Safavid Iran (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Safavid Iran" in English language version.

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Editor (2020-03-03). "Cetbang, Teknologi Senjata Api Andalan Majapahit". 1001 Indonesia. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

archive.org

"Iran under the Safavids". www.archive.com. Retrieved 2025-02-05. Containing text in Persian
Titley, Norah M. (1984). Persian miniature painting and its influence on the art of Turkey and India : the British Library collections. Austin : University of Texas Press. p. 86, plate 12. ISBN 978-0-292-76484-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Anderson, Mary (1987). "Prisoner Imagery In Safavid Textiles". The Textile Museum Journal. 23.
Kotilaine, Jarmo T. (2005). Russia's foreign trade and economic expansion in the seventeenth century: Windows on the world. Leiden. pp. 330–360, 450–485. ISBN 9789004138964.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Nasr, Vali (2006). The Shia revival : how conflicts within Islam will shape the future. New York: Norton. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-393-06211-3.
Chardin, Jean (1711). Voyages de Monsieur le chevalier Chardin en Perse et autres lieux de l'Orient.... Tome 2 (in French). p. 227. A la Cour, qu'on y parle beaucoup plus Turque que Persan" English: "In Court, Turkic is spoken much more than Persan

bbc.co.uk

Kremer, William (25 January 2013). "Why Did Men Stop Wearing High Heels?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.

books.google.com

Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shiʻi culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh).
Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language.
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. ISBN 978-0-19-977311-4.
Flaskerud, Ingvild (2010). Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism. A&C Black. pp. 182–3. ISBN 978-1-4411-4907-7.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Amanat 1997, p. 13. Amanat, Abbas (1997). Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845118280.
Amanat 2017, p. 443. Amanat, Abbas (2017). Iran: A Modern History. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300112542.
Amanat 1997, p. 15. Amanat, Abbas (1997). Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845118280.
Ashraf 2024, pp. 82–83. Ashraf, Assef (2024). Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1009361552.
Mahir, Banu (2009). "Album H.2169 in the Topkapi Palace Museum Library (p.465-)". In Géza, Dávid; Ibolya, Gerelyes (eds.). Thirteenth International Congress of Turkish Art: Proceedings. Hungarian National Museum. pp. 471, 476. ISBN 978-963-7061-65-3. The image is of Shah Ismail I, and the note at the bottom edge ('Kalem-i şikeste-i fakir Behzad') identifies the drawing as the copy of an original by Bihzad
Afyoncu, Erhan (2010). Yavuz'un küpesi. İstanbul: Yeditepe. ISBN 978-605-4052-35-6. Şah Ismail (TSMK, nr. Hazine 2169, vr. 64b)
Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-62616-032-3.
Sinclair, T.A. (1989). Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume II. Pindar Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-904597-75-9.
Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
Eraly, Abraham (2000). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-100143-2.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2012). Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. Cambridge University Press. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-521-51441-5.
Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). Iran at War: 1500–1988. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-240-5.
Mitchell 2011, p. 69. Mitchell, Colin P. (2011). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3.
Mikaberidze 2015, pp. 291, 536. Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
Mitchell 2011, p. 70. Mitchell, Colin P. (2011). New Perspectives on Safavid Iran: Empire and Society. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-136-99194-3.
Vehse, Karl Eduard (1856). Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 71.
Shakespeare, William (2001). Twelfth Night: Or, What You Will. Classic Books Company. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7426-5294-1.
Olson, James S.; Shadle, Robert (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1005. ISBN 978-0-313-29367-2.
Munshī 1978, p. 1116 Munshī, Iskander (1978). The history of Shah ʻAbbas the Great. University of Michigan: Westview Press. p. 1399. ISBN 9780891582960.
Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19–25, 1987. Psychology Press. 1996. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7007-0380-7.
Lang, David Marshall (1957). The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832. Columbia University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780231937108. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Babaie, Sussan; Babayan, Kathryn; McCabe, Ina; Farhad, Massumeh (2004). Slaves of the Shah:New Elites of Safavid Iran. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781860647215. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999), The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730 Archived 2022-10-20 at the Wayback Machine.
Bournoutian, George A.; A Concise History of the Armenian People: (from Ancient Times to the Present) Archived 2022-11-18 at the Wayback Machine (original from the University of Michigan) Mazda Publishers, 2002 ISBN 978-1568591414 p. 208
Aslanian, Sebouh. From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa Archived 2022-11-18 at the Wayback Machine University of California Press, 4 mei 2011 ISBN 978-0520947573 p. 1
Akiner, Shirin (2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. Taylor & Francis. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-203-64167-5.
Matthee 1999, p. 231. Matthee, Rudolph P. (1999). The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver, 1600–1730. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64131-9.

britannica.com

concise.britannica.com

Britannica Concise Archived 2008-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. "Safavid Dynasty", Online Edition 2007.

cambridge.org

Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires. Archived 2021-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Cambridge Core. See also List of countries by population in 1700.

columbia.edu

academiccommons.columbia.edu

Ghereghlou, Kioumars (October–December 2017). "Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make: New Light on the Early Ṣafavids in Ḥayātī Tabrīzī's Tārīkh (961/1554)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 137 (4): 827. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0805 – via Columbia Academic Commons. Shah Ismāʿīl's enthronement took place in Tabrīz immediately after the battle of Sharūr, on 1 Jumādā II 907/22 December 1501.

doi.org

Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.
Ghereghlou, Kioumars (October–December 2017). "Chronicling a Dynasty on the Make: New Light on the Early Ṣafavids in Ḥayātī Tabrīzī's Tārīkh (961/1554)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 137 (4): 827. doi:10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.4.0805 – via Columbia Academic Commons. Shah Ismāʿīl's enthronement took place in Tabrīz immediately after the battle of Sharūr, on 1 Jumādā II 907/22 December 1501.
Blake, Stephen P., ed. (2013), "Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires", Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–47, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139343305.004, ISBN 978-1-107-03023-7, retrieved 2021-11-10
Matthee, Rudi (2017) [2008]. "Safavid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
Savory, Roger (2012) [1995]. "Ṣafawids". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Vol. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Savory 1974, p. 180. Savory, Roger (1974). "The Safavid State and Polity". Iranian Studies. 28 (1/2). Cambridge University Press: 179–212. doi:10.1080/00210867408701463. JSTOR 4310161. (registration required)
Matthee 2009, p. 241. Matthee, Rudi (2009). "Was Safavid Iran an Empire?". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 53 (1–2). Brill: 233–265. doi:10.1163/002249910X12573963244449.
Wood, Barry D. (2004). "The "Tarikh-I Jahanara" in the Chester Beatty Library: An Illustrated Manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'I"". Iranian Studies. 37 (1): 101. doi:10.1080/0021086042000232956. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 4311593.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1988). "Persians, pilgrims, and Portuguese: The travails of Masulipatnam shipping in the western Indian ocean, 1590–1665". Modern Asian Studies. 22 (3): 503–530. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00009653. S2CID 144502214.
Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2000). "Safavid Iran's search for silver and gold". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 32 (3): 345–368. doi:10.1017/S0020743800021139. S2CID 162418783.
Petrů, Tomáš (2016). ""Lands below the Winds" as Part of the Persian Cosmopolis: An Inquiry into Linguistic and Cultural Borrowings from the Persianate societies in the Malay World". Moussons (27): 147–161. doi:10.4000/moussons.3572.
Hasan Javadi; Willem Floor (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4). Routledge: 1. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.

events.ir

"Shahsavan Tribes" Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, Dr P. Shahsavand, Professor of Sociology at Islamic Azad University. Events Magazine, Cultural, Economical and General Events of Iran (retrieved 4 Sep 2007).

farig.org

"Alaverdy Eparchy" (PDF). Retrieved 12 May 2015.

iranicaonline.org

Rudi Matthee, "Safavids Archived 2022-09-01 at the Wayback Machine" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (2012). "ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ: His poetry". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
Matthee, Rudi (2017) [2008]. "Safavid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
"Safavid Iran" at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
"Safavid Iran" at Encyclopædia Iranica
"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period" in Encyclopædia Iranica Archived 2019-10-25 at the Wayback Machine: "The Safavid kings called themselves, among other appellations, the "heart of the shrine of ʿAli" (kalb-e āstān-e ʿAli), while assuming the title of Šāhanšāh (the king of kings) of Persia/Iran". Quote 2: "Even Ottoman sultans, when addressing the Āq Quyunlu and Safavid kings, used such titles as the "king of Iranian lands" or the "sultan of the lands of Iran" or "the king of kings of Iran, the lord of the Persians" or the "holders of the glory of Jamšid and the vision of Faridun and the wisdom of Dārā." They addressed Shah Esmaʿil as: "the king of Persian lands and the heir to Jamšid and Kay-ḵosrow" (Navāʾi, pp. 578, 700–702, 707). During Shah ʿAbbās's reign the transformation is complete and Shiʿite Iran comes to face the two adjacent Sunni powers: the Ottoman Empire to the west and the Kingdom of Uzbeks to the east."
Shah Ismail I Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 2015
Colin P. Mitchell, "Ṭahmāsp I" Archived 2015-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Iranica (July 15, 2009).
"Tahmāsp I". Retrieved 12 May 2015.
"BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI v. Military slavery in Islamic Iran". Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Manz, Beatrice. "Čarkas". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
R.M., Savory. "ALLĀHVERDĪ KHAN (1)". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Matthee, Rudi (7 February 2012). "GEORGIA vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
"Safavid Iran" at Encyclopædia Iranica
"Safavid Iran" at Encyclopædia Iranica
"Chinese–Iranian Relations iv. The Safavid Period, 1501–1732".

iseas.edu.sg

Marcinkowski, Christoph. "Persians and Shi'ites in Thailand: From the Ayutthaya Period to the Present" (PDF).

jstor.org

Savory 1974, p. 180. Savory, Roger (1974). "The Safavid State and Polity". Iranian Studies. 28 (1/2). Cambridge University Press: 179–212. doi:10.1080/00210867408701463. JSTOR 4310161. (registration required)
Wood, Barry D. (2004). "The "Tarikh-I Jahanara" in the Chester Beatty Library: An Illustrated Manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'I"". Iranian Studies. 37 (1): 101. doi:10.1080/0021086042000232956. ISSN 0021-0862. JSTOR 4311593.
Anwar, M. Siraj (1991). "The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 52: 255–262. JSTOR 44142611.
Scott, William Henry (1989). "The Mediterranean Connection". Philippine Studies. 37 (2): 131–144. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42634581.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Bomati & Nahavandi 1998, pp. 141–142 Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998). Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629 [Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin. ISBN 2-2620-1131-1. LCCN 99161812.
Bomati & Nahavandi 1998, p. 143 Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (1998). Shah Abbas, Empereur de Perse: 1587–1629 [Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia: 1587–1629] (in French). Paris, France: Perrin. ISBN 2-2620-1131-1. LCCN 99161812.
Asat'iani & Bendianachvili 1997, p. 188 Asat'iani, Nodar; Bendianachvili, Alexandre (1997). Histoire de la Géorgie [History of Georgia] (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-6186-7. LCCN 98159624.

metmuseum.org

Safavid Courtiers Leading Georgian Captives.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Petrů, Tomáš (2016). ""Lands below the Winds" as Part of the Persian Cosmopolis: An Inquiry into Linguistic and Cultural Borrowings from the Persianate societies in the Malay World". Moussons (27): 147–161. doi:10.4000/moussons.3572.

proquest.com

Utz, Axel (2011). Cultural exchange, imperialist violence, and pious missions: Local perspectives from Tanjavur and Lenape country, 1720–1760 (Ph.D. thesis). Pennsylvania State University. pp. 84–85, 93–94. ProQuest 902171220.

scribd.com

Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p. 107. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2020-01-03.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Floor, Willem; Javadi, Hasan (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4): 569–581. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). "The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). New York and London: Routledge. pp. 15–36. doi:10.4324/9781003170822. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308.
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1988). "Persians, pilgrims, and Portuguese: The travails of Masulipatnam shipping in the western Indian ocean, 1590–1665". Modern Asian Studies. 22 (3): 503–530. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00009653. S2CID 144502214.
Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2000). "Safavid Iran's search for silver and gold". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 32 (3): 345–368. doi:10.1017/S0020743800021139. S2CID 162418783.
Hasan Javadi; Willem Floor (2013). "The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran". Iranian Studies. 46 (4). Routledge: 1. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516. S2CID 161700244.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Rizvi, Sajjad (2009). "Mulla Sadra". In Zalta, Edward N (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.

unesco.org

Savory, RM. "18 Iran, Armenia and Georgia – Rise of a Shiʻi State in Iran and New Orientation in Islamic Thought and Culture". UNESCO: History of Humanity. Vol. 5: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. London, New York: Routledge. p. 263.

utexas.edu

lib.utexas.edu

"Islamic Groups" (JPEG). University of Texas.

web.archive.org

Rudi Matthee, "Safavids Archived 2022-09-01 at the Wayback Machine" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
Matthee, Rudi (2017) [2008]. "Safavid Dynasty". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
Britannica Concise Archived 2008-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. "Safavid Dynasty", Online Edition 2007.
"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period" in Encyclopædia Iranica Archived 2019-10-25 at the Wayback Machine: "The Safavid kings called themselves, among other appellations, the "heart of the shrine of ʿAli" (kalb-e āstān-e ʿAli), while assuming the title of Šāhanšāh (the king of kings) of Persia/Iran". Quote 2: "Even Ottoman sultans, when addressing the Āq Quyunlu and Safavid kings, used such titles as the "king of Iranian lands" or the "sultan of the lands of Iran" or "the king of kings of Iran, the lord of the Persians" or the "holders of the glory of Jamšid and the vision of Faridun and the wisdom of Dārā." They addressed Shah Esmaʿil as: "the king of Persian lands and the heir to Jamšid and Kay-ḵosrow" (Navāʾi, pp. 578, 700–702, 707). During Shah ʿAbbās's reign the transformation is complete and Shiʿite Iran comes to face the two adjacent Sunni powers: the Ottoman Empire to the west and the Kingdom of Uzbeks to the east."
Shah Ismail I Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved July 2015
Colin P. Mitchell, "Ṭahmāsp I" Archived 2015-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Iranica (July 15, 2009).
Manz, Beatrice. "Čarkas". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Kremer, William (25 January 2013). "Why Did Men Stop Wearing High Heels?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires. Archived 2021-09-27 at the Wayback Machine Cambridge Core. See also List of countries by population in 1700.
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