Sino-Roman relations (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sino-Roman relations" in English language version.

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8washington.edu

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3doi.org

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2books.google.com

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2fordham.edu

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1wiktionary.org

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1bl.uk

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1sinoptic.ch

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1newafricanmagazine.com

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1harvard.edu

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1ctext.org

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1silk-road.com

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1chinesenotes.com

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1academia.edu

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1uop.edu.pk

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1huffingtonpost.com

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1japantimes.co.jp

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1researchgate.net

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1phys.org

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1dur.ac.uk

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1archaeology.org

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1chinadaily.com.cn

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academia.edu

Piras, Andrea (2013). "FROMO KESARO. Echi del prestigio di Bisanzio in Asia Centrale". Polidoro. Studi offerti ad Antonio Carile (in Italian). Spoleto: Centro italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo: 681.

archaeology.org

Hoh, Erling (May–June 1999). "Romans in China?". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

bbc.com

"BBC Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say". BBC News. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Skeleton find could rewrite Roman history". BBC News. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2016.

bl.uk

British Library. "Detailed record for Harley 7182". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2017.

books.google.com

Kim, Hyun Jin (19 November 2015). The Huns. Routledge. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4.
Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. p. 106. ISBN 978-94-93194-01-4.

businesswire.com

Montgomery, Stephanie; Cammack, Marcus (12 October 2016). "The Mausoleum of China's First Emperor Partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to Reveal Groundbreaking Evidence That China Was in Contact with the West During the Reign of the First Emperor". Press release. Business Wire. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

chinadaily.com.cn

"Hunt for Roman Legion Reaches China". China Daily. Xinhua. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

chinesenotes.com

Old Book of Tang (舊唐書 Jiu Tangshu), ch. 198 (written mid-10th century C.E.), for 618–906 C.E: "開元七年正月，其主遣吐火羅大首領獻獅子、羚羊各二。不數月，又遣大德僧來朝貢" quoted in English translation in Hirth, F. (1885). China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records. Shanghai & Hong Kong.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

ctext.org

Translation in YU, Taishan (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2013). "China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources". Sino-Platonic Papers. 242: 25–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.1744..
Chinese original: "Chinese Text Project Dictionary". ctext.org.

doi.org

Redfern, Rebecca C.; Gröcke, Darren R.; Millard, Andrew R.; Ridgeway, Victoria; Johnson, Lucie; Hefner, Joseph T. (2016). "Going south of the river: A multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 74: 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.016.
Gruber, Ethan (2006). "The Origins of Roman Li-Chien". Pre-print: 18–21. doi:10.5281/zenodo.258105.
R. Zhou; et al. (2007). "Testing the Hypothesis of an Ancient Roman Soldier Origin of the Liqian People in Northwest China: a Y-Chromosome Perspective". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (7): 584–91. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0. PMID 17579807.

dur.ac.uk

dro.dur.ac.uk

Redfern, Rebecca C.; Gröcke, Darren R.; Millard, Andrew R.; Ridgeway, Victoria; Johnson, Lucie; Hefner, Joseph T. (2016). "Going south of the river: A multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London" (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. 74: 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.07.016.

economist.com

"They came, saw and settled". The Economist. 16 December 2004. Retrieved 18 April 2017.

forbes.com

Kristina Killgrove. (23 September 2016). "Chinese Skeletons In Roman Britain? Not So Fast". Forbes. Accessed 25 September 2016.

fordham.edu

sourcebooks.fordham.edu

Hirth (2000) [1885], "From the Wei-lio (written before 429 C.E.), for 220–264 C.E.", (using Wade-Giles) identified these dependent vassal states as Alexandria-Euphrates or Charax Spasinu ("Ala-san"), Nikephorium ("Lu-fen"), Palmyra ("Ch'ieh-lan"), Damascus ("Hsien-tu"), Emesa ("Si-fu"), and Hira ("Ho-lat"). Going south of Palmyra and Emesa led one to the "Stony Land", which Hirth identified as Arabia Petraea, due to the text speaking how it bordered a sea (the Red Sea) where corals and real pearls were extracted. The text also explained the positions of border territories that were controlled by Parthia, such as Seleucia ("Si-lo").
Hill (September 2004), "Section 14 – Roman Dependencies", identified the dependent vassal states as Azania (Chinese: 澤散; pinyin: Zesan; Wade–Giles: Tse-san), Al Wajh (Chinese: 驢分; pinyin: Lüfen; Wade–Giles: Lü-fen), Wadi Sirhan (Chinese: 且蘭; pinyin: Qielan; Wade–Giles: Ch'ieh-lan), Leukos Limên, ancient site controlling the entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba near modern Aynūnah (Chinese: 賢督; pinyin: Xiandu; Wade–Giles: Hsien-tu), Petra (Chinese: 汜復; pinyin: Sifu; Wade–Giles: Szu-fu), al-Karak (Chinese: 于羅; pinyin: Yuluo; Wade–Giles: Yü-lo), and Sura (Chinese: 斯羅; pinyin: Siluo; Wade–Giles: Szu-lo).

fordham.edu

Friedrich Hirth (2000) [1885]. Jerome S. Arkenberg (ed.). "East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E. – 1643 C.E." Fordham University. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

harvard.edu

nrs.harvard.edu

Yang, Juping. “Hellenistic Information in China.” CHS Research Bulletin 2, no. 2 (2014). http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hlnc.essay:YangJ.Hellenistic_Information_in_China.2014.

huffingtonpost.com

"Japanese Tomb Found To House Rare Artifacts From Roman Empire". Huffington Post. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2016.

japantimes.co.jp

"Ancient Roman coins unearthed from castle ruins in Okinawa". The Japan Times. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.

mei.edu

Lee, Hee Soo (7 June 2014). "1,500 Years of Contact between Korea and the Middle East". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 27 September 2016.

newafricanmagazine.com

Abraham, Curtis. (11 March 2015). "China’s long history in Africa Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine ". New African. Accessed 2 August 2017.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

R. Zhou; et al. (2007). "Testing the Hypothesis of an Ancient Roman Soldier Origin of the Liqian People in Northwest China: a Y-Chromosome Perspective". Journal of Human Genetics. 52 (7): 584–91. doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0155-0. PMID 17579807.

phys.org

University, McMaster (2010). "DNA testing on 2,000-year-old bones in Italy reveal East Asian ancestry". phys.org.

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Translation in YU, Taishan (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) (2013). "China and the Ancient Mediterranean World: A Survey of Ancient Chinese Sources". Sino-Platonic Papers. 242: 25–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.1744..
Chinese original: "Chinese Text Project Dictionary". ctext.org.

researchgate.net

Prowse, Tracy (2010). "Stable isotope and mtDNA evidence for geographic origins at the site of Vagnari, South Italy". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 78: 175–198.

silk-road.com

"The First Contact Between Rome and China - Silk-Road.com". Silk Road. Retrieved 2021-06-29.

sinoptic.ch

Christopoulos, Lucas (August 2021). "Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 230.

telegraph.co.uk

Squires, Nick (23 November 2010). "Chinese Villagers 'Descended from Roman Soldiers'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

uop.edu.pk

journals.uop.edu.pk

Rahman, Abdur (2002). New Light on Khingal, Turk and Hindu Shahis (PDF). Vol. XV. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols. pp. 37–41. ISBN 2-503-51681-5. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

washington.edu

depts.washington.edu

Hirth (2000) [1885], "From the Wei-lio (written before 429 C.E.), for 220–264 C.E.", (using Wade-Giles) identified these dependent vassal states as Alexandria-Euphrates or Charax Spasinu ("Ala-san"), Nikephorium ("Lu-fen"), Palmyra ("Ch'ieh-lan"), Damascus ("Hsien-tu"), Emesa ("Si-fu"), and Hira ("Ho-lat"). Going south of Palmyra and Emesa led one to the "Stony Land", which Hirth identified as Arabia Petraea, due to the text speaking how it bordered a sea (the Red Sea) where corals and real pearls were extracted. The text also explained the positions of border territories that were controlled by Parthia, such as Seleucia ("Si-lo").
Hill (September 2004), "Section 14 – Roman Dependencies", identified the dependent vassal states as Azania (Chinese: 澤散; pinyin: Zesan; Wade–Giles: Tse-san), Al Wajh (Chinese: 驢分; pinyin: Lüfen; Wade–Giles: Lü-fen), Wadi Sirhan (Chinese: 且蘭; pinyin: Qielan; Wade–Giles: Ch'ieh-lan), Leukos Limên, ancient site controlling the entrance to the Gulf of Aqaba near modern Aynūnah (Chinese: 賢督; pinyin: Xiandu; Wade–Giles: Hsien-tu), Petra (Chinese: 汜復; pinyin: Sifu; Wade–Giles: Szu-fu), al-Karak (Chinese: 于羅; pinyin: Yuluo; Wade–Giles: Yü-lo), and Sura (Chinese: 斯羅; pinyin: Siluo; Wade–Giles: Szu-lo).
Schoff (2004) [1912], Introduction. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Schoff (2004) [1912], Paragraph #64. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Fan, Ye (September 2003). Hill, John E. (ed.). "The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan, "Chapter on the Western Regions", from Hou Hanshu 88, Second Edition (Extensively revised with additional notes and appendices): Section 11 – The Kingdom of Daqin 大秦 (the Roman Empire)". Depts.washington.edu. Translated by John E. Hill. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
Yu, Huan (September 2004). John E. Hill (ed.). "The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265, Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi, Published in 429 AD". Depts.washington.edu. Translated by John E. Hill. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Yu, Huan (September 2004). John E. Hill (ed.). "The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265, Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi, Published in 429 CE: Section 11 – Da Qin (Roman territory/Rome)". Depts.washington.edu. Translated by John E. Hill. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Fan, Ye (September 2003). John E. Hill (ed.). "The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu: The Xiyu juan, "Chapter on the Western Regions", from Hou Hanshu 88, Second Edition (Extensively revised with additional notes and appendices)". Depts.washington.edu. Translated by John E. Hill. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
Old Book of Tang (舊唐書 Jiu Tangshu), ch. 198 (written mid-10th century C.E.), for 618–906 C.E: "開元七年正月，其主遣吐火羅大首領獻獅子、羚羊各二。不數月，又遣大德僧來朝貢" quoted in English translation in Hirth, F. (1885). China and the Roman Orient: Researches into their Ancient and Mediaeval Relations as Represented in Old Chinese Records. Shanghai & Hong Kong.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

web.archive.org

Yu, Huan (September 2004). John E. Hill (ed.). "The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265, Quoted in zhuan 30 of the Sanguozhi, Published in 429 AD". Depts.washington.edu. Translated by John E. Hill. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
Abraham, Curtis. (11 March 2015). "China’s long history in Africa Archived 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine ". New African. Accessed 2 August 2017.
"Romans in China stir up controversy". China Daily. Xinhua online. 24 August 2005. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2016.

wikisource.org

zh.wikisource.org

"During the Taikang Era (280-289) of the reign of Wudi (r.266-290), their King sent an Embassy with tribute" (武帝太康中，其王遣使貢獻) in the account of Daqin (大秦國) in "晉書/卷097". zh.wikisource.org.

wiktionary.org

en.wiktionary.org

Yule (1915), p. 18; for a discussion of Tiaozhi (条支) and even its etymology possibly stemming from the Tajiks and Iranian peoples under ancient Chinese rule, see footnote #2 on p. 42.

xinhuanet.com

news.xinhuanet.com

"Romans in China stir up controversy". China Daily. Xinhua online. 24 August 2005. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2016.