Season (English Wikipedia)

Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education. 45 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
In a space of four years, the solstice occurs latest in the Julian Calendar in the year before a leap year. In 2019, it occurred on the 22nd in the Gregorian Calendar, or December 9 in the Julian, at 4:19 AM, according to Earth's Seasons Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. The number of days between successive winter solstices varied from 365.242883 to 365.242740 between the year 1 BC and AD 2000, according to Meeus, J.; Savoie, D. (1992). "The history of the tropical year". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 102 (1): 40–42. Bibcode:1992JBAA..102...40M.. Therefore, the average value over the last 2000 years has been 365.24281 days, 0.00719 days less than an average Julian year. This means the solstice was 2000×0.00719=14.38 days later, that is, on December 23 in the middle of the day. A hundred years earlier it would have been on the 24th.

astropixels.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Solstices and Equinoxes: 2001 to 2100". AstroPixels.com. 20 February 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

australia.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Australian weather and the seasons". Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
"Australian weather and the seasons". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Petersen, J.; Sack, D.; Gabler, R.E. (2014). Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Cengage Learning. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-285-96971-8. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
The Popular Educator. John Cassell. 1856. p. 89. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
Oliver, J.E. (2008). Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer Netherlands. p. 651. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
Rohli, R.V.; Vega, A.J. (2011). Climatology. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4496-5591-4. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
Stokke, Olav Schram; Tunander, Ola; Nansen, Fridtjof, eds. (1994). The Barents region: cooperation in Arctic Europe. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo Prio Series. Vol. 10 (reprint ed.). SAGE. p. 98. ISBN 9780803978973. Retrieved 21 August 2019. Witte wanted the main base of the Russian Navy to be situated at a location where waters were ice-free the whole year round [...].
Cornell, Tim J.; Allen, Thomas B., eds. (2002). "Games and war in Ancient Greece: Discussion". War and Games. Studies on the nature of war. Vol. 3. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780851158709. Retrieved 21 August 2019. The warriors are farmers and the farmers are warriors, so you have to time your war in relation to the harvest and to other agricultural events. [...] Spring and autumn marked the beginning and end of the campaign season, and the rest of the year was closed for war.

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

CBC News Canada (2013). "Canadians brace for a cold spring start". CBC News. Retrieved 2014-10-01.

cma.gov.cn (Global: 9,623^rd place; English: low place)

"中国的气温和四季". 中国气象局. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education. 45 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". Physics Education. 47 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680. S2CID 121230141.

edx.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

courses.edx.org

"Noongar Glossary". Courses.edx.org. Retrieved 2019-03-21.

encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

Michael Allaby (1999). "A Dictionary of Zoology". Retrieved 2012-05-30.

imcce.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

imcce.fr

ssp.imcce.fr

The beginnings of the astronomical seasons between –4000 and +2098 can also be obtained from the IMCCE website Seasons.

imd.gov.in (Global: 6,341^st place; English: 3,878^th place)

"FAQ" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-31.

knmi.nl (Global: 7,530^th place; English: 7,082^nd place)

Begin van de lente (Start of Spring), KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorology Institute), 2009-03-20, archived from the original (Dutch) on 2009-03-27, retrieved 2009-03-20

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Definition of SEASON". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

metoffice.gov.uk (Global: 3,449^th place; English: 2,287^th place)

, UK Met Office

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

science.nasa.gov

Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). "The Distant Sun". NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
Phillips, Tony. "Earth at Perihelion". Science News. NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 14 May 2013.

navy.mil (Global: 206^th place; English: 129^th place)

aa.usno.navy.mil

Astronomical Applications Department of USNO. "Earth's Seasons - Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion". Retrieved 2022-08-01.
In a space of four years, the solstice occurs latest in the Julian Calendar in the year before a leap year. In 2019, it occurred on the 22nd in the Gregorian Calendar, or December 9 in the Julian, at 4:19 AM, according to Earth's Seasons Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. The number of days between successive winter solstices varied from 365.242883 to 365.242740 between the year 1 BC and AD 2000, according to Meeus, J.; Savoie, D. (1992). "The history of the tropical year". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 102 (1): 40–42. Bibcode:1992JBAA..102...40M.. Therefore, the average value over the last 2000 years has been 365.24281 days, 0.00719 days less than an average Julian year. This means the solstice was 2000×0.00719=14.38 days later, that is, on December 23 in the middle of the day. A hundred years earlier it would have been on the 24th.
"Earth's Seasons". Astronomical Applications Department. The United States Naval Observatory (USNO). September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
"U.S. Naval Observatory". Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

"Infographic: Meteorological and astronomical seasons". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2026-03-08.

noongarculture.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kaartdijin Noongar". Noongarculture.org.au. Retrieved 2019-03-21.

npl.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"When do the four seasons officially begin?". National Physical Laboratory. 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2014-10-01.

orst.go.th (Global: low place; English: low place)

legacy.orst.go.th

"Royal Thai Institute". Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2019-11-05.

physicalgeography.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fundamentals of physical geography", PhysicalGeography.net, Ch. 6: Energy and Matter:(h) Earth-Sun Geometry, Archived 2006-07-06 at the Wayback Machine

r-site.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

18:59 Archived 2022-06-16 at the Wayback Machine (paragraphs 220-2 in this Latin edition Archived 2022-05-04 at the Wayback Machine)

rae.es (Global: 632^nd place; English: 3,255^th place)

dle.rae.es

The current term for Summer, verano, used to be a synonym for primavera (nowadays meaning Spring), both distinct from estío.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education. 45 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". Physics Education. 47 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680. S2CID 121230141.

sites.google.com (Global: 658^th place; English: 657^th place)

Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education. 45 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2012). "Geometry and the physics of seasons". Physics Education. 47 (6): 680–692. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/47/6/680. S2CID 121230141.

stuff.co.nz (Global: 387^th place; English: 194^th place)

Deguara, Brittney (27 May 2019). "When does winter officially start in New Zealand?". Stuff. Retrieved 4 October 2020.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

18:59 Archived 2022-06-16 at the Wayback Machine (paragraphs 220-2 in this Latin edition Archived 2022-05-04 at the Wayback Machine)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

De Re Rustica Archived 2022-12-28 at the Wayback Machine 28. Latin original Archived 2022-12-28 at the Wayback Machine.

universetoday.com (Global: 3,994^th place; English: 3,813^th place)

Cain, Fraiser (10 March 2009). "Tilt of the Earth". Universe Today. Retrieved 2 May 2014.

uu.nl (Global: 3,118^th place; English: 2,672^nd place)

astro.uu.nl

"Astronomy Answers AstronomyAnswerBook: Seasons Deprecated link archived 2004-06-23 at archive.today," Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, downloaded 1 August 2008

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

seaice.apl.washington.edu

P. D. Jones, et al.: Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years, Figure 7 (Seite 24 von 28 der PDF-Datei) Archived 2010-07-16 at the Wayback Machine

weathersa.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How are the dates of the four seasons worked out?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Khavrus, V.; Shelevytsky, I. (2010). "Introduction to solar motion geometry on the basis of a simple model". Physics Education. 45 (6): 641–653. Bibcode:2010PhyEd..45..641K. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/45/6/010. S2CID 120966256. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
"Fundamentals of physical geography", PhysicalGeography.net, Ch. 6: Energy and Matter:(h) Earth-Sun Geometry, Archived 2006-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
Phillips, Tony (July 4, 2003). "The Distant Sun". NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
Phillips, Tony. "Earth at Perihelion". Science News. NASA. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
De Re Rustica Archived 2022-12-28 at the Wayback Machine 28. Latin original Archived 2022-12-28 at the Wayback Machine.
"When do the four seasons officially begin?". National Physical Laboratory. 2007. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
"How are the dates of the four seasons worked out?". South African Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015.
Begin van de lente (Start of Spring), KNMI (Royal Dutch Meteorology Institute), 2009-03-20, archived from the original (Dutch) on 2009-03-27, retrieved 2009-03-20
"Australian weather and the seasons". Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
"Details – Argentina – Seasons & Climate". www.wildland.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
The onsets of the thermal seasons, Finnish Meteorological Institute
P. D. Jones, et al.: Surface Air Temperature and its Changes Over the Past 150 Years, Figure 7 (Seite 24 von 28 der PDF-Datei) Archived 2010-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
"FAQ" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-31.
18:59 Archived 2022-06-16 at the Wayback Machine (paragraphs 220-2 in this Latin edition Archived 2022-05-04 at the Wayback Machine)
In a space of four years, the solstice occurs latest in the Julian Calendar in the year before a leap year. In 2019, it occurred on the 22nd in the Gregorian Calendar, or December 9 in the Julian, at 4:19 AM, according to Earth's Seasons Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. The number of days between successive winter solstices varied from 365.242883 to 365.242740 between the year 1 BC and AD 2000, according to Meeus, J.; Savoie, D. (1992). "The history of the tropical year". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 102 (1): 40–42. Bibcode:1992JBAA..102...40M.. Therefore, the average value over the last 2000 years has been 365.24281 days, 0.00719 days less than an average Julian year. This means the solstice was 2000×0.00719=14.38 days later, that is, on December 23 in the middle of the day. A hundred years earlier it would have been on the 24th.
"Earth's Seasons". Astronomical Applications Department. The United States Naval Observatory (USNO). September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
"Australian weather and the seasons". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
"Royal Thai Institute". Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2019-11-05.
"U.S. Naval Observatory". Archived from the original on 30 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

wildland.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Details – Argentina – Seasons & Climate". www.wildland.com. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 27 April 2018.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2003). World of earth science. Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson-Gale. p. 487. ISBN 0-7876-9332-4. OCLC 60695883. Although these distances seem counterintuitive to residents of the Northern Hemisphere who experience summer in July and winter in January — the seasons are not nearly as greatly affected by distance as they are by changes in solar illumination caused by the fact that Earth's polar axis is inclined 23.5 degrees from the perpendicular to the ecliptic (the plane of the solar system through or near which most of the planet's orbits travel) and because the Earth exhibits parallelism (currently toward Polaris, the North Star) as it revolves about the Sun.

wthn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cf. YMAA Publication Center article and also "The 5 Seasons of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

ymaa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cf. YMAA Publication Center article and also "The 5 Seasons of Traditional Chinese Medicine".

Season (English Wikipedia)

abc.net.au (Global: 120th place; English: 70th place)

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ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

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australia.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

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cma.gov.cn (Global: 9,623rd place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

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knmi.nl (Global: 7,530th place; English: 7,082nd place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425th place; English: 373rd place)

metoffice.gov.uk (Global: 3,449th place; English: 2,287th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12th place; English: 73rd place)

science.nasa.gov

navy.mil (Global: 206th place; English: 129th place)

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noaa.gov (Global: 111th place; English: 78th place)

noongarculture.org.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

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physicalgeography.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

r-site.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

rae.es (Global: 632nd place; English: 3,255th place)

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semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

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uu.nl (Global: 3,118th place; English: 2,672nd place)

astro.uu.nl

washington.edu (Global: 1,171st place; English: 736th place)

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abc.net.au (Global: 120^th place; English: 70^th place)

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books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cbc.ca (Global: 110^th place; English: 65^th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

encyclopedia.com (Global: 457^th place; English: 342^nd place)

imd.gov.in (Global: 6,341^st place; English: 3,878^th place)

knmi.nl (Global: 7,530^th place; English: 7,082^nd place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

metoffice.gov.uk (Global: 3,449^th place; English: 2,287^th place)

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

navy.mil (Global: 206^th place; English: 129^th place)

noaa.gov (Global: 111^th place; English: 78^th place)

rae.es (Global: 632^nd place; English: 3,255^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

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stuff.co.nz (Global: 387^th place; English: 194^th place)

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uu.nl (Global: 3,118^th place; English: 2,672^nd place)

washington.edu (Global: 1,171^st place; English: 736^th place)

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worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)