Sarin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sarin" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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12web.archive.org

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11nih.gov

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10doi.org

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5opcw.org

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4dtic.mil

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4semanticscholar.org

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4nytimes.com

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3books.google.com

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3cdc.gov

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2archive.org

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2worldcat.org

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2theguardian.com

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2bbc.co.uk

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2harvard.edu

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2fas.org

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1gulfweb.org

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1nist.gov

355^th place

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1lawfaremedia.org

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1telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

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1proteopedia.org

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1thinkquest.org

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1army.mil

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1foi.se

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1chron.com

599^th place

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1noblis.com

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1consortiumnews.com

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1stimson.org

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1japantimes.co.jp

389^th place

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1nbcnews.com

137^th place

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1independent.co.uk

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1msf.org

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1ndtv.com

138^th place

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1dailystar.com.lb

4,600^th place

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1diplomatie.gouv.fr

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1cbsnews.com

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archive.org

Baselt RC, Cravey RH (2017). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. Seal Beach, California: Biomedical Publications. pp. 1926–1928. ISBN 978-0-8151-0547-3.
Richard J. Evans (2008). The Third Reich at War, 1939–1945. Penguin. p. 669. ISBN 978-1-59420-206-3. Retrieved January 13, 2013.

army.mil

wood.army.mil

Kirby R (January 2006). "Nerve Gas: America's Fifteen Year Struggle for Modern Chemical weapons" (PDF). Army Chemical Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2015.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Nerve gas death was 'unlawful'". BBC News Online. November 15, 2004.
"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack". BBC News. March 16, 1988. Retrieved October 31, 2011.

books.google.com

Lukey BJ, Romano JA Jr, Salem H (April 11, 2019). Chemical Warfare Agents: Biomedical and Psychological Effects, Medical Countermeasures, and Emergency Response. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-63296-9.
Lukey BJ, Romano JA Jr, Salem H (April 11, 2019). Chemical Warfare Agents: Biomedical and Psychological Effects, Medical Countermeasures, and Emergency Response. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-429-63296-9.
Georg F (2003). Hitler's Miracle Weapons: The Secret History Of The Rockets And Flying Crafts Of The Third Reich; from the V-1 to the A-9: Unconventional Short- and Medium-Range Weapons. Helion. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-87-462262-8.

cbsnews.com

"U.S. destroys last of its declared chemical weapons". CBS. July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.

cdc.gov

Sarin (GB). Emergency Response Safety and Health Database. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed April 20, 2009.
"Facts About Sarin". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. November 18, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2024.

wwwn.cdc.gov

"Toxic Substances Portal – Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP)". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.

chron.com

Hedges M (May 18, 2004). "Shell said to contain sarin poses questions for U.S." Houston Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.

consortiumnews.com

Blixen S (January 13, 1999). "Pinochet's Mad Scientist". Consortium News.

dailystar.com.lb

"Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition". Dailystar.com.lb. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

diplomatie.gouv.fr

"Chemical attack of 4 April 2017 (Khan Sheikhoun): Clandestine Syrian chemical weapons programme" (PDF). Retrieved April 26, 2017.

doi.org

Gussow L (July 2005). "Nerve Agents: Three Mechanisms, Three Antidotes". Emergency Medicine News. 27 (7). Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer: 12. doi:10.1097/00132981-200507000-00011.
Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 74 (3): 165–172. doi:10.1007/s002040050670. PMID 10877003. S2CID 13749842. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (October 2002). "Sarin: health effects, metabolism, and methods of analysis". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 (10). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 1327–33. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00079-0. PMID 12387297.
Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814. S2CID 11744952.. See Proteopedia 1cfj.
Hörnberg A, Tunemalm AK, Ekström F (2007). "Crystal Structures of Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Organophosphorus Compounds Suggest that the Acyl Pocket Modulates the Aging Reaction by Precluding the Formation of the Trigonal Bipyramidal Transition State". Biochemistry. 46 (16): 4815–4825. doi:10.1021/bi0621361. PMID 17402711.
Degenhardt, et al. (July 2004). "Improvements of the Fluoride Reactivation Method for the Verification of Nerve Agent Exposure". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 28 (5). Oxfordshire, England: Oxford University Press: 364–371. doi:10.1093/jat/28.5.364. PMID 15239857.
Inns RH, NJ Tuckwell, JE Bright, TC Marrs (July 1990). "Histochemical Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning". Hum Exp Toxicol. 9 (4): 245–250. Bibcode:1990HETox...9..245I. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321. S2CID 20713579.
Bide RW, Armour SJ, Yee E (2005). "GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 25 (5): 393–409. doi:10.1002/jat.1074. ISSN 0260-437X. PMID 16092087. S2CID 8769521.
Kovarik Z, Radić Z, Berman HA, Simeon-Rudolf V, Reiner E, Taylor P (March 2003). "Acetylcholinesterase active centre and gorge conformations analysed by combinatorial mutations and enantiomeric phosphonates". Biochemical Journal. 373 (Pt. 1). London, England: Portland Press: 33–40. doi:10.1042/BJ20021862. PMC 1223469. PMID 12665427.
Benschop HP, De Jong LP (1988). "Nerve agent stereoisomers: analysis, isolation and toxicology". Accounts of Chemical Research. 21 (10). Washington DC: American Chemical Society: 368–374. doi:10.1021/ar00154a003.

dtic.mil

apps.dtic.mil

Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 74 (3): 165–172. doi:10.1007/s002040050670. PMID 10877003. S2CID 13749842. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Jakubowski, et al. (July 2003). Fluoride Ion Regeneration of Sarin (GB) from Minipig Tissue and Fluids Following Whole-Body GB Vapor Exposure (PDF) (Report). United States Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
The Determination of Free Base in Stabilised GB (PDF). United Kingdom: UK Ministry of Supply. 1956. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
Chemical agent and munition disposal summary of the U.S. army's experience (PDF). United States Army. 1987. pp. B-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2015.

fas.org

irp.fas.org

Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology (February 1998). "Chemical Weapons Technology" (PDF). The Militarily Critical Technologies List Part II: Weapons of Mass Destruction Technologies (ADA 330102). U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved September 4, 2020 – via Federation of American Scientists.

fas.org

"Stability of Iraq's Chemical Weapon Stockpile". United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 15, 1996. Retrieved August 3, 2007.

foi.se

Tu A. "New Information Revealed By Aum Shinrikyo Death Row Inmate Dr. Tomomasa Nakagawa" (PDF).

gulfweb.org

"Material Safety Data Sheet – Lethal Nerve Agent Sarin (GB)". 103d Congress, 2d Session. United States Senate. May 25, 1994. Retrieved November 6, 2004.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Inns RH, NJ Tuckwell, JE Bright, TC Marrs (July 1990). "Histochemical Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning". Hum Exp Toxicol. 9 (4): 245–250. Bibcode:1990HETox...9..245I. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321. S2CID 20713579.

fas.harvard.edu

Ian R Kenyon (June 2002). "The chemical weapons convention and OPCW: the challenges of the 21st century" (PDF). The CBW Conventions Bulletin (56). Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation: 47.

independent.co.uk

Murphy J (September 5, 2013). "Cameron: British scientists have proof deadly Sarin gas was used in chemical weapons attack". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013.

japantimes.co.jp

Martin A (March 19, 2018). "1995 Aum sarin attack on Tokyo subway still haunts, leaving questions unanswered". The Japan Times Online.

lawfaremedia.org

Anderson K (September 17, 2013). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja review of A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja by Joost R. Hiltermann (Cambridge UP 2007). Lawfare: Hard National Security Choices (Report). Retrieved December 30, 2015. ... death can occur within one minute of direct inhalation as the lung muscles are paralyzed.

msf.org

"Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF". Médecins Sans Frontières. August 24, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

nbcnews.com

Brunker M (May 17, 2004). "Bomb said to hold deadly Sarin gas explodes in Iraq". MSNBC. Retrieved August 3, 2007.

ndtv.com

"NGO says 322 died in Syria 'toxic gas' attacks". AFP. August 25, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 74 (3): 165–172. doi:10.1007/s002040050670. PMID 10877003. S2CID 13749842. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Abu-Qare AW, Abou-Donia MB (October 2002). "Sarin: health effects, metabolism, and methods of analysis". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 (10). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: 1327–33. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00079-0. PMID 12387297.
Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814. S2CID 11744952.. See Proteopedia 1cfj.
Hörnberg A, Tunemalm AK, Ekström F (2007). "Crystal Structures of Acetylcholinesterase in Complex with Organophosphorus Compounds Suggest that the Acyl Pocket Modulates the Aging Reaction by Precluding the Formation of the Trigonal Bipyramidal Transition State". Biochemistry. 46 (16): 4815–4825. doi:10.1021/bi0621361. PMID 17402711.
Degenhardt, et al. (July 2004). "Improvements of the Fluoride Reactivation Method for the Verification of Nerve Agent Exposure". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 28 (5). Oxfordshire, England: Oxford University Press: 364–371. doi:10.1093/jat/28.5.364. PMID 15239857.
Inns RH, NJ Tuckwell, JE Bright, TC Marrs (July 1990). "Histochemical Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning". Hum Exp Toxicol. 9 (4): 245–250. Bibcode:1990HETox...9..245I. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321. S2CID 20713579.
Bide RW, Armour SJ, Yee E (2005). "GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 25 (5): 393–409. doi:10.1002/jat.1074. ISSN 0260-437X. PMID 16092087. S2CID 8769521.
Kovarik Z, Radić Z, Berman HA, Simeon-Rudolf V, Reiner E, Taylor P (March 2003). "Acetylcholinesterase active centre and gorge conformations analysed by combinatorial mutations and enantiomeric phosphonates". Biochemical Journal. 373 (Pt. 1). London, England: Portland Press: 33–40. doi:10.1042/BJ20021862. PMC 1223469. PMID 12665427.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Toxicology NR (1997). Review of Acute Human-Toxicity Estimates for GB (Sarin). National Academies Press (US).
Kovarik Z, Radić Z, Berman HA, Simeon-Rudolf V, Reiner E, Taylor P (March 2003). "Acetylcholinesterase active centre and gorge conformations analysed by combinatorial mutations and enantiomeric phosphonates". Biochemical Journal. 373 (Pt. 1). London, England: Portland Press: 33–40. doi:10.1042/BJ20021862. PMC 1223469. PMID 12665427.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Substance Name: Sarin". ChemIDplus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved January 19, 2020.

nist.gov

webbook.nist.gov

"Sarin". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved March 27, 2011.

noblis.com

"A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases". Noblis. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.

nytimes.com

Russell Goldmanpril (April 6, 2017). "Key Points on Sarin: The 'Most Volatile' of Nerve Agents". New York Times.
"Plot to kill Letelier said to involve nerve gas". New York Times. December 13, 1981. Retrieved June 8, 2015.
"More of Kremlin's Opponents Are Ending Up Dead". The New York Times. August 21, 2016.
Barnard A (March 19, 2013). "Syria and Activists Trade Charges on Chemical Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2013.

opcw.org

Seto Y (June 2001). "The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation". OPCW.
"Nerve agents". OPCW.
"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction". Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (November 30, 2016). "Annex 3". Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). p. 42. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
OPCW Issues Fact-Finding Mission Reports on Chemical Weapons Use Allegations in Douma, Syria in 2018 and in Al-Hamadaniya and Karm Al-Tarrab in 2016 (Report). Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.

proteopedia.org

Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814. S2CID 11744952.. See Proteopedia 1cfj.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 74 (3): 165–172. doi:10.1007/s002040050670. PMID 10877003. S2CID 13749842. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Millard CB, Kryger G, Ordentlich A, et al. (June 1999). "Crystal Structures of Aged Phosphonylated Acetylcholinesterase: Nerve Agent Reaction Products at the Atomic Level". Biochemistry. 38 (22): 7032–9. doi:10.1021/bi982678l. PMID 10353814. S2CID 11744952.. See Proteopedia 1cfj.
Inns RH, NJ Tuckwell, JE Bright, TC Marrs (July 1990). "Histochemical Demonstration of Calcium Accumulation in Muscle Fibres after Experimental Organophosphate Poisoning". Hum Exp Toxicol. 9 (4): 245–250. Bibcode:1990HETox...9..245I. doi:10.1177/096032719000900407. PMID 2390321. S2CID 20713579.
Bide RW, Armour SJ, Yee E (2005). "GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 25 (5): 393–409. doi:10.1002/jat.1074. ISSN 0260-437X. PMID 16092087. S2CID 8769521.

stimson.org

Amy E. Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy (October 2000). "Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo". Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response (Report). Henry L. Stimson Centre. pp. 91, 95, 100. Report No. 35. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2017.

telegraph.co.uk

Smith M (August 26, 2002). "Saddam to be target of Britain's 'E-bomb'". The Daily Telegraph. p. A18. Retrieved December 30, 2015. The nerve agents sarin and VX. Colourless and tasteless, they cause death by respiratory arrest in one to 15 minutes.

theguardian.com

Ian Sample, The Guardian, September 17, 2013, Sarin: the deadly history of the nerve agent used in Syria
Chulov M (September 6, 2017). "Syrian regime dropped sarin on rebel-held town in April, UN confirms". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 29, 2017.

thinkquest.org

library.thinkquest.org

"Sarin gas as chemical agent – ThinkQuest- Library". Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.

web.archive.org

Shim TM, McDonough JH (May 2000). "Efficacy of biperiden and atropine as anticonvulsant treatment for organophosphorus nerve agent intoxication" (PDF). Archives of Toxicology. 74 (3): 165–172. doi:10.1007/s002040050670. PMID 10877003. S2CID 13749842. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
Jakubowski, et al. (July 2003). Fluoride Ion Regeneration of Sarin (GB) from Minipig Tissue and Fluids Following Whole-Body GB Vapor Exposure (PDF) (Report). United States Army. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
"Sarin gas as chemical agent – ThinkQuest- Library". Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved August 13, 2007.
Kirby R (January 2006). "Nerve Gas: America's Fifteen Year Struggle for Modern Chemical weapons" (PDF). Army Chemical Review. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
The Determination of Free Base in Stabilised GB (PDF). United Kingdom: UK Ministry of Supply. 1956. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
Chemical agent and munition disposal summary of the U.S. army's experience (PDF). United States Army. 1987. pp. B-30. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2015.
Hedges M (May 18, 2004). "Shell said to contain sarin poses questions for U.S." Houston Chronicle. p. A1. Archived from the original on October 12, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
"A Short History of the Development of Nerve Gases". Noblis. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.
Amy E. Smithson and Leslie-Anne Levy (October 2000). "Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo". Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response (Report). Henry L. Stimson Centre. pp. 91, 95, 100. Report No. 35. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Murphy J (September 5, 2013). "Cameron: British scientists have proof deadly Sarin gas was used in chemical weapons attack". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013.
"Syria: Thousands suffering neurotoxic symptoms treated in hospitals supported by MSF". Médecins Sans Frontières. August 24, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
"Bodies still being found after alleged Syria chemical attack: opposition". Dailystar.com.lb. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

worldcat.org

Bide RW, Armour SJ, Yee E (2005). "GB toxicity reassessed using newer techniques for estimation of human toxicity from animal inhalation toxicity data: new method for estimating acute human toxicity (GB)". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 25 (5): 393–409. doi:10.1002/jat.1074. ISSN 0260-437X. PMID 16092087. S2CID 8769521.
Chulov M (September 6, 2017). "Syrian regime dropped sarin on rebel-held town in April, UN confirms". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 29, 2017.