"The first use of general anaesthesia probably dates to early nineteenth century Japan. On 13 October 1804, Japanese doctor Seishu Hanaoka (1760–1835) surgically removed a breast tumor under general anaesthesia. His patient was a 60-year-old woman named Kan Aiya." Source
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W Michel, Medicine and Allied Sciences in the Cultural Exchange between Japan and Europe in the Seventeenth Century. In: Hans Dieter Ölschleger (Hrsg.): Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies. Current State & Future Developments. Papers in Honor of Josef Kreiner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress, Göttingen 2007, ISBN978-3-89971-355-8, S. 285–302 pdf.
Wolfgang Michel, On Japanese Imports of Optical Instruments in the Early Edo-Era. Yōgaku - Annals of the History of Western Learning in Japan, Vol. 12 (2004), pp. 119-164 [1].
