Soviet famine of 1930–1933 (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Soviet famine of 1930–1933" in English language version.
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- Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0195051803.
- Abbe, James E. (1934). I Photograph Russia. p. 316.
- James E. Abbe (1934). I Photograph Russia. p. 304.
- James E. Abbe (1934). I Photograph Russia. p. 106.
- Abbe, James E. (1934). I Photograph Russia. p. 314.
- Taylor, Sally J. (1990). Stalin's Apologist. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505700-3.
- Markoff, Alexandr Pavlovich (1933). "Famine in the USSR" (pdf). Bulletin Économique Russe (in French). 9. Russian Commercial Institute. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
- Conquest, Robert (1986), The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine, Oxford University Press, p. 306, ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
archives.gov.ua
- Documents 69 and 70. Also traces of such decisions (at least for Dnipropetrovsk region) can be found at "Голод 1932–1933 років на Україні: очима істориків, мовою документів". Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- "Голод 1932–1933 років на Україні: очима істориків, мовою документів". Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
- "ТЕЛЕГРАМА ЦК ВКП(б) ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМУ КОМІТЕТУ КП(б)У З ОГОЛОШЕННЯМ ПОСТАНОВИ ЦК ВКП(б) ВІД 1 СІЧНЯ 1933 р. ПРО ДОБРОВІЛЬНУ ЗДАЧУ ДЕРЖАВІ КОЛГОСПАМИ, КОЛГОСПНИКАМИ ТА ОДНООСІБНИКАМИ РАНІШЕ ПРИХОВАНОГО ХЛІБА ТА ВЖИТТЯ СУВОРИХ ЗАХОДІВ ЩОДО ТИХ, ХТО ПРОДОВЖУВАТИМЕ УКРИВАТИ ВІД ОБЛІКУ ХЛІБ". Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Doc No. 204.
asianreviewofbooks.com
- Bird, Joshua (2019-04-13). "'The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan' by Sarah Cameron". Asian Review of Books. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
books.google.com
- Engerman 2004, p. 194. Engerman, David (2004-01-15), Modernization from the Other Shore, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674036529.
- Engerman 2004, p. 194. Engerman, David (2004-01-15), Modernization from the Other Shore, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674036529.
- Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2000). "The Party Is Always Right". Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s (paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780195050011.
The Soviet regime was adept at creating its own enemies, whom it then suspected of conspiracy against the state. It did so first by declaring that all members of certain social classes and estates—primarily former nobles, members of the bourgeoisie, priests, and kulaks—were by definition 'class enemies,' resentful of their loss of privilege and likely to engage in counterrevolutionary conspiracy to recover them. The next step, taken at the end of the 1920s, was the 'liquidation as a class' of certain categories of class enemies, notably kulaks and, to a lesser extent, Nepmen and priests. This meant that the victims were expropriated, deprived of the possibility of continuing their previous way of earning a living, and often arrested and exiled.
- Naimark, Norman M (2010), Stalin's Genocides (Human Rights and Crimes against Humanity), Princeton University Press, p. 131, ISBN 978-0-691-14784-0.
- Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0-230-27397-9.
- Shaw, Martin (2015). What is Genocide? (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 183. ISBN 9780745631837. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via Google Books.
- Cameron 2018, p. 99. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron 2018, p. 178. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron 2018, p. 71. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron 2018, p. 72. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron 2018, p. 95. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Conquest, Robert (1987). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine (paperback ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3. Retrieved 2021-12-19 – via Googls Books.
- Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine. Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
- Viola, Lynne (1999). Peasant Rebels Under Stalin (E-book ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780195351323. Retrieved 2021-12-19 – via Google Books.
- Applebaum, Anne (2017). Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine (E-book ed.). London, England: Penguin UK. pp. 189–220, 221 ff. ISBN 9780141978284. Retrieved 2021-12-19 – via Google Books.
- Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933: First Interim Report of Meetings and Hearings of and Before the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Held in 1986. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1987. p. 46. ISBN 9780160032905.
- Martin, Terry (2001). The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (paperback ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN 9780801486777. Retrieved 2021-12-02 – via Google Books.
'TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom have received information that in the Kuban and Ukraine a massive outflow of peasants 'for bread' has begun into Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Volga, Western, and Moscow regions. / TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom do not doubt that the outflow of peasants, like the outflow from Ukraine last year, was organized by the enemies of Soviet power, the SRs and the agents of Poland, with the goal of agitation 'through the peasantry' ... TsK VKP/b/ and Sovnarkom order the OGPU of Belorussia and the Central-Black Earth, Middle Volga, Western and Moscow regions to immediately arrest all 'peasants' of Ukraine and the North Caucasus who have broken through into the north and, after separating out the counterrevolutionariy elements, to return the rest to their place of residence.' ... Molotov, Stalin
- Werth, Nicholas (1999). "A State against Its People: Violence, Repression, and Terror in the Soviet Union". In Courtois, Stéphane (ed.). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Translated by Mark Kraemer; Jonathan Murphy (illustrated hardcover ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780674076082. Retrieved 2021-12-02 – via Google Books.
- Cameron (2018), p. 124. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron (2018), p. 125. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Kindler 2018, p. 167. Kindler, Robert (2018). Stalin's Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8614-0.
- Cameron 2018, p. 156. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron (2018), p. 144. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Ohayon (2006). Ohayon, Isabelle (2006). La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l'URSS de Staline: collectivisation et changement social, 1928-1945 (in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 978-2-7068-1896-7.
- Cameron (2018), p. 150. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron (2018), p. 153. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Kindler (2018), p. 11. Kindler, Robert (2018). Stalin's Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8614-0.
- Kindler (2018), p. 177. Kindler, Robert (2018). Stalin's Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8614-0.
- Cameron (2018), p. 123. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Cameron (2018), p. 149. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Malko, Victoria A. (2021). The Ukrainian Intelligentsia and Genocide: The Struggle for History, Language, and Culture in the 1920s and 1930s. Lexington Books. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1498596794.
- Lawrynenko, Jurij (1971). Ukrainian Communism and Soviet Russian Policy Toward the Ukraine; an Annotated Bibliography, 1917-1953. Research Program on the U. S. S. R.
- Cameron 2018, p. 175. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Kindler 2018, pp. 176–177. Kindler, Robert (2018). Stalin's Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-8614-0.
- Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine. Oxford University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
- Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine. Oxford University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
- Conquest, Robert (1986). The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-famine. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-19-505180-3.
- Cameron 2018, p. 162. Cameron, Sarah (2018), The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan, Cornell University Press, ISBN 9781501730443.
- Lyons, Eugene (1938). Assignment in Utopia. Transaction Publishers. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4128-1760-8.
- Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev (2006). Manifesto for the Earth: Action Now for Peace, Global Justice and a Sustainable Future. Clairview Books. p. 10. ISBN 1-905570-02-3
- Applebaum, Anne (2017). Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine (E-book ed.). London, England: Penguin UK. p. 505. ISBN 9780141978284. Retrieved 2021-12-19 – via Google Books.
- Naimark 2010, p. 70.
brill.com
- Pianciola, Niccolò (2022-09-28). "Sacrificing the Qazaqs: The Stalinist Hierarchy of Consumption and the Great Famine of 1931–33 in Kazakhstan". Journal of Central Asian History. 1 (2): 225–272. doi:10.1163/27728668-12340008 (inactive 2024-11-01). Retrieved 2023-10-17.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
britannica.com
- "Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence".
- "The U.S.S.R. from the death of Lenin to the death of Stalin – The Party versus the peasants". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- "Famine of 1932". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
- "Ukraine – The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
- "The Party versus the peasants". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
cepr.org
repec.cepr.org
- Markevich, Andrei; Naumenko, Natalya; Qian, Nancy (2021-07-29). "The Political-Economic Causes of the Soviet Great Famine, 1932–33" (PDF). Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 2021-11-26 – via REPEC.
day.kiev.ua
- Kulchytsky, Stanislav (29 November 2005). "Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians?". Archived 9 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Den. 21 November 2021.
day.kyiv.ua
- Kulchytsky, Stanislav (2007-02-17). "Holodomor 1932–1933 rr. yak henotsyd: prohalyny u dokazovii bazi" Голодомор 1932 — 1933 рр. як геноцид: прогалини у доказовій базі [Holodomor 1932–1933 as genocide: gaps in the evidence]. Den (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2021-01-19.
demoscope.ru
- "Demographic aftermath of the famine in Kazakhstan". Weekly. RU. 2003-01-01.
doi.org
doi.org
- Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (August 2018). "The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines". Contemporary European History. 27 (3). Cambridge University Press: 465–469. doi:10.1017/S0960777318000358. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30116832. Retrieved 2021-11-26 – via ResearchGate.
- Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 415. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN 9780230238558.
- Rosefielde, Steven (September 1996). "Stalinism in Post-Communist Perspective: New Evidence on Killings, Forced Labour and Economic Growth in the 1930s". Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (6): 959–987. doi:10.1080/09668139608412393.
- Wolowyna, Oleh (October 2020). "A Demographic Framework for the 1932–1934 Famine in the Soviet Union". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (4): 501–526. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1834741. S2CID 226316468.
- Cameron, Sarah (2016-09-10). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 3 (2): 117–132. doi:10.21226/T2T59X. ISSN 2292-7956. S2CID 132830478. Retrieved 2021-11-19 – via ResearchGate.
- Stuart, Robert C. (1982). "Review of The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, Vol. 1: The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivisation of Soviet Agriculture, 1929-1930.; The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia, Vol. 2: The Soviet Collective Farm, 1929-1930., R. W. Davies". Slavic Review. 41 (3): 551–552. doi:10.2307/2497035. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2497035.
- Suslov, Andrei (July 2019). "'Dekulakization' as a Facet of Stalin's Social Revolution (The Case of Perm Region)". The Russian Review. 78 (3): 371–391. doi:10.1111/russ.12236. ISSN 1467-9434. S2CID 199145405. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via ResearchGate.
- Ellman, Michael (June 2007). "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 Revisited" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 59 (4). Routledge: 663–693. doi:10.1080/09668130701291899. S2CID 53655536. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14.
- Yugow, A. (1947). "Economic Statistics in the U.S.S.R." The Review of Economics and Statistics. 29 (4): 242–246. doi:10.2307/1927822. ISSN 0034-6535. JSTOR 1927822.
- Feldman, M. A. (December 2022). "Born into the NEP Years: The First Five-Year Plan. Life and Fate". Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 92 (S8): S777 – S786. doi:10.1134/s1019331622140040. ISSN 1019-3316.
- Marples, David R. (May 2009). "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 61 (3): 505–518 [507]. doi:10.1080/09668130902753325. S2CID 67783643.
Geoffrey A. Hosking concluded that: Conquest's research establishes beyond doubt, however, that the famine was deliberately inflicted there [in Ukraine] for ethnic reasons...Craig Whitney, however, disagreed with the theory of genocide
- Davies, Robert W.; Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2010). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger. Palgrave Macmillan. p. xv. doi:10.1057/9780230273979. ISBN 9780230238558.
- Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (August 2020). "The Complexity of the Kazakh Famine: Food Problems and Faulty Perceptions". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (4): 593–597. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1807143. S2CID 225333205.
- Tauger, Mark (January 2001). "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506): 67. doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89. ISSN 0889-275X. Retrieved 2021-11-14 – via ResearchGate. PDF version, archived from the original on 24 August 2012.
- Naumenko, Natalya (March 2021). "The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933". The Journal of Economic History. 81 (1): 156–197. doi:10.1017/S0022050720000625. ISSN 0022-0507.
- R. W. Davies, M. B. Tauger, S. G. Wheatcroft (Autumn 1995). "Stalin, Grain Stocks and the Famine of 1932-1933". Slavic Review. 54 (3): 657. doi:10.2307/2501740. JSTOR 2501740. S2CID 163790684.
- Naumenko, Natalya (March 2021). "The Political Economy of Famine: The Ukrainian Famine of 1933". The Journal of Economic History. 81 (1): 156–197. doi:10.1017/S0022050720000625. ISSN 0022-0507.
- Hiroaki, Kuromiya (June 2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered". Europe-Asia Studies. 60 (4). Routledge: 663–675. doi:10.1080/09668130801999912. JSTOR 20451530. S2CID 143876370.
- Ellman, Michael (November 2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 54 (7). Routledge: 1151–1172. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. S2CID 43510161. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2021-11-26 – via Soviet Studies. Relevant passages at p. 1172.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Tauger, Mark (1991). "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933". Slavic Review. 50 (1): 70–89. doi:10.2307/2500600. JSTOR 2500600. S2CID 163767073.
- Pianciola, Niccolò (August 2020). "Environment, Empire, and the Great Famine in Stalin's Kazakhstan". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (4): 588–592. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1807140. S2CID 225294912.
- Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2021-05-12). "Raphaël Lemkin, Genocide, Colonialism, Famine, and Ukraine". Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 8: 193–215. doi:10.21226/ewjus645. S2CID 235586856.
- Hechter, Michael (2021-05-12). "Internal Colonialism, Alien Rule, and Famine in Ireland and Ukraine". Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 8: 145–157. doi:10.21226/ewjus642.
- Hrynevych, Liudmyla (2021-05-12). "Stalin's Faminogenic Policies in Ukraine: The Imperial Discourse". Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 8: 99–143. doi:10.21226/ewjus641. S2CID 235570495.
- Klid, Bohdan (2021-05-12). "Empire-Building, Imperial Policies, and Famine in Occupied Territories and Colonies". Empire, Colonialism, and Famine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. 8: 11–32. doi:10.21226/ewjus634. S2CID 235578437.
- Sabol, Steven (2017). "Internal Colonization". The Touch of Civilization: Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization. University Press of Colorado. pp. 171–204. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1mtz7g6.9. ISBN 978-1-60732-549-9. JSTOR j.ctt1mtz7g6.9. Retrieved 2023-03-07."This work compares the process and practice of nineteenth-century American and Russian internal colonization—a form of contiguous, continental expansion, imperialism, and colonialism or imperialism that incorporated indigenous lands and peoples. Both the republican United States and tsarist Russia exercised internal colonization, yet they remain neglected in many studies devoted to nineteenth-century imperialism and colonialism."
- Sabol, Steven (2017). "The Sioux and the Kazakhs". The Touch of Civilization: Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization. University Press of Colorado. pp. 33–68. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1mtz7g6.5. ISBN 978-1-60732-549-9. JSTOR j.ctt1mtz7g6.5. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
- Pianciola, Niccolò (2018-07-23). "Ukraine and Kazakhstan: Comparing the Famine". Contemporary European History. 27 (3): 440–444. doi:10.1017/S0960777318000309. S2CID 165354361.
- Pianciola, Niccolò (2022-09-28). "Sacrificing the Qazaqs: The Stalinist Hierarchy of Consumption and the Great Famine of 1931–33 in Kazakhstan". Journal of Central Asian History. 1 (2): 225–272. doi:10.1163/27728668-12340008 (inactive 2024-11-01). Retrieved 2023-10-17.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - Viola, Lynne (December 1990). "Peasant Rebels Under Stalin". The Journal of Modern History. 62 (4). Chicago University Press: 747–770. doi:10.1086/600599. JSTOR 1881062. S2CID 143036484.
- Andriewsky, Olga (January 2015). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1). University of Alberta: 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N.
- Andriewsky, Olga (2015-01-23). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N.
- Cameron, Sarah (2016-09-10). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 3 (2): 117–132. doi:10.21226/T2T59X. ISSN 2292-7956. S2CID 132830478. Retrieved 2021-11-19 – via ResearchGate.
- Maillart, Aimé. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17474.
- Andreiwsky, Olga (2015). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 17. doi:10.21226/T2301N.
Finally, new studies have revealed the very selective — indeed, highly politicized — nature of state assistance in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Soviet authorities, as we know, took great pains to guarantee the supply of food to the industrial workforce and to certain other categories of the population — Red Army personnel and their families, for example. As the latest research has shown, however, in the spring of 1933, famine relief itself became an ideological instrument. The aid that was provided in rural Ukraine at the height of the Famine, when much of the population was starving, was directed, first and foremost, to 'conscientious' collective farm workers — those who had worked the highest number of workdays. Rations, as the sources attest, were allocated in connection with spring sowing). The bulk of assistance was delivered in the form of grain seed that was 'lent' to collective farms (from reserves that had been seized in Ukraine) with the stipulation that it would be repaid with interest. State aid, it seems clear, was aimed at trying to salvage the collective farm system and a workforce necessary to maintain it. At the very same time, Party officials announced a campaign to root out 'enemy elements of all kinds who sought to exploit the food problems for their own counter-revolutionary purposes, spreading rumours about the famine and various 'horrors'. Famine-relief, in this way, became yet another way to determine who lived and who died.
- Ellman, Michael (September 2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
dx.doi.org
- Maillart, Aimé. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. 2001. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.17474.
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ewjus.com
- Andriewsky, Olga (2015-01-23). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N.
fakty.ua
- Sokur, Vasily (2008-11-21). "Vyyavlennym vo vremya golodomora lyudoyedam khodivshiye po selam meditsinskiye rabotniki davali otravlennyye 'primanki' – kusok myasa ili khleba" Выявленным во время голодомора людоедам ходившие по селам медицинские работники давали отравленные 'приманки' — кусок мяса или хлеба [The cannibals identified during the Holodomor were given poisoned 'baits' – a piece of meat or bread by medical workers who walked through the villages]. Fakty i Kommentarii (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
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- Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (August 2018). "The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines". Contemporary European History. 27 (3). Cambridge University Press: 465–469. doi:10.1017/S0960777318000358. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30116832. Retrieved 2021-11-26 – via ResearchGate.
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Stalin and other leaders made concessions to Ukraine in procurements and were clearly trying to balance the subsistence needs of Ukraine and other regions, especially people in towns and industrial sites who could not access the surrogate foods that some peasants relied on to survive ... . Soviet leaders did not understand the 1932 crop failure: they thought that peasants were withholding food to drive up prices on the private market, as some of them had in 1928. They worried about the Japanese take-over of Manchuria in 1931–1932 and the Nazi victory in Germany in early 1933, and feared nationalist groups in Poland and Austria could inspire a nationalist rebellion in Ukraine. Faced with these 'threats,' Soviet leaders were reluctant to make the USSR appear weak by admitting the famine and importing a lot of food, both of which they had done repeatedly earlier. The famine and the Soviets' insufficient relief can be attributed to crop failure, and to leaders' incompetence and paranoia regarding foreign threats and peasant speculators: a retaliatory version of the moral economy.
holodomor.ca
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- Kulchytsky, Stanislav [in Ukrainian] (September 2017). "The Ukrainian Holodomor against the Background of the Communist Onslaught, 1929–1938" (PDF). Holodomor Research and Education Consortium. Translated by Kinsella, Ali; Olynyk, Marta D. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-11.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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- Documents 69 and 70. Also traces of such decisions (at least for Dnipropetrovsk region) can be found at "Голод 1932–1933 років на Україні: очима істориків, мовою документів". Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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The Soviet regime was adept at creating its own enemies, whom it then suspected of conspiracy against the state. It did so first by declaring that all members of certain social classes and estates—primarily former nobles, members of the bourgeoisie, priests, and kulaks—were by definition 'class enemies,' resentful of their loss of privilege and likely to engage in counterrevolutionary conspiracy to recover them. The next step, taken at the end of the 1920s, was the 'liquidation as a class' of certain categories of class enemies, notably kulaks and, to a lesser extent, Nepmen and priests. This meant that the victims were expropriated, deprived of the possibility of continuing their previous way of earning a living, and often arrested and exiled.
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- Ellman, Michael (June 2007). "Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 Revisited" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 59 (4). Routledge: 663–693. doi:10.1080/09668130701291899. S2CID 53655536. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14.
- Ellman, Michael (September 2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
researchgate.net
- Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (August 2018). "The Turn Away from Economic Explanations for Soviet Famines". Contemporary European History. 27 (3). Cambridge University Press: 465–469. doi:10.1017/S0960777318000358. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30116832. Retrieved 2021-11-26 – via ResearchGate.
- Cameron, Sarah (2016-09-10). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 3 (2): 117–132. doi:10.21226/T2T59X. ISSN 2292-7956. S2CID 132830478. Retrieved 2021-11-19 – via ResearchGate.
- Suslov, Andrei (July 2019). "'Dekulakization' as a Facet of Stalin's Social Revolution (The Case of Perm Region)". The Russian Review. 78 (3): 371–391. doi:10.1111/russ.12236. ISSN 1467-9434. S2CID 199145405. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via ResearchGate.
- Tauger, Mark (January 2001). "Natural Disaster and Human Actions in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1933". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies (1506): 67. doi:10.5195/CBP.2001.89. ISSN 0889-275X. Retrieved 2021-11-14 – via ResearchGate. PDF version, archived from the original on 24 August 2012.
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- "Коллекция документов ГАРФ, РГАЭ, РГАСПИ, ЦА ФСБ России по теме "ГОЛОД В СССР. 1930 - 1934 ГГ." Архивы России. Архивные справочники". portal.rusarchives.ru. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
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- Ohayon, Isabelle (2013-09-28). "The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization". Sciences Po. Paris Institute of Political Studies. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- Ohayon, Isabelle (2013-09-28). "The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization". Sciences Po. Paris Institute of Political Studies. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
In the early 1990s, some Kazakh historians (Abylkhozhin, Tatimov) characterized the famine as 'Goloshchyokin's genocide,' attributing sole responsibility for this tragedy to the first secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and accentuating his contempt towards the people, whom perceived as backwards. Although unmentioned in the magnum opus of the history of Kazakhstan (Istorija Kazakhstana s drevnejshyh vremen do nashih dnej, 2010: 284 et sqq.), the genocide argument currently found in certain textbooks were to some extent an empty exercise because it was not based on the international legal definition of genocide and did not go particularly far in terms of evidence. Instead, these arguments were consistent with the official Soviet contention that considered that the forced resignation of Goloshchyokin and his replacement by Mirzojan reveal that the entire episode was the work of a single man. Although it has been demonstrated and acknowledged that as political leader, Goloshchyokin played a key role in covering up the full extent of increases in mortality between 1930 and 1933, it remains there is scant evidence of a desire on the part of the government or particular individuals to exterminate the Kazakhs as a group, or even to identify compelling motives for such a deliberate strategy. Indeed, the Kazakh population never represented a political danger for the Soviet government, nor did the protest movement or secessionist leanings among the population at any time imperil Soviet territorial integrity (Ohayon, 2006: 365).
- Ohayon, Isabelle (2013-09-28). "The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization". Sciences Po. Paris Institute of Political Studies. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
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- Cameron, Sarah (2016-09-10). "The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 3 (2): 117–132. doi:10.21226/T2T59X. ISSN 2292-7956. S2CID 132830478. Retrieved 2021-11-19 – via ResearchGate.
- Suslov, Andrei (July 2019). "'Dekulakization' as a Facet of Stalin's Social Revolution (The Case of Perm Region)". The Russian Review. 78 (3): 371–391. doi:10.1111/russ.12236. ISSN 1467-9434. S2CID 199145405. Retrieved 2021-11-21 – via ResearchGate.
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Geoffrey A. Hosking concluded that: Conquest's research establishes beyond doubt, however, that the famine was deliberately inflicted there [in Ukraine] for ethnic reasons...Craig Whitney, however, disagreed with the theory of genocide
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Tauger, Mark (1991). "The 1932 Harvest and the Famine of 1933". Slavic Review. 50 (1): 70–89. doi:10.2307/2500600. JSTOR 2500600. S2CID 163767073.
- Pianciola, Niccolò (August 2020). "Environment, Empire, and the Great Famine in Stalin's Kazakhstan". Journal of Genocide Research. 23 (4): 588–592. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1807140. S2CID 225294912.
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Similarly, the overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars working in the new archives (including Courtois's co-editor Werth) is that the terrible famine of the 1930s was the result of Stalinist bungling and rigidity rather than some genocidal plan.
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
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{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Papakin, Heorhii (2010-11-27). ""Chorni doshky" Holodomoru – ekonomichnyi metod znyshchennia hromadian URSR (SPYSOK)" ["Black boards" of the Holodomor: An economic method for the destruction of community members of the Ukrainian SSR (list)]. Istorychna Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2019-01-03. Retrieved 2021-01-25.
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