Qing dynasty (English Wikipedia)

Kuzmin, Sergius L.; Dmitriev, Sergey (2015). "Conquest dynasties of China or foreign empires? The problem of relations between China, Yuan and Qing". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 19: 59–92. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2017 – via Academia.

archive.org

Crossley (1997), pp. 212–213. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997). The Manchus. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-55786-560-1.
Crossley (1997), p. 3. Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1997). The Manchus. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-55786-560-1.
Wakeman (1985), p. 24. —— (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. Vol. I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Spence (1990), p. 41. Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1. Online at Internet Archive
Wakeman (1985), p. 478. —— (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. Vol. I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Wakeman (1985), pp. 646–650. —— (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. Vol. I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Wakeman (1985), p. 648, n. 183. —— (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. Vol. I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Wakeman (1985), pp. 651–680. —— (1985). The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China. Vol. I. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1.
Ebrey (1993), p. ^{[page needed]}. Ebrey, Patricia (1993). Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-02-908752-7.
Perdue (2005). Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01684-2.
Spence (1990), pp. 112, 114, 116. Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1. Online at Internet Archive
Platt (2012), p. xxii. Platt, Stephen R. (2012). Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom: China, the West, and the Epic Story of the Taiping Civil War. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27173-0.
Rawski (1998), p. 179. —— (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.
Rawski (1998), pp. 179–180. —— (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.
Torbert (1977), p. 27. Torbert, Preston M. (1977). The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-12761-6.
Torbert (1977), p. 28. Torbert, Preston M. (1977). The Ch'ing Imperial Household Department: A Study of Its Organization and Principal Functions, 1662–1796. Harvard University Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-12761-6.
Lee, Robert H. G. (1970). The Manchurian frontier in Chʼing history. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-674-54775-9.
Rawski (1998), pp. 231–236, 242–243. —— (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.
Rawski (1998), p. 236. —— (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.
Reilly (2004), p. 43. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), p. 44. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), pp. 61, 64. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), p. 48. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), p. 49. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), p. 50. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), p. 52. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Reilly (2004), pp. 57, 62. Reilly, Thomas H. (2004). The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295801926.
Haywood, John (1997). Atlas of world history. New York : Barnes & Noble Books. pp. Map 67, 71. ISBN 978-0-7607-0687-9.
Benjamin Elman (2005). On Their Own Terms: Science in China, 1550–1900. Harvard University Press. pp. 270–331, 396. ISBN 978-0674016859.

artsmia.org

"Ch'ing Dynasty – The Art of Asia – Chinese Dynasty Guide". www.artsmia.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.

berkshirepublishing.com

"Ming and Qing Novels" (PDF). Berkshire Encyclopedia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.

books.google.com

Norman (1988), pp. 133–134. Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521228093.
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134362226.
Ebrey & Walthall (2013), p. 271. ——; Walthall, Anne (2013). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-52867-0. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1134462094. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013). Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization (illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500771471. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
Rawski (1991), p. 177. Rawski, Evelyn S. (1991). "Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership". In Rubie Sharon Watson; Patricia Buckley Ebrey (eds.). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06930-5.
Li (2002), pp. 60–62. Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–72. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Li (2002), p. 65. Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–72. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 6. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Naquin & Rawski (1987), p. 141. Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 23. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 9. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Rawski (1991), p. 175. Rawski, Evelyn S. (1991). "Ch'ing Imperial Marriage and Problems of Rulership". In Rubie Sharon Watson; Patricia Buckley Ebrey (eds.). Marriage and Inequality in Chinese Society. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06930-5.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 7. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Spence (1990), p. 41. Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30780-1. Online at Internet Archive
Wakeman (1977), p. 83. Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1977). The Fall of Imperial China. Transformation of modern China series. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Bell, Charles (1992). Tibet Past and Present. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 278. ISBN 9788120810679.
Dunnell, Ruth (2004). New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde. Taylor & Francis. p. 124. ISBN 9781134362226.
Kapstein, Matthew (2014). Buddhism Between Tibet and China. Wisdom Publications. p. 185. ISBN 9780861718061.
Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017). A New Modern History of East Asia. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 97. ISBN 9783737007085.
Rhoads (2000), p. 121 ff. Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295979380. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
Billingsley (1988), pp. 56–59. Billingsley, Phil (1988). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-71406-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
Zhu, Jianfei (2 August 2004). Chinese Spatial Strategies: Imperial Beijing, 1420–1911. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-134-36620-0.
Millward (2007), p. 190. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
Richards, John F. (2003). The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. University of California Press. pp. 141, 144. ISBN 978-0-520-23075-0. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
Sewell, Bill (2019). Constructing Empire: The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45. UBC Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7748-3655-5. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016). Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4985-3705-6. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Rowe (2002), p. 485. Rowe, William T. (2002). "Social stability and social change". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–562. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Naquin & Rawski (1987), p. 117. Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Sneath (2007), p. 101. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Xu Xiaoman (2005), p. 335. Xu Xiaoman (2005). ""Preserving the Bonds of Kin": Genealogy Masters and Genealogy Production in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Area in the Qing and Republican Periods". In Brokaw, Cynthia J.; Chow, Kai-wing (eds.). Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China. Translated by Huang Yuanmei. Berkeley: University of California. ISBN 978-0520231269.
Sneath (2007), p. 98. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Sneath (2007), pp. 105–106. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), p. 3. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Elliott (2001), pp. 235, 241. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Elliott (2001), pp. 237–238. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Lagerwey (2010), pp. 6–7. Lagerwey, John (2010). China: A Religious State. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9888028047. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674445155. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2021., pp. 958–961.
Bays (2012), pp. 21–23. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405159548.
Bays (2012), pp. 25–26. Bays, Daniel H. (2012). A New History of Christianity in China. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405159548.
Elliott (2001), p. 241. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 38–39. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Fairbank, John King (2006), China: A New History (2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 221–222, ISBN 978-0674018280, archived from the original on 14 February 2022, retrieved 16 June 2021.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 38–40. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 40–41. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 564, 566. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), p. 564. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), p. 593. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 593, 595. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), p. 598. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 572–573, 599–600. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 606, 609. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), p. 587. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Myers & Wang (2002), pp. 587, 590. Myers, H. Ramon; Wang, Yeh-Chien (2002). "Economic developments, 1644–1800". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 9: The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part One. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 563–647. ISBN 978-0-521-24334-6.
Jim Harter (2005). World Railways of the Nineteenth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0801880896. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.

brill.com

Dong, Shaoxin (2020). "The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century". In Weststeijn, Thijs (ed.). Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800. Leiden: Brill. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-9004418929. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

britannica.com

"Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
"China". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
"Taiping Rebellion | Causes, Effects, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2021.

cambridge.org

Po, Ronald C. (2018). Emperors of the Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108424615. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
Peng, Linan (2021). "The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty". Journal of Institutional Economics. 17 (2): 328–329. doi:10.1017/S1744137420000430. S2CID 225162563 – via JSTOR.

china.com.cn

big5.china.com.cn

"康乾盛世"的文化專制與文字獄". china.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

claudearpi.net

archieve.claudearpi.net

"Treaty between Tibet and Nepal, 1856 (translation)" (PDF).

columbia.edu

afe.easia.columbia.edu

"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)", Religion, the State, and Imperial Legitimacy, Columbia University, archived from the original on 12 April 2021, retrieved 15 June 2021
Teiser, Stephen F. (1996). "Introduction" (PDF). In Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (ed.). The Spirits of Chinese Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Richard J. Smith (2007). Settling the Dead: Funerals, Memorials and Beliefs Concerning the Afterlife Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China
"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)" (Columbia University) Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings Archived 8 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine

learn.columbia.edu

"Recording the Grandeur of the Qing". The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Columbia University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Chinese painting

doi.org

Söderblom Saarela (2021). Söderblom Saarela, Mårten (2021). "Manchu Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.447. ISBN 978-0-19-027772-7.
Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Bilik, Naran (2007). "Names Have Memories: History, Semantic Identity and Conflict in Mongolian and Chinese Language Use". Inner Asia. 9 (1): 23–39 [p. 34]. doi:10.1163/146481707793646629.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Onuma, Takahiro (2014). "The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors". Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies. 12 (20220303). doi:10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
Farquhar, David (1978). "Emperor As Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Qing Empire". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 38 (1): 5–34. doi:10.2307/2718931. JSTOR 2718931.
Edmonds, Richard L. (1979). "The Willow Palisade". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 (4): 599–621. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2563132. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Kaiyi Chen (1996). "Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China". Nursing History Review. 4: 129–149. doi:10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.129. PMID 7581277. S2CID 34206810.
Peng, Linan (2021). "The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty". Journal of Institutional Economics. 17 (2): 328–329. doi:10.1017/S1744137420000430. S2CID 225162563 – via JSTOR.
David Pong (1973). "Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877". Modern Asian Studies. 7 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00005333. JSTOR 311679. S2CID 202928323.

escholarship.org

Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Ho (2011), p. 135. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 198. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 206. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 307. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.

gotheborg.com

Nilsson, Jan-Erik. "Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Glass, Chinese (Peking Glass)". gotheborg.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2017.

ied.edu.hk

Alexander Golikov, Translating through the Cultural Barriers: the Qing Imperial Multilingualism^{[permanent dead link]}

jstor.org

Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Farquhar, David (1978). "Emperor As Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Qing Empire". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 38 (1): 5–34. doi:10.2307/2718931. JSTOR 2718931.
Edmonds, Richard L. (1979). "The Willow Palisade". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 (4): 599–621. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2563132. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
David Pong (1973). "Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877". Modern Asian Studies. 7 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00005333. JSTOR 311679. S2CID 202928323.

jylw.com

Xu, Suming (2005), "人学史观视阈下的中西大分流——对"为什么江南不是英国"之新思考 (The Great Divergence from a humanist perspective: Why was Jiangnan not England?)", Tianjin Social Science (in Chinese), 6

lingnanart.com

"Home". The Lingnan School of Painting. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.

lse.ac.uk

eprints.lse.ac.uk

Deng, Kent (2015). China's Population Expansion and Its Causes during the Qing Period, 1644–1911 (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 22 March 2024.

metmuseum.org

Hearn, Maxwell K. (October 2003). "The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911): Painting". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
"Qing Dynasty, Painting". The Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kaiyi Chen (1996). "Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China". Nursing History Review. 4: 129–149. doi:10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.129. PMID 7581277. S2CID 34206810.

nytimes.com

timesmachine.nytimes.com

"<untitled>" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 January 1906. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2018.

openlibrary.org

Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OL 6931635M. pp. 247, 620.

researchgate.net

"California on the Amur, or the 'Zheltuga Republic' in Manchuria (1883–86)". Retrieved 9 September 2023.

scmp.com

"China's narrative of Han expansion". South China Morning Post. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Kaiyi Chen (1996). "Missionaries and the early development of nursing in China". Nursing History Review. 4: 129–149. doi:10.1891/1062-8061.4.1.129. PMID 7581277. S2CID 34206810.
Peng, Linan (2021). "The last guardian of the throne: the regional army in the late Qing dynasty". Journal of Institutional Economics. 17 (2): 328–329. doi:10.1017/S1744137420000430. S2CID 225162563 – via JSTOR.
David Pong (1973). "Confucian patriotism and the destruction of the Woosung railway, 1877". Modern Asian Studies. 7 (3): 647–676. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00005333. JSTOR 311679. S2CID 202928323.

si.edu

asia-archive.si.edu

"Qing dynasty (1644–1911)". Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Ng, On-cho (2019). "Qing Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.

totallyhistory.com

"Qing Dynasty (1644–1911)". 16 May 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2023.

umd.edu

www-chaos.umd.edu

"The Rise of the Manchus". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

Onuma, Takahiro (2014). "The Qing Dynasty and Its Central Asian Neighbors". Saksaha: A Journal of Manchu Studies. 12 (20220303). doi:10.3998/saksaha.13401746.0012.004. Retrieved 17 September 2023.

utexas.edu

webspace.utexas.edu

Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.

wayoftheeating.wordpress.com

Yuan Mei (5 September 2014). "Things to Avoid 12: Cliché (戒落套)". The Way of the Eating, Sean JS Chen, translator (Translating the Suiyuan Shidan). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

web.archive.org

Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Dong, Shaoxin (2020). "The Tartars in European Missionary Writings of the Seventeenth Century". In Weststeijn, Thijs (ed.). Foreign Devils and Philosophers Cultural Encounters between the Chinese, the Dutch, and Other Europeans, 1590–1800. Leiden: Brill. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-9004418929. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14 and 24 n. 4. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
Zhao (2006), pp. 4, 7–10, 12–14. Zhao, Gang (2006). "Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century" (PDF). Modern China. 32 (1): 3–30. doi:10.1177/0097700405282349. JSTOR 20062627. S2CID 144587815. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2014.
"Qing dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
Swope, Kenneth M. (2014). The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1134462094. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
Mair, Victor H.; Chen, Sanping; Wood, Frances (2013). Chinese Lives: The People Who Made a Civilization (illustrated ed.). Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500771471. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
"China". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 6. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Naquin & Rawski (1987), p. 141. Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 23. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 9. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Di Cosmo (2007), p. 7. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. (2007). The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth Century China: "My Service in the Army," by Dzengseo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-78955-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Wakeman (1977), p. 83. Wakeman, Frederic Jr. (1977). The Fall of Imperial China. Transformation of modern China series. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Ho (2011), p. 135. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 198. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 206. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Ho (2011), p. 307. Ho, David Dahpon (2011). Sealords Live in Vain: Fujian and the Making of a Maritime Frontier in Seventeenth-Century China (Thesis). University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Kuzmin, Sergius L.; Dmitriev, Sergey (2015). "Conquest dynasties of China or foreign empires? The problem of relations between China, Yuan and Qing". International Journal of Central Asian Studies. 19: 59–92. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2017 – via Academia.
"康乾盛世"的文化專制與文字獄". china.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
"Taiping Rebellion | Causes, Effects, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Rhoads (2000), p. 121 ff. Rhoads, Edward J.M. (2000). Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295979380. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
Billingsley (1988), pp. 56–59. Billingsley, Phil (1988). Bandits in Republican China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-71406-8. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
"The Rise of the Manchus". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
Millward (2007), p. 190. Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
"<untitled>" (PDF). The New York Times. 19 January 1906. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
Edmonds, Richard L. (1979). "The Willow Palisade". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 (4): 599–621. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2563132. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Richards, John F. (2003). The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World. University of California Press. pp. 141, 144. ISBN 978-0-520-23075-0. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
"China's narrative of Han expansion". South China Morning Post. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Sewell, Bill (2019). Constructing Empire: The Japanese in Changchun, 1905–45. UBC Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7748-3655-5. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Matsuzato, Kimitaka (2016). Russia and Its Northeast Asian Neighbors: China, Japan, and Korea, 1858–1945. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-1-4985-3705-6. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Naquin & Rawski (1987), p. 117. Naquin, Susan; Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1987). Chinese Society in the Eighteenth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-04602-1. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
Sneath (2007), p. 101. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Sneath (2007), p. 98. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Sneath (2007), pp. 105–106. Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), p. 3. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)", Religion, the State, and Imperial Legitimacy, Columbia University, archived from the original on 12 April 2021, retrieved 15 June 2021
Teiser, Stephen F. (1996). "Introduction" (PDF). In Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (ed.). The Spirits of Chinese Religion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Elliott (2001), pp. 235, 241. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Elliott (2001), pp. 237–238. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Richard J. Smith (2007). Settling the Dead: Funerals, Memorials and Beliefs Concerning the Afterlife Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late-Imperial China
"Living in the Chinese Cosmos: Understanding Religion in Late Imperial China (1644–1911)" (Columbia University) Institutional Religion: The Three Teachings Archived 8 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Lagerwey (2010), pp. 6–7. Lagerwey, John (2010). China: A Religious State. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-9888028047. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674445155. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2021., pp. 958–961.
Elliott (2001), p. 241. Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 38–39. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Fairbank, John King (2006), China: A New History (2nd enlarged ed.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 221–222, ISBN 978-0674018280, archived from the original on 14 February 2022, retrieved 16 June 2021.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 38–40. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Goossaert & Palmer (2011), pp. 40–41. Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011). The Religious Question in Modern China. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 978-0226304168. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
Jim Harter (2005). World Railways of the Nineteenth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0801880896. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
"Recording the Grandeur of the Qing". The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Columbia University. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2020. Chinese painting
Nilsson, Jan-Erik. "Chinese Porcelain Glossary: Glass, Chinese (Peking Glass)". gotheborg.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
"Ch'ing Dynasty – The Art of Asia – Chinese Dynasty Guide". www.artsmia.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
"Qing Dynasty, Painting". The Met. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
"Home". The Lingnan School of Painting. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012.
Ng, On-cho (2019). "Qing Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
"Ming and Qing Novels" (PDF). Berkshire Encyclopedia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
Yuan Mei (5 September 2014). "Things to Avoid 12: Cliché (戒落套)". The Way of the Eating, Sean JS Chen, translator (Translating the Suiyuan Shidan). Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 June 2015.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet . 1906 – via Wikisource.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 500. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. ISSN 0020-8833. JSTOR 2600793. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
Edmonds, Richard L. (1979). "The Willow Palisade". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 69 (4): 599–621. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01285.x. ISSN 0004-5608. JSTOR 2563132. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Porter (2016), p. ^{[page needed]}. Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-22293-9. OCLC 920818520.
Twitchett & Fairbank (1978), p. 61. Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. OCLC 2424772.
Twitchett & Fairbank (1978), pp. 61–62. Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. OCLC 2424772.
Twitchett & Fairbank (1978), pp. 63–66. Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8. OCLC 2424772.
Porter (2016), pp. 229–238. Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-22293-9. OCLC 920818520.
Porter (2016), pp. 237–238. Porter, Jonathan (2016). Imperial China, 1350–1900. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-22293-9. OCLC 920818520.