Sexuality in ancient Rome (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sexuality in ancient Rome" in English language version.

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Nussbaum, pp. 299–300 Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
William Loader, Sexuality and the Jesus Tradition (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005), p. 186. The relation of Stoic sexual ethics to the formation of Christian sexual ethics is a much-discussed topic of scholarship, but mainstream Christianity regarded celibacy as ideal and sex as inherently sinful, redeemed somewhat if occurring within marriage; see Nussbaum, p. 308. See also Colish. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press. Colish, Marcia l. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-07267-5.
Nussbaum, p. 299. Musonius wrote in Greek under Roman rule; Seneca was a Latin author from Roman Spain. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, p. 300. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, pp. 307–308. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, p. 308. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
"Bare pleasure" is psilên hêdonên; Nussbaum, p. 309. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, p. 305. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, p. 305, noting that custom "allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change." Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.
Nussbaum, p. 308, citing Seneca, Epistula 47. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press.

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Clarke, pp. 9, 153ff. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 11. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 8, maintains that the ancient Romans "did not have a self-conscious idea of their sexuality". Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 9. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 3. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 108. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Ovid, Tristia 2, as cited in Clarke, pp. 91–92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 93. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 3 and 212 ff., quotation on p. 216. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
As criticized by Suetonius, Life of Horace: Ad res Venerias intemperantior traditur; nam speculato cubiculo scorta dicitur habuisse disposita, ut quocumque respexisset ibi ei imago coitus referretur; Clarke, p. 92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 44.2; Clarke, pp. 92–93. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 46–47. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 84 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 103. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 34. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 21, 48, 116. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 216. This is particularly characteristic of the 1st century AD, the period from which the most explicit erotic art survives. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 133–134. Romans tended to identify most black Africans as "Ethiopian". Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 159. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 73 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Examples throughout Clarke. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 228. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
The interpretation of the couple as newlyweds is based on the woman's attire; Clarke, pp. 99–101. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 99–104, quotation pp. 103–104. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 91–92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 258. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
"The lionness" as a name for the position was popularized by 4th-century BC Greeks; Clarke, pp. 26, 230. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 230. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 224. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 223 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 224–227. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 226. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 233–234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 43, as quoted by Clarke, p. 234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 234–235. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 255. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 49 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 50. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 50–55. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 54–55. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)

books.google.com

Staples, p. 164, citing Norman Bryson, "Two Narratives of Rape in the Visual Arts: Lucretia and the Sabine Women," in Rape (Blackwell, 1986), p. 199. Augustine's interpretation of the rape of Lucretia (in City of God 1.19) has generated a substantial body of criticism, starting with Machiavelli's satire. In Augustine of Hippo: A Biography (Faber, 1967), Peter Brown characterized this section of Augustine's work as his most vituperative attack on Roman ideals of virtue. See also Carol J. Adams and Marie M. Fortune, Violence against Women and Children: A Christian Theological Sourcebook (Continuum, 1995), p. 219ff.; Melissa M. Matthes, The Rape of Lucretia and the Founding of Republics (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), p. 68ff. (also on Machiavelli); Virginia Burrus, Saving Shame: Martyrs, Saints, and Other Abject Subjects (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), p. 125ff.; Amy Greenstadt, Rape and the Rise of the Author: Gendering Intention in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2009), p. 71; Melissa E. Sanchez, Erotic Subjects: The Sexuality of Politics in Early Modern English Literature (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 93ff. Augustine defines sexual integrity (pudicitia) as a purely spiritual quality that physical defilement cannot taint; as indicated throughout this article, the Romans viewed rape and other forms of stuprum within a political context as crimes against the citizen's liberty. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Penner, pp. 15–16 Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.
Habinek, pp. 2ff. Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Potter (2009), p. 330. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Potter (2009), p. 331. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Potter (2009), p. 329. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Potter (2009), p. 330. Although there is little question that Ausonius was a Christian, his works contain many indications that he remained at least interested in, if not a practitioner of, traditional Roman and Celtic religions. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Staples Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Staples, p. 149. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Fredrick, p. 105. The "true" gods as conceived by Epicureans bear little resemblance to those found in mythological literature; they don't concern themselves with mortals, much less have sexual relations with them, and dwell in a state of detachment and ideal pleasure. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Richlin, Amy, ed. (2008). Marcus Aurelius in Love. University of Chicago Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-226-71302-1.
Colish, p. 39, pointing out that to the early Stoics, "sexual needs may therefore be met in whatever manner pleases the individual, including prostitution, incest, masturbation, and homosexuality." Colish, Marcia l. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-07267-5.
William Loader, Sexuality and the Jesus Tradition (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2005), p. 186. The relation of Stoic sexual ethics to the formation of Christian sexual ethics is a much-discussed topic of scholarship, but mainstream Christianity regarded celibacy as ideal and sex as inherently sinful, redeemed somewhat if occurring within marriage; see Nussbaum, p. 308. See also Colish. Nussbaum, Martha C. (2002). "The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus, Platonist, Stoic, and Roman". The Sleep of Reason: Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome. University of Chicago Press. Colish, Marcia l. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-07267-5.
Colish, pp. 37–38. Colish, Marcia l. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-07267-5.
Juvenal, Satire 2.8–10, 15–17, as cited by Potter (2009), p. 340, with further references to her more in-depth discussions of Juvenal's portrayal in other studies. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Colish, p. 320. Colish, Marcia l. (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-07267-5.
Potter (2009), p. 329. The law began to specify harsher punishments for the lower classes (humiliores) than for the elite (honestiores). Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Habinek, p. 39. Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Plan of the Forum Augustum (in yellow)
Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire (Routledge, 2000), pp. 168–170 (quotation on p. 169), citing also Barbara Kellum, "The Phallus as Signifier: The Forum of Augustus and Rituals of Masculinity," in Sexuality in Ancient Art (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 170–173, and "Concealing/Revealing: Gender and the Play of Meaning in the Monuments of Ancient Rome," in Habinek, p. 170. "Such readings of major Roman public building projects may seem fanciful, born out of the late twentieth-century fascination which wishes to see everything refracted through its prism," Montserrat notes (p. 170) Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Fredrick, pp. 248–249. The idea is that the plan would have a apotropaic function mimicking on a grand scale the local effect of the bulla or fascinum. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, p. 156. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredriksen, Paula (2018). When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation. London: Yale University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-300-19051-9.
Smallwood, p. 431 Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR 3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 314–330. ISBN 978-3-16-149518-2.
Thiessen, Matthew (2016). "Gentile Sons and Seed of Abraham". Paul and the Gentile Problem. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 105–115. ISBN 978-0-19-027175-6.
Several Greco-Roman writers, such as Strabo, regarded the Jews as of Egyptian descent, in what was apparently their understanding of the Exodus. Schafer (1997), pp. 93–94. Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
Smallwood, p. 430 Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Schafer (1997), pp. 93–94. Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
Schafer (1997), p. 99. Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
Schäfer (2003), p. 150, Schafer (1997), p. 103, pointing out this depends on a single note in the Historia Augusta, the historical credibility of which is often cast in doubt. Cassius Dio mentions nothing about circumcision in his account of the Bar Kokhba revolt. See also Smallwood, pp. 430–431, who thinks the ban makes more sense as a punitive measure after the revolt, since it "ran completely counter to the long established Roman policy of guaranteeing Jewish religious liberty." Peter Schäfer (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-40316-X. Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Schäfer (2003), p. 150 Peter Schäfer (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-40316-X.
Smallwood, p. 467. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Smallwood, p. 470. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Schafer (1997), p. 103 Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
Smallwood, p. 469, takes Origen as meaning that circumcision was "a solely Jewish rite" by his time. Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. Brill Archive. ISBN 90-04-04491-4.
Schäfer (2003), p. 185. Peter Schäfer (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-40316-X.
Schäfer (2003), p. 151. Peter Schäfer (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-40316-X.
Schafer (1997), p. 101 Schäfer, Peter (1997). Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-48778-9.
Fredrick, p. 160. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, pp. 1–2. Ancient etymology was not a matter of scientific linguistics, but of associative interpretation based on the similarity of sound and implications of theology and philosophy; see Davide Del Bello, Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the Allegorical Mindset (Catholic University of America Press, 2007). Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, p. 275. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Ovid, Metamorphoses 9.727, 733–4, as cited in Potter (2009), p. 346. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
The Latin indicates that the pronoun I is of feminine gender; CIL 4.5296, as cited in Potter (2009), p. 347. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought," pp. 30–31, and Pamela Gordon, "The Lover's Voice in Heroides 15: Or, Why Is Sappho a Man?," p. 283, both in Hallett; Fredrick, p. 168. Hallett, Judith P.; Skinner, Marilyn, eds. (1997). Roman Sexualities. Princeton University Press. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Potter (2009), p. 351. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Martial 1.90 and 7.67, 50; Potter (2009), p. 347 Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Fredrick, p. 105. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Staples, p. 81. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Staples, p. 82 Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Staples, p. 164. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
In a declamation attributed to Quintilian, Declamatio minor 340.13 as quoted by Sebesta, "Women's Costume," p. 532. Persius, Satire 5.30–31, calls the praetexta the guardian (custos) of childhood.
Habinek, p. 166 Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Other dates could be chosen for the ceremony. See Staples, p. 89; George, "The 'Dark Side' of the Toga," p. 55; Propertius 3.15.3–6; Ovid, Fasti 3.777–778. Staples, Ariadne (1998). From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-13233-6.
Potter (2009), p. 350. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Potter (2009), p. 340. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Habinek, p. 29. Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Habinek, p. 31. Habinek, Thomas; Schiesaro, Alessandro (1997). The Roman Cultural Revolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58092-2.
Ovid, Ars Amatoria 2.725–8, as cited in Potter (2009), p. 343. Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Fredrick, p. 159. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
The position is discussed "in some detail" in Greek literature, and appears in other forms of Greek art; Fredrick, p. 159. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 107, as cited by Fredrick, p. 159. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Catherine Johns, Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome (Routledge, 1982), pp. 136–137, as cited in Fredrick, p. 159. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Paul Veyne, "La famille et l'amour sous le haut-empire romain," Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations 33 (1978) 53–54, as cited in Fredrick, p. 159. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, pp. 159–160. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
A Companion to Catullus (Blackwell, 2011), n.p.
Fredrick, p. 162. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, p. 161. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Fredrick, p. 163. Fredrick, David, ed. (3 October 2002). The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6961-7.
Antonio Varone, Erotica pompeiana: Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii («L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 2002), p. 95.
At laeva lacrimas muttoni absterget amica ("A girlfriend wipes away Mutto's tears—his left hand, that is"): Lucilius 307 and 959. Kirk Freundenburg has dubbed the muttō of Lucilius "clearly the least finicky of all personified penises in Roman satire": Satires of Rome: Threatening Poses from Lucilius to Juvenal (Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 205.
Taylor, p. 78. Taylor, Rabun M. (2008). The Moral Mirror of Roman Art. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86612-5.
Taylor, p. 77 Taylor, Rabun M. (2008). The Moral Mirror of Roman Art. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86612-5.
Taylor, p. 78ff. Taylor, Rabun M. (2008). The Moral Mirror of Roman Art. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86612-5.
Taylor, p. 216, note 46. Taylor, Rabun M. (2008). The Moral Mirror of Roman Art. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86612-5.
Penner, p. 22. Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.
Penner, pp. 122, 145. Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.
Penner, p. 134 Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.
Potter (2009), p. 353 Potter, David S., ed. (2009). A Companion to the Roman Empire. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-9918-6.
Penner, pp. 135–138. Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.
Penner, p. 121. Penner, Todd C. Penner; Stichele, Caroline Van der, eds. (2007). Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-15447-7.

brill.com

Paul G.P. Meyboom; Miguel John Versluys (1 Dec 2006). ""The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes,"". Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 170–208. ISBN 978-90-47-41113-0. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022.

cirp.org

Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 1 December 2019.

doi.org

Strong, Anise K. (2016). "Prostitutes and matrons in the urban landscape". Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–170. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316563083.007. ISBN 9781316563083.
Griffin, Jasper (2012). "Propertius and Antony". Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 17–26 (20). doi:10.2307/299915. JSTOR 299915.
Bell, Andrew J. E. (1997). "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power". The Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 1–22 (9). doi:10.2307/301365. JSTOR 301365.
Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. JSTOR 505328.
Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR 3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 314–330. ISBN 978-3-16-149518-2.
Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017). "Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" (PDF). In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). Language, Religion and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012. ISBN 978-0-19-063664-7. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Elliott, Susan M. (1999). "Choose Your Mother, Choose Your Master: Galatians 4:21–5:1 in the Shadow of the Anatolian Mother of the Gods". Journal of Biblical Literature. 118 (4): 661–683 (680–681). doi:10.2307/3268109. JSTOR 3268109.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Dugan, pp. 404–405. Galen's theory is based on that of Aristotle. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Dugan, p. 406. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
The Greek word for the involuntary discharge of semen was gonorrhea. Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Kuttner, p. 348. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375 (342). doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
Pollini, John (1999). "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver". The Art Bulletin. 81: 21–52 (36). doi:10.2307/3051285. JSTOR 3051285.
Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR 300280.
Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1994). "The Goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage Relief". American Journal of Archaeology. 98: 65–100 (81). doi:10.2307/506222. JSTOR 506222.
Dasen, Veronique (1997). "Multiple births in Graeco-Roman antiquity". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 16: 49–63 (61). doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00024.
Kuttner, p. 343. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
Kuttner, pp. 348–349. The birth omens are described by Pliny, Natural History 7.34, and other sources. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
Kuttner, pp. 354–346 Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.

jstor.org

Richlin (1993), p. 556. Under the Empire, the emperor assumed the powers of the censors (p. 560). Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Griffin, Jasper (2012). "Propertius and Antony". Journal of Roman Studies. 67: 17–26 (20). doi:10.2307/299915. JSTOR 299915.
Stuprum cum vi or per vim stuprum: Richlin (1993), p. 562. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 542, citing Martial 1.24, 1.96, 2.36, 6.56, 7.58, 9.27, and 12.42. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Bell, Andrew J. E. (1997). "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power". The Journal of Roman Studies. 87: 1–22 (9). doi:10.2307/301365. JSTOR 301365.
Crowther, Nigel B. (1980). "Nudity and Morality: Athletics in Italy". Classical Journal. 76 (2): 119–123. JSTOR 3297374.
Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570. doi:10.2307/505328. JSTOR 505328.
Richlin (1993), pp. 546–547. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Dunn, James D. G. (Autumn 1993). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". Journal of Biblical Literature. 112 (3). Society of Biblical Literature: 459–477. doi:10.2307/3267745. JSTOR 3267745.; Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2007). "'Neither circumcision nor uncircumcision, but...'". The New Perspective on Paul: Collected Essays. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 185. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 314–330. ISBN 978-3-16-149518-2.
Elliott, Susan M. (1999). "Choose Your Mother, Choose Your Master: Galatians 4:21–5:1 in the Shadow of the Anatolian Mother of the Gods". Journal of Biblical Literature. 118 (4): 661–683 (680–681). doi:10.2307/3268109. JSTOR 3268109.
Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Dugan, pp. 404–405. Galen's theory is based on that of Aristotle. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Dugan, p. 406. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
The Greek word for the involuntary discharge of semen was gonorrhea. Dugan, pp. 403–404. Dugan, John (2001). "Preventing Ciceronianism: C. Licinius Calvus' Regimens for Sexual and Oratorical Self-Mastery". Classical Philology. 96 (4): 400–428. doi:10.1086/449558. JSTOR 1215514.
Digest 34.2.23.2, as cited in Richlin (1993), p. 540. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Digest 34.2.33, as cited in Richlin (1993), p. 540. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 564. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993) Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), pp. 558–559. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Digest 3.1.1.6, as noted in Richlin (1993), p. 559. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
As recorded in a fragment of the speech De Re Floria by Cato the Elder (frg. 57 Jordan = Aulus Gellius 9.12.7), as noted and discussed in Richlin (1993), p. 561. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 562. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 563. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 565. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 565, citing the same passage by Quintilian. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin, Amy (1981). "The Meaning of irrumare in Catullus and Martial". Classical Philology. 76 (1): 40–46. JSTOR 269544.
Phang (2008), p. 94. Roman law recognized that a soldier was vulnerable to rape by the enemy: Digest 3.1.1.6, as discussed in Richlin (1993), p. 559. Phang (2008). Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge University Press. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Kuttner, p. 348. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
Richlin (1993), pp. 545–546. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Richlin (1993), p. 535, citing Martial 11.78. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
McGinn, Thomas A. J. (1991). "Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 121: 335–375 (342). doi:10.2307/284457. JSTOR 284457.
Richlin (1993), 550–551, 555ff. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Pollini, John (1999). "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver". The Art Bulletin. 81: 21–52 (36). doi:10.2307/3051285. JSTOR 3051285.
Coleman, K. M. (2012). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR 300280.
Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (1994). "The Goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage Relief". American Journal of Archaeology. 98: 65–100 (81). doi:10.2307/506222. JSTOR 506222.
Richlin (1993), p. 549. Richlin, Amy (1993). "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 (4): 523–573. JSTOR 3704392.
Kuttner, p. 343. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
Kuttner, pp. 348–349. The birth omens are described by Pliny, Natural History 7.34, and other sources. Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.
Kuttner, pp. 354–346 Kuttner, Ann L. (1999). "Culture and History at Pompey's Museum". Transactions of the American Philological Association. 129: 343–373. doi:10.2307/284436. JSTOR 284436.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). "The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" (PDF). Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (Fall 2001). Johns Hopkins University Press: 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). "Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications". Urology. 16 (1). Elsevier: 121–124. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). "Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 101 (7). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 1990–8. doi:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037. PMID 9623850. Retrieved 1 December 2019.

persee.fr

Parker, p. 286. Parker, H. (2007). Free Women and Male Slaves, or Mandingo meets the Roman Empire. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. ISBN 2848671696.
Excluding those presumed to be prostitutes, who might be either slaves or infames; Parker, p. 283. Parker, H. (2007). Free Women and Male Slaves, or Mandingo meets the Roman Empire. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. ISBN 2848671696.
Parker, p. 281. Parker, H. (2007). Free Women and Male Slaves, or Mandingo meets the Roman Empire. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. ISBN 2848671696.
Parker, p. 283. Parker, H. (2007). Free Women and Male Slaves, or Mandingo meets the Roman Empire. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. ISBN 2848671696.
Mostly in Juvenal and Martial, as in the latter's epigram 6.39, where the seven children of Cinna were supposedly fathered by various slaves of the household; Parker, p. 292. Parker, H. (2007). Free Women and Male Slaves, or Mandingo meets the Roman Empire. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté. ISBN 2848671696.

researchgate.net

Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017). "Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" (PDF). In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). Language, Religion and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012. ISBN 978-0-19-063664-7. Retrieved 1 December 2019.

sothebys.com

Sotheby's, Masters and Portrait Miniatures lot 408

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

Crassus's nomen was Licinius; the Vestal's name was Licinia (see Roman naming conventions). His reputation for greed and sharp business dealings helped save him; he objected that he had spent time with Licinia to obtain some real estate she owned. For sources, see Michael C. Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC (University of Toronto Press, 1990), p. 84. The most likely year was 73 BC; Plutarch, Life of Crassus 1.2, implies that the prosecution was motivated by political utility. One or more Vestals were also brought before the College of Pontiffs for incestum in connection with the Catiline Conspiracy (Alexander, Trials, p. 83).
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 11.3.19.
Polybius, Histories 6.37.9 (translated as bastinado).
Plutarch, Life of the Elder Cato 21.2; Sandra R. Joshel and Sheila Murnaghan, introduction to Women and Slaves in Greco-Roman Culture: Differential Equations (Routledge, 1998), p. 11.
Suetonius, Life of Nero 29; Carlin A. Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 68.
Cassius Dio 76.8.2; Barton, The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans, p. 68.

ucpress.edu

Clarke, pp. 9, 153ff. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 11. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 8, maintains that the ancient Romans "did not have a self-conscious idea of their sexuality". Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 9. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 3. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 108. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Ovid, Tristia 2, as cited in Clarke, pp. 91–92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 93. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 3 and 212 ff., quotation on p. 216. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
As criticized by Suetonius, Life of Horace: Ad res Venerias intemperantior traditur; nam speculato cubiculo scorta dicitur habuisse disposita, ut quocumque respexisset ibi ei imago coitus referretur; Clarke, p. 92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 44.2; Clarke, pp. 92–93. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 46–47. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 84 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 103. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 34. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 21, 48, 116. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 216. This is particularly characteristic of the 1st century AD, the period from which the most explicit erotic art survives. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 133–134. Romans tended to identify most black Africans as "Ethiopian". Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 159. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 73 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Examples throughout Clarke. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 228. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
The interpretation of the couple as newlyweds is based on the woman's attire; Clarke, pp. 99–101. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 99–104, quotation pp. 103–104. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 91–92. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 258. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
"The lionness" as a name for the position was popularized by 4th-century BC Greeks; Clarke, pp. 26, 230. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 230. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 224. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 223 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 224–227. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 226. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 233–234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 43, as quoted by Clarke, p. 234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 234. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 234–235. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 255. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 49 Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, p. 50. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 50–55. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
Clarke, pp. 54–55. Clarke, John R. (April 2001). Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520229044. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link)

web.archive.org

Paul G.P. Meyboom; Miguel John Versluys (1 Dec 2006). ""The Meaning of Dwarfs in Nilotic Scenes,"". Nile into Tiber: Egypt in the Roman World. Proceedings of the IIIrd International Conference of Isis Studies. Leiden: Brill. pp. 170–208. ISBN 978-90-47-41113-0. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022.

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

Cicero makes accusations of this kind against Verres, Piso, and Antony, who is said to have converted his bedrooms into stabula, the cubicles housing prostitutes in a brothel, and his dining room into popinae, common eateries; see In Verrem 2.3.6, 2.4.83, 2.5.81–82, 137; Post Reditum in Senatu 11, 14; Philippicae 2.15, 62–63, 69, as cited by McGinn (2004), p. 163. McGinn, Thomas A. (2004). The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World. University of Michigan Press.