place)

cs.unc.edu

Wang, Xiao-Feng; Reiter, Michael (May 2003). "Defending against denial-of-service attacks with puzzle auctions" (PDF). IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy '03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-04-15.

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

cs.utexas.edu

Waters, Brent; Juels, Ari; Halderman, John A.; Felten, Edward W. (2004). "New client puzzle outsourcing techniques for DoS resistance" (PDF). 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2019-08-06.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 34^th place; English: 27^th place)

Kharif, Olga (November 30, 2021). "Analysis | Bye-Bye, Miners! How Ethereum's Big Change Will Work". The Washington Post. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Dwork, Cynthia; Naor, Moni (1993). "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail". Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 92. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 740. Springer. pp. 139–147. doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-57340-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-26. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
"RPOW - Reusable Proofs of Work". nakamotoinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2023-06-19. Retrieved 2024-01-17.
"Cryptocurrencies and blockchain" (PDF). European Parliament. July 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020. the two best-known – and in the context of cryptocurrencies also most commonly used
"Proof of Work Explained in Simple Terms - The Chain Bulletin". chainbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
"The Only Crypto Story You Need, by Matt Levine". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
Kharif, Olga (November 30, 2021). "Analysis | Bye-Bye, Miners! How Ethereum's Big Change Will Work". The Washington Post. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
Liu, Debin; Camp, L. Jean (June 2006). "Proof of Work can work - Fifth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security". Archived from the original on 2017-08-20. Retrieved 2015-12-29.
How powerful was the Apollo 11 computer?, a specific comparison that shows how different classes of devices have different processing power.
Coelho, Fabien (2005). "Exponential memory-bound functions for proof of work protocols". Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
Tromp, John (2015). "Cuckoo Cycle: A Memory Bound Graph-Theoretic Proof-of-Work" (PDF). Financial Cryptography and Data Security. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8976. Springer. pp. 49–62. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-48051-9_4. ISBN 978-3-662-48050-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2015-09-30.
Back, Adam. "HashCash". Archived from the original on 2017-09-29. Retrieved 2005-03-02. A popular PoW system. First announced in March 1997.
Gabber, Eran; Jakobsson, Markus; Matias, Yossi; Mayer, Alain J. (1998). "Curbing junk e-mail via secure classification". Financial Cryptography. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1465. pp. 198–213. doi:10.1007/BFb0055484. ISBN 978-3-540-64951-9. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023.
Wang, Xiao-Feng; Reiter, Michael (May 2003). "Defending against denial-of-service attacks with puzzle auctions" (PDF). IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy '03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
Waters, Brent; Juels, Ari; Halderman, John A.; Felten, Edward W. (2004). "New client puzzle outsourcing techniques for DoS resistance" (PDF). 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
Coelho, Fabien (2007). "An (almost) constant-effort solution-verification proof-of-work protocol based on Merkle trees". Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
Fitzi, Matthias. "Combinatorial Optimization via Proof-of-Useful-Work" (PDF). IACR conference Crypto 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
"Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI)". www.cbeci.org. Archived from the original on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
"Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index". Cambridge Center For Alternative Finance. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
Michael J. Casey; Paul Vigna (16 June 2014). "Short-Term Fixes To Avert "51% Attack"". Money Beat. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
Overview of the Bitcoin mining pools Archived 2020-04-21 at the Wayback Machine on blockchain.info
What is an ASIC miner Archived 2018-05-22 at the Wayback Machine on digitaltrends.com
Vorick, David (13 May 2018). "The State of Cryptocurrency Mining". Archived from the original on 10 March 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
tevador/RandomX: Proof of work algorithm based on random code execution Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine on Github
Savva Shanaev; Arina Shuraeva; Mikhail Vasenin; Maksim Kuznetsov (2019). "Cryptocurrency Value and 51% Attacks: Evidence from Event Studies". The Journal of Alternative Investments. 22 (3): 65–77. doi:10.3905/jai.2019.1.081. S2CID 211422987. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
Bateman, Tom (2022-01-19). "Ban proof of work crypto mining to save energy, EU regulator says". euronews. Archived from the original on 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
Sigalos, MacKenzie (23 November 2022). "New York governor signs first-of-its-kind law cracking down on bitcoin mining — here's everything that's in it". CNBC. Archived from the original on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2022-12-04.

webopedia.com (Global: 8,835^th place; English: 7,272^nd place)

"What Is a 51% Attack? – Webopedia". Webopedia. September 2025. Retrieved 7 November 2025.

weizmann.ac.il (Global: 4,983^rd place; English: 8,002^nd place)

wisdom.weizmann.ac.il

Dwork, Cynthia; Naor, Moni (1993). "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail". Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO' 92. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 740. Springer. pp. 139–147. doi:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10. ISBN 978-3-540-57340-1. Archived from the original on 2017-11-26. Retrieved 2012-09-10.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Lachtar, Nada; Andrius, Abdulrahman Abu; Bacha, Anys; Malik, Hafiz (2023-10-01). "A Cross-Stack Approach Towards Defending Against Cryptojacking". IEEE Computer Architecture Letters. 19 (2): 126–129. doi:10.1109/LCA.2023.3017457 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 1556-6056. S2CID 222070383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
Wright, Craig S (2008). "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3440802. ISSN 1556-5068.
Duke, David (May 2002). "What is the difference between Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS)?". Network Security. 2002 (5): 4. doi:10.1016/s1353-4858(02)05008-0. ISSN 1353-4858.
Ciaian, Pavel; Kancs, d’Artis; Rajcaniova, Miroslava (2021-10-21). "The economic dependency of bitcoin security". Applied Economics. 53 (49): 5738–5755. doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1931003. hdl:10419/251105. ISSN 0003-6846. S2CID 231942439.

wsj.com (Global: 79^th place; English: 65^th place)

blogs.wsj.com

Michael J. Casey; Paul Vigna (16 June 2014). "Short-Term Fixes To Avert "51% Attack"". Money Beat. Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2014.

Proof of work (English Wikipedia)

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hashcash.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

iacr.org (Global: 5,032nd place; English: 3,357th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

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europa.eu (Global: 68^th place; English: 117^th place)

github.com (Global: 383^rd place; English: 320^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

iacr.org (Global: 5,032^nd place; English: 3,357^th place)

mit.edu (Global: 415^th place; English: 327^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 207^th place; English: 136^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 120^th place; English: 125^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

springer.com (Global: 274^th place; English: 309^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 703^rd place; English: 501^st place)

unc.edu (Global: 1,538^th place; English: 1,042^nd place)

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webopedia.com (Global: 8,835^th place; English: 7,272^nd place)

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