State atheism (English Wikipedia)

Hall 1999, (subscription required) - Representations of Place: Albania: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania". The Geographical Journal. 165 (2): 161–172. Bibcode:1999GeogJ.165..161H. doi:10.2307/3060414. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 3060414.

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Rodríguez 2017, Despite some tensions, evangelical churches booming in Cuba Rodríguez, Andrea (27 March 2017). "Despite some tensions, evangelical churches booming in Cuba". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.

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Haas 1997, p. 231, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state." Haas, Ernst B. (1997). Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3109-8.
O'Brien 1993, p. 108, The state of religion atlas: "Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba." O'Brien, Joanne (1993). The state of religion atlas. Palmer, Martin., Barrett, David B., Swanston Graphics Limited. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-79376-0. OCLC 28585951.
Ramet, Sabrina Petra., ed. (1993). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-41643-6.
Anderson 1994, p. 3 Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Peris 1998, p. 2, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless Peris, Daniel (1998). Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3485-3.
Peris 1998, p. 2, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless: "The League's Central Council in Moscow published its own newspaper, Bezbozhnik (The Godless), several other Russian-language journals, and propaganda materials in many other languages of the Soviet Union. Antireligious pamphlets and posters were printed in large numbers. The League's far-flung network of cells and councils sponsored lectures, organized demonstrations, and actively propagandized against religious observance. Leading Bolshevik figures gave speeches at the League's national congress in 1929, at which the League officially became "Militant." The Communist Party, the Komsomol, the trade unions, the Red Army, and Soviet schools all conducted antireligious propaganda, but the League was the organizational centerpiece of this effort to bring atheism to the masses." Peris, Daniel (1998). Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3485-3.
Gellately & Kiernan 2006, p. 30, The specter of genocide : mass murder in historical perspective:"Pol Pot's Cambodia perpetrated genocide against several ethnic groups, systematically dispersed national minorities by force, and forbade the use of minority and foreign languages. It also banned the practice of religion. The Khmer Rouge repressed Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, but its fiercest extermination campaign was directed at the ethnic Cham Muslim minority." Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2006). "Twentieth-Century Genocides Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor". The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82063-9. OCLC 893888702.
Ruiz 1992, p. 392, Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo (1992). Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-393-31066-5.
Kennedy, Emmet (1989). A Cultural History of the French Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-300-04426-3.

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BBC: China 1999, China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet "China announces "civilizing" atheism drive in Tibet". BBC. 1999. Retrieved 3 September 2017.

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Doulos 1986, p. 140, Christians in Marxist Ethiopia Doulos, Mikael (1986). "Christians in Marxist Ethiopia" (PDF).

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bjoerna & Albania, The Albanian Constitution of 1976 "The Albanian Constitution of 1976". bjoerna.dk. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Stanton 2012, p. 32, Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia Stanton, Andrea L. (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
Clarke 2009, p. 94, Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize Clarke, Duncan (February 1, 2009). Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize. Profile Books. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-84765-455-7.
Kideckel & Halpern 2000, p. 165, Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History Kideckel, David; Halpern, Joel (2000). Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History. Penn State Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-271-04435-4.
Salter 2000, p. 282, Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases: "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era." Salter, Richard C. (2000). "Time, Authority, and Ethics in the Khmer Rouge: Elements of the Millennial Vision in Year Zero". In Wessinger, Catherine (ed.). Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases. Syracuse University Press. pp. 281–298. ISBN 978-0-8156-0599-7.
Clark & Decalo 2012, Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo - ^{[page needed]} Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (2012-08-09). Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7989-8.
Mallin 1994, Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator - ^{[page needed]} Mallin, Jay (1 January 1994). Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-2053-0.
Ramet 1998, p. 125, Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia Ramet, Sabrina (1998). Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-2070-8.
Zuckerman 2009, Atheism and Secularity. - ^{[page needed]} Zuckerman, Phil. (2009). Atheism and Secularity. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35182-2. OCLC 609858051.
Haas 1997, p. 231, Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state." Haas, Ernst B. (1997). Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-3109-8.
Sanders 2003, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia - ^{[page needed]} Sanders, Alan (April 9, 2003). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8108-7452-7.
Temperman 2010, pp. 141–145, State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.
Leustean 2009, p. 92, Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania: "was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society." Leustean, Lucian (2009). Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania, 1947-65. la University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-230-59494-4.
Dodd 2003, p. 571, The rough guide to Vietnam: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." Dodd, Jan. (2003). The rough guide to Vietnam (7th ed.). London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4053-8973-0. OCLC 762991000.
Bullivant & Lee 2016, p. 74, A Dictionary of Atheism: "State Atheism is the name given to the incorporation of positive atheism or non-theism into political regimes, particularly associated with Soviet systems. State Atheisms have tended to be as much anti-clerical and anti-religious as they are anti-theist, and typically place heavy restrictions on acts of religious organization and the practice of religion. State Atheist regimes are sometimes seen as examples of political secularism because they entail a nonreligious form of government; these regimes are even sometimes described as 'radically secularist'. However, where political secularism is understood as political neutrality towards religion or religions, or even political neutrality towards any worldview or existential culture including not only theist but also atheist examples, State Atheism is considered non-secular." Bullivant, Stephen; Lee, Lois (2016). A Dictionary of Atheism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-181681-9.
Bullivant & Ruse 2015, pp. 461–462, The Oxford handbook of atheism: "As we look elsewhere around the world, the dynamics of secularization and religionization are even more complex. The largest-scale experiments in secularization — state atheisms — have had mixed outcomes. In the former Soviet Union, as in China, Communist 'scientific: 'militant', or 'practical' atheism has unquestionably had some secularizing effect overall. But the story—or history—does not end there. As the former Soviet countries illustrate, long-term effects of the experiment are uneven. It took hold more profoundly in, for example, eastern Germany or the Czech Republic than in Poland. Armenia, Lithuania, Azerbaijan, or Uzbekistan, among others (Froese 2004; see Irena Borowik, Branko Ana& and Radoslaw Tyrala's 'Central and Eastern Europe)." Bullivant, Stephen Sebastien; Ruse, Michael (2015). The Oxford handbook of atheism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874507-5. OCLC 936352170.
Temperman 2010, pp. 140–141, State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance: "Before the end of the Cold War, many Communist States did not shy away from being openly hostile to religion. In most instances, communist ideology translated unperturbedly into state atheism, which, in turn, triggered measures aimed at the eradication of religion. As much was acknowledged by some Communist Constitutions. The 1976 Constitution of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, for instance, was firmly based on a Marxist dismissal of religion as the opiate of the masses. It provided: "The state recognizes no religion of any kind and supports and develops the atheist view so as to ingrain in to the people the scientific and materialistic world-view." Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.
Franken & Loobuyck 2011, p. 152, Religious Education in a Plural, Secularised Society. A Paradigm Shift: "In this model, atheism is a state doctrine. Instead, it is regarded as an official state policy, aiming to eradicate all sympathy for religious ideas, and the idea that God exists in particular. The adherents of political atheism make a plea for an atheist state that has to foster atheist convictions in its citizenry." Franken, Leni; Loobuyck, Patrick (2011). Religious Education in a Plural, Secularised Society. A Paradigm Shift. Waxmann Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8309-7543-4.
Eller 2014, p. 254, Introducing Anthropology of Religion: Culture to the Ultimate.: "After the communist revolution of 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted a policy of official state atheism. Based on Marxist thinking that religion is class exploitation and false consciousness, the communist regime suppressed religion, "re-educated" believers and religious leaders, and destroyed religious buildings or converted them to non-religious uses." Eller, Jack David (2014). Introducing Anthropology of Religion: Culture to the Ultimate. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-02491-5.
Bullivant & Ruse 2015, p. 626, The Oxford handbook of atheism: "There have been only a few comparative analyses of atheism carried out in the CEE region. One of the few attempts of this kind is that undertaken by Sinita Zrinkak (see 2004). Comparing different types of generational responses to atheism in several CEE countries, on the basis of studies carried out in these countries and based on data from the EVS, he distinguishes three groups of countries in the region. The first group comprises countries in which state atheism had the most severe consequences... This group includes such countries as Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Bulgaria." Bullivant, Stephen Sebastien; Ruse, Michael (2015). The Oxford handbook of atheism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874507-5. OCLC 936352170.
Hertzke 2006, p. 43, Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights: "Cuba is the only country in the Americas that has attempted to impose state atheism, and since the 1960s onward its jails have been filled with pastors and other believers." Hertzke, Allen D. (2006). Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4732-2.
Hertzke 2006, p. 44, Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights: "The North Korea government not only imposed state-sanctioned atheism, it also mandated a totalitarian personality worship of Kim II Sung and Kim Jong II. This meant that the regime combined traditional Communist persecution of religion with a state-mandated faith we associate with Iranian mullahs or the Taliban. Thus "enemies of the state" are also treated as heretics." Hertzke, Allen D. (2006). Freeing God's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4732-2.
O'Brien 1993, p. 108, The state of religion atlas: "Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba." O'Brien, Joanne (1993). The state of religion atlas. Palmer, Martin., Barrett, David B., Swanston Graphics Limited. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-79376-0. OCLC 28585951.
Temperman 2010, p. 120, State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance: "A constitutional declaration of secularity means, first and foremost, that the state does not wish to invoke religion as a justification for its authority, actions and decisions. It must be emphasized that proclamations of secularity, both historically and presently, in the majority of cases denote official impartiality in matters of religion rather than official 'irreligiosity'. Secular states in that respect should certainly not be confused with declared atheist or anti religious states. " Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.
Temperman 2010, p. 140, State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance: "Although the historical underlying incentives that accompanied the establishment of a secular state may have been characterized by criticism of certain religious doctrines or practices, presently a state of secularity in itself does not necessarily reflect value judgements about religion. In other words, state secularism does not come down to an official rejection of religion. State secularism denotes an intention on the part of the state to not affiliate itself with religion, to not consider itself a priori bound by religious principles (unless they are reformulated into secular state laws) and to not seek to justify its actions by invoking religion. Such a state of secularity denotes official impartiality in matters of religion rather than official irreligiosity. By contrast, secularism as a philosophical notion can indeed be construed as an ideological defense of the secular cause, which might include criticism of or scepticism towards religion. Thus, states that are 'ideologically secular' and that declare secular world-views the official state doctrine give evidence, explicitly or by implication, of judgements about the value of religion within society. Most versions of state communism, for instance, embrace Marxist criticism of religion." Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.
Raines 2002, pp. 5–6, Marx on Religion Raines, John C. (March 2002). Marx on Religion. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-805-0.
Baggini 2003, Atheism: A Very Short Introduction Baggini, Julian (26 June 2003). Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford. pp. 82–90. ISBN 978-0-19-280424-2.
Thrower 1983, Marxist-Leninist "Scientific Atheism" and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR: "As an integral part of the Marxist–Leninist world-view, 'scientific atheism' is grounded in the view of the world and of Man enshrined in dialectical [materialism] and historical materialism: The study of scientific atheism brings to light an integral part of the Marxist–Leninist world-view. Being a philosophical science, scientific atheism emanates from the basic tenets of dialectical and historical materialism, both in explaining the origin of religion, and its scientific criticism of [religion]. (ibid., p. 272.)" Thrower, James (1983). Marxist-Leninist "Scientific Atheism" and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-3060-6.
Adam & Stewart 1878, p. 577, Canadian Monthly and National Review:Communism Adam, Graeme Mercer; Stewart, George (1878). The Canadian Monthly and National Review:Communism. Adam, Stevenson & Company.
Epstein, Genis & Vladiv-Glover 2016, p. 379, Russian Postmodernism : New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture: "The seven decades of Soviet atheism, whether one calls it "mass atheism," "scientific atheism," "state atheism," was unquestionably a new phenomenon in world history." Epstein, Mikhail N.; Genis, Alexander A.; Vladiv-Glover, Slobodanka M. (2016). Russian Postmodernism: New Perspectives on Post-Soviet Culture. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-864-7.
Anderson 1994, pp. 3–4, Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Fitzpatrick 1996, p. 33, Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1996). Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village After Collectivization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510459-2.
Overy 2004, p. 271, Dictators : Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia (page cited inaccessible) Overy, Richard (2004). Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7139-9309-7. OCLC 696631892.
Mandelstam Balzer 2009, pp. 6–7, Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader Mandelstam Balzer, Marjorie (2009). Religion and Politics in Russia: A Reader. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-2415-4.
Atwood 2001, p. 311: "The Soviets moved quickly against the Russian Orthodox Church in 1918. Most church lands became the property of the state, but the state refused to pay the salaries of the clergy. Education was taken out of the church's hands, and the state legally recognized only civil marriages. Many church leaders responded by supporting the anti-revolutionaries and tsarists. Thousands of priests and monks perished in the civil war and subsequent repression. In 1929, Stalin instituted harsher measures against religion. The state strictly controlled the publication of religious books, including the Bible. Confirmed Christians could not teach in schools or join the Communist party. The erection of new church buildings was forbidden and many former church buildings were desecrated or used to promote anti-Christian propaganda. For slightly more than a decade, the week officially contained only six days because the Christian Sabbath had been simply removed .... the Stalinist campaign against religion was directed against Jews and Muslims as well, particularly in the southern Soviet republics. As many as ninety percent of the churches, mosques, and synagogues that had been in existence in 1917 had been forcibly closed, converted, or destroyed by 1940." Atwood, Craig (2001). Always Reforming: A History of Christianity Since 1300. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-679-0.
Olsen 2007, p. 148, Sacred Places Europe: 108 Destinations Olsen, Brad (2007). Sacred Places Europe: 108 Destinations. CCC Publishing. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-888729-12-2.
Nielsen 2018, pp. 77–78, Christianity After Communism: Social, Political, And Cultural Struggle In Russia Nielsen, Niels C. Jr (2018-03-08). Christianity After Communism: Social, Political, And Cultural Struggle In Russia. Routledge. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-429-98131-9.
Service, Robert (21 February 2011). Lenin: A Biography. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-47633-1.
Sinishta 1976, The fulfilled promise : a documentary account of religious persecution in Albania - ^{[page needed]} Sinishta, Gjon (1976). The fulfilled promise: a documentary account of religious persecution in Albania. Santa Clara: H & F Composing Service. ISBN 978-0-317-18715-1. OCLC 175170260.
Gellately & Kiernan 2006, p. 30, The specter of genocide : mass murder in historical perspective:"Pol Pot's Cambodia perpetrated genocide against several ethnic groups, systematically dispersed national minorities by force, and forbade the use of minority and foreign languages. It also banned the practice of religion. The Khmer Rouge repressed Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, but its fiercest extermination campaign was directed at the ethnic Cham Muslim minority." Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2006). "Twentieth-Century Genocides Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor". The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82063-9. OCLC 893888702.
Wielander 2013, p. 1, Christian Values in Communist China.: "The PRC is officially an atheist state well known for its persecution and destruction of religion and its material manifestations during the Cultural Revolution." Wielander, Gerda (2013). Christian Values in Communist China. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-97604-2. OCLC 860626352.
Sharma 2011, p. 201, Problematizing Religious Freedom Sharma, Arvind (8 August 2011). Problematizing Religious Freedom. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 201. ISBN 978-90-481-8993-9.
Welch & Holmes 1973, p. 393, The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950 Welch; Holmes (1973). The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950. Harvard University Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-674-69700-3. OCLC 39088631.
Xie 2006, p. 145, (page cited inaccessible) Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China Xie, Zhibin (2006). Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-5648-7.
Tyler 2004, p. 259, (no preview available) Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang Tyler, Christian (2004). Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3533-3.
Madsen 2010, p. 239, Chinese society: change, conflict and resistance Madsen, Richard (2010). "Chapter 10. Chinese Christianity: Indigenization and conflict". In Elizabeth J. Perry, Mark Selden (ed.). Chinese society: change, conflict and resistance. Routledge. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-415-56073-3.
Simons 1980, p. 114, The Constitutions of the Communist world Simons, William (1980). The Constitutions of the Communist world. Springer. ISBN 978-90-286-0070-6.
Sanders 2003, p. 406, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia: "The MPRP propagated atheism, but in the 1960s, the communist government began low-level support for Lamaism, seeing it as a vehicle for propaganda in Asian Buddhist countries." Sanders, Alan (April 9, 2003). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-8108-7452-7.
Joes 2006, p. 70, Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency Joes, Anthony James (2006-08-18). Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9170-6.
Shirk 2005, Mexico's New Politics Shirk, David A. (2005). Mexico's New Politics. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58826-270-7.
Nathaniel Weyl; Mrs. Sylvia Castleton Weyl (1939). The reconquest of Mexico: the years of Lázaro Cárdenas. Oxford university press. p. 322.
John W. Sherman (1997). The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929–1940. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-275-95736-0.
Scheina 2003, p. 33, Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001 Scheina, Robert L. (2003-07-01). Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001. Potomac Books Incorporated. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-57488-452-4.
Helmstadter, Richard J. (1997). Freedom and religion in the nineteenth century. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-8047-3087-7.
Tallett, Frank (1991). "Dechristianizing France: The Year II and the Revolutionary Experience". In Frank Tallett; Nicholas Atkin (eds.). Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789. A&C Black. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-1-85285-057-9.
Temperman 2010, pp. 165–166, [State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance]: "A type of state-religion identification that in essence boils down to an antireligious regime, a regime which officially rejects the concept of religion altogether, can be considered, in itself, at odd with principles of human rights law , in particular to freedom of religion or belief and the equality principle. History has seen,some regimes which attempted to ban all religious activity (communist Albania for instance)...It is submitted that a state that establishes itself as an 'atheistic state" breaches the non-discrimination principle for similar reasons that were advanced with respect to religious states..." Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance. Brill Academic/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.

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"Which countries are communist? | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
"Leninism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
Britannica Lenin, Vladimir Lenin: "When he was 16, nothing in Lenin indicated a future rebel, still less a professional revolutionary—except, perhaps, his turn to atheism." "Vladimir Lenin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8 June 2023.
britannica.com: Khmer Rouge 2019, Cambodia - Religion: "Under the Khmer Rouge, all religious practices were forbidden." "Cambodia - Religion". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Fernandez 2002, pp. 435–452, Mexico and the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief Fernandez, Jose (2002-05-01). "Mexico and the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief". BYU Law Review. 2002 (2): 435–452.

law2.byu.edu

Davis 2002, The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right Davis, Derek H. (6 June 2002). "The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.

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Lobkowicz 1964, p. 319, - (subscription required) Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion: "Marx, of course, was an atheist." Lobkowicz, N. (1964). "Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion". The Review of Politics. 26 (3): 319–352. doi:10.1017/S0034670500005076. S2CID 145727079.
Chen 1965, (subscription required) - Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History: "In the journal Hsien-tai Fo-hsueh (Modern Buddhism), September 1959, there appeared a long article entitled "Lun Tsung-chiao Hsin-yang Tzu-yu" ("A Discussion Concerning Freedom of Religious Belief"), by Ya Han-chang, which was originally published in the official Communist ideological journal Hung Ch'i (Red Flag), 1959, No. 14. Appearing as it did in Red Flag it is justifiable to conclude that the views expressed in it represented the accepted Communist attitude toward religion. In this article, Ya wrote that the basic policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China is to "recognise that everyone has the freedom to believe in a religion, and also that everyone has the freedom not to believe in a religion." Chen, Kenneth (1965). "Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History". The China Quarterly. 22: 14–30. doi:10.1017/S0305741000048682. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 153633666.

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Anderson 1994, pp. 3–4, Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Anderson 1994, p. 3 Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}

dictionary.cambridge.org

"marxism-leninism". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2023-04-02.

chabad.org (Global: 3,183^rd place; English: 2,296^th place)

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china-embassy.org 1997, White Paper—Freedom of Religious Belief in China "White Paper—Freedom of Religious Belief in China". Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. October 1997. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

CIA: Turkmenistan, The World Factbook: Turkmenistan "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026.
CIA: Belarus, The World Factbook: Belarus "Europe :: Belarus — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
CIA: Albania 2013, The World Factbook: Albania "The World Factbook: Albania". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 15, 2026. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
CIA: N. Korea, The World Factbook: North Korea:Religion tab - "note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom." "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on January 17, 2026.

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countrystudies.com, Russia - The Russian Orthodox Church "Russia - The Russian Orthodox Church". countrystudies.us. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Eun, Lee Chae (2024-02-21). "Chongjin renews crackdown on rampant "superstitious behavior"". North Korea News — Daily NK | Latest DPRK Updates 2026. Retrieved 2026-07-30.
Eun, Lee Chae (2026-03-04). "North Korea's war on superstition backfires as fortune-telling goes underground". North Korea News — Daily NK | Latest DPRK Updates 2026. Retrieved 2026-07-30.

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deccanherald.com 2011, No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres "No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres". deccanherald.com. 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2019-05-19.

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Kellner 2014, 25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion." Kellner, Mark A. (2014-10-31). "25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany". DeseretNews.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved 2019-05-19.

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dialoginternational.com 2012, East Germany the "most atheistic" of any region "East Germany the "most atheistic" of any region". Dialog International. 2012. Retrieved 2009-05-24.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hall 1999, (subscription required) - Representations of Place: Albania: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania". The Geographical Journal. 165 (2): 161–172. Bibcode:1999GeogJ.165..161H. doi:10.2307/3060414. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 3060414.
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441, (subscription required) - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Walaszek 1986, pp. 118–134, (subscription required) - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 483 (1): 118–134. doi:10.1177/0002716286483001011. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 145367724.
Madeley 2003, pp. 1–22, (subscription required) - European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality: "As Table 2 indicates along its horizontal dimension, according to the attributions based on these criteria, in 1980, out of 35 European territories listed, only five could be coded as secular in the sense that the 'State is secular, promoting neither religion nor irreligion' and nine were deemed Atheistic. On the other hand, 21 states or governments were found to be committed in one way or another to the support of religion and/or religious institutions." Madeley, John (January 2003). "European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality". West European Politics. 26 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/01402380412331300177. S2CID 154541171.
Lobkowicz 1964, p. 319, - (subscription required) Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion: "Marx, of course, was an atheist." Lobkowicz, N. (1964). "Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion". The Review of Politics. 26 (3): 319–352. doi:10.1017/S0034670500005076. S2CID 145727079.
Kowalewski 1980, p. 426, Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences: "The Soviet policy of state atheism (gosateizm), albeit inconsistently applied, remains a major goal of official ideology. Massive state resources have been expended not only to prevent the implanting of religious belief in nonbelievers but also to eradicate "prerevolutionary remnants" already existing. The regime is not merely passively committed to a godless polity but takes an aggressive stance of official forced atheization. Thus a major task of the police apparatus is the persecution of forms of religious practice. Not surprisingly, the Committee for State Security (KGB) is reported to have a division dealing specifically with "churchmen and sectarians." Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Froese 2004, p. 35, (subscription required) - Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed: "Atheists waged a 70-year war on religious belief in the Soviet Union. The Communist Party destroyed churches, mosques, and temples; it executed religious leaders; it flooded the schools and media with anti-religious propaganda; and it introduced a belief system called "scientific atheism," complete with atheist rituals, proselytizers, and a promise of worldly salvation." Froese, Paul (2004). "Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 43 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x. ISSN 1468-5906. OCLC 884663575. S2CID 53308958.
Daniel 1995, (subscription required) - Journal of Church and State Journal - Religious Policy in the Soviet Union Daniel, W. (1995-09-01). "Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 361 pp. $69.95". Journal of Church and State. 37 (4): 913–914. doi:10.1093/jcs/37.4.913. ISSN 0021-969X.
Anderson 1994, pp. 3–4, Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441 Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Anderson 1994, p. 3 Anderson, John (1994). Religion, state and politics in the Soviet Union and successor states. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511598838. ISBN 978-0-511-59883-8.^{[permanent dead link]}
Tonnes 2008, p. 6, Albania: An Atheist State (subscription required): "The struggle against religion in its current, incomparably harsher phase, was inaugurated by Enver Hoxha in his speech of 6 February 1967. He declared Albania to be the "first atheist state of the world". All 2,169 religious establishments (including the 268 Catholic churches) were demolished or closed." Tonnes, Bernhard (2008). "Albania: An Atheist State". Religion in Communist Lands. 3 (1–3): 4–7. doi:10.1080/09637497508430712.
Jones, David A. (9 November 2018). "Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China "Dr. Jekyll" or "Mr. Hyde" or Both?". International Studies. 22 (1): 9–38. doi:10.18778/1641-4233.22.02. hdl:11089/26655. ISSN 1641-4233. In a similar demolition exercise in Zhumadian, Henan Province, the Beitou Church was bulldozed whilst its pastor, Li Jiangong, and the pastor's spouse, Ding Cuimei, were inside on 14 April 2016, resulting in her suffocation.
Hendon, David W.; Norton, Brenda (2016). "Notes on Church-State Affairs". Journal of Church and State. 58 (4): 793–806. doi:10.1093/jcs/csw095. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 45176944.
Chen 1965, (subscription required) - Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History: "In the journal Hsien-tai Fo-hsueh (Modern Buddhism), September 1959, there appeared a long article entitled "Lun Tsung-chiao Hsin-yang Tzu-yu" ("A Discussion Concerning Freedom of Religious Belief"), by Ya Han-chang, which was originally published in the official Communist ideological journal Hung Ch'i (Red Flag), 1959, No. 14. Appearing as it did in Red Flag it is justifiable to conclude that the views expressed in it represented the accepted Communist attitude toward religion. In this article, Ya wrote that the basic policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China is to "recognise that everyone has the freedom to believe in a religion, and also that everyone has the freedom not to believe in a religion." Chen, Kenneth (1965). "Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History". The China Quarterly. 22: 14–30. doi:10.1017/S0305741000048682. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 153633666.
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 397, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "No religion could benefit substantially from the conditions that obtained in the GDR. Antireligious regulations and the official promotion of an exclusive, socialist-inspired atheism devastated religion. The percentage of those without any religious affiliation grew from 7.6 percent of the population in 1950 to more than 60 percent in 1986....Clearly, communist antipathy toward religion and the repression of religious organizations must have played a role in the rapid and dramatic abandonment of religion. But what contribution did atheism make to this development? In the GDR the weakening of the churches and their accommodation to communism was influential, but apparently so was the success of scientific atheism as a competitor to religion." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 402, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "In the late 1950s, the regime announced that scientific atheism had become official policy and any of the approximately 1.5 million party members that remained church members were compelled to renounce religion (Maser 1999)." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.
Barker 2004, (subscription required) - Church and State: Lessons from Germany? : "The effects of living in an atheist state continue to be seen in younger generations of East Germans.." Barker, Christine R. (April 2004). "Church and State: Lessons from Germany?". The Political Quarterly. 75 (2): 168–176. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00599.x.
Cronon 1958, (Subscription required.) - American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936 Cronon, E. David (September 1958). "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 45 (2): 201–230. doi:10.2307/1902927. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902927.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"How to get kicked out of China's Communist Party". The Economist. September 5, 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2025-06-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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wikisource.org: N. Korea, Constitution of North Korea (1972, rev. 1998) "Constitution of North Korea (1972, rev. 1998)". en.wikisource.org.

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Enc. Colombia & Calles, Plutarco Elias Calles "Plutarco Elias Calles". www.encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Van Hove 1996, Blood-Drenched Altars Van Hove, Brian (1996). "Blood-Drenched Altars". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 2019-05-19.

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focus.de: E. Germany 2012, Ostdeutschland: Wo der Atheist zu Hause ist (in German): "52 Prozent der Menschen in Ostdeutschland sind laut einer aktuellen Studie Atheisten. Das ist ein globaler Spitzenwert." "Ostdeutschland: Wo der Atheist zu Hause ist". Focus. 2012. Retrieved 2017-11-11.

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foxnews.com: Cuba 2013, North Korea publicly executes 80, some for videos or Bibles, report says: "North Korea publicly executes 80, some for videos or Bibles, report says" "North Korea publicly executes 80, some for videos or Bibles, report says | Fox News". Fox News. Archived from the original on 2013-11-14. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Sinishta 1983 Sinishta, Gjon (1983). "Grave Violation of Religious Rights in Albania". Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe. 3 (5).

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Berkley Center for Religion 2017, CUBA - Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom "Constitution of Cuba, Article 8: Freedom of Religion and Separation of Church and State". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
Hertzke 2015, (archived) Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: A Historical Approach Hertzke, Allen (17 Feb 2015). "Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: A Historical Approach". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.

pdba.georgetown.edu

"Cuba: Constitución de 1976". pdba.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2025-05-28.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Jones, David A. (9 November 2018). "Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China "Dr. Jekyll" or "Mr. Hyde" or Both?". International Studies. 22 (1): 9–38. doi:10.18778/1641-4233.22.02. hdl:11089/26655. ISSN 1641-4233. In a similar demolition exercise in Zhumadian, Henan Province, the Beitou Church was bulldozed whilst its pastor, Li Jiangong, and the pastor's spouse, Ding Cuimei, were inside on 14 April 2016, resulting in her suffocation.

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hrw.org 2004, Human Rights in North Korea (DPRK: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea) "Human Rights in North Korea (DPRK: The Democratic People's Republic of Korea)". Human Rights Watch. 7 July 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.

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Stiller 2013, Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions Stiller, Brian (June 18, 2013). "Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions". HuffPost.
Huffington Post 2014, How Pope John Paul II Paved The Way For The U.S.-Cuba Thaw "How Pope John Paul II Paved The Way For The U.S.-Cuba Thaw". The Huffington Post. 2014-12-18.

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Avramović 2007, p. 599, Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia Avramović, Sima (2007). "Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia" (PDF).
Xiong 2013, Freedom of religion in China under the current legal framework and foreign religious bodies Xiong (2013). Freedom of religion in China under the current legal framework and foreign religious bodies (PDF). United States : Brigham Young University. OCLC 975335961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

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Hall 1999, (subscription required) - Representations of Place: Albania: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania". The Geographical Journal. 165 (2): 161–172. Bibcode:1999GeogJ.165..161H. doi:10.2307/3060414. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 3060414.
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441, (subscription required) - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Kowalewski 1980, p. 426, Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences: "The Soviet policy of state atheism (gosateizm), albeit inconsistently applied, remains a major goal of official ideology. Massive state resources have been expended not only to prevent the implanting of religious belief in nonbelievers but also to eradicate "prerevolutionary remnants" already existing. The regime is not merely passively committed to a godless polity but takes an aggressive stance of official forced atheization. Thus a major task of the police apparatus is the persecution of forms of religious practice. Not surprisingly, the Committee for State Security (KGB) is reported to have a division dealing specifically with "churchmen and sectarians." Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441 Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Hendon, David W.; Norton, Brenda (2016). "Notes on Church-State Affairs". Journal of Church and State. 58 (4): 793–806. doi:10.1093/jcs/csw095. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 45176944.
Cronon 1958, (Subscription required.) - American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936 Cronon, E. David (September 1958). "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 45 (2): 201–230. doi:10.2307/1902927. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902927.

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Los Angeles Times 2014, Pope Francis' role in Cuba stretches back years Los Angeles Times (18 December 2014). "Pope Francis' role in Cuba stretches back years". Los Angeles Times.

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Marques de Morais 2014, Religion and the State in Angola Marques de Morais, Rafael (April 27, 2014). "Religion and the State in Angola".

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Lenin 1996, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - The Attitude of the Workers' Party to Religion Lenin, V. I. (1996). "About the attitude of the working party toward the religion". Collected works, v. 17, p.41 (in Russian). Retrieved 2006-09-09.
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minorityrights.org 1993, CCPR General Comment 22: 30/07/93 on ICCPR Article 18 "CCPR General Comment 22: 30/07/93 on ICCPR Article 18". Minorityrights.org. 1993. Archived from the original on 2015-01-16.

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Buckley 2011, Cuba libre? Castro was weakened by the fall of the Soviet Union. Buckley, William F. Jr. (2011). "Cuba libre? Castro was weakened by the fall of the Soviet Union. Will John Paul's visit". Archived from the original on 2011-06-16.

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nationmaster.com: Belarus, Belarus Religion Facts & Stats "Belarus Religion Facts & Stats". www.nationmaster.com. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
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Bandow 2016, The Castros Continue to Shut Churches in Cuba Bandow, Doug (1 February 2016). "The Castros Continue to Shut Churches in Cuba". Newsweek. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

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Shenon 1992, (subscription required) - Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers Shenon, Philip (1992-01-02). "Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
The New York Times 2014, Pope Francis Is Credited With a Crucial Role in U.S.-Cuba Agreement "Pope Francis Is Credited With a Crucial Role in U.S.-Cuba Agreement". The New York Times. 18 December 2014.

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Kalkandjieva 2015, The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria Kalkandjieva, Daniela (June 12, 2015). "The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria".

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Daniel 1995, (subscription required) - Journal of Church and State Journal - Religious Policy in the Soviet Union Daniel, W. (1995-09-01). "Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 361 pp. $69.95". Journal of Church and State. 37 (4): 913–914. doi:10.1093/jcs/37.4.913. ISSN 0021-969X.
Cronon 1958, (Subscription required.) - American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936 Cronon, E. David (September 1958). "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 45 (2): 201–230. doi:10.2307/1902927. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902927.

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people.cn, Constitution of the People's Republic of China "Constitution of the People's Republic of China". en.people.cn. Archived from the original on 2020-06-09. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

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Miller 2009, A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population Miller, Tracy (October 2009). "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.

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refworld.org: China 2001, Refworld - Religious Minorities and China Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (2001). "Religious Minorities and China". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
refworld.org: China Religion 2013, Refworld - 2013 Report on International Religious Freedom - China Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "2013 Report on International Religious Freedom - China". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
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refworld.org: Fujian province, China: Freedom of religious practice and belief in Fujian province Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "China: Freedom of religious practice and belief in Fujian province". Refworld. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441, (subscription required) - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 397, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "No religion could benefit substantially from the conditions that obtained in the GDR. Antireligious regulations and the official promotion of an exclusive, socialist-inspired atheism devastated religion. The percentage of those without any religious affiliation grew from 7.6 percent of the population in 1950 to more than 60 percent in 1986....Clearly, communist antipathy toward religion and the repression of religious organizations must have played a role in the rapid and dramatic abandonment of religion. But what contribution did atheism make to this development? In the GDR the weakening of the churches and their accommodation to communism was influential, but apparently so was the success of scientific atheism as a competitor to religion." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 402, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "In the late 1950s, the regime announced that scientific atheism had become official policy and any of the approximately 1.5 million party members that remained church members were compelled to renounce religion (Maser 1999)." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

reuters.com

Frank, Marc (September 7, 2015). "Cuba's atheist Castro brothers open doors to Church and popes". Reuters. Baptized as Roman Catholics and educated by Jesuits, Fidel and Raul Castro turned against the Church by declaring Cuba an atheist state, chasing out priests and shutting down religious schools after seizing power in a 1959 revolution.
Reuters 2015, China lodges protest with U.S. after religious freedom report "China lodges protest with U.S. after religious freedom report". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.

uk.reuters.com

Wee 2015, U.N. official calls China's crackdown on Uighurs "disturbing" Wee, Sui-Lee (2015). "U.N. official calls China's crackdown on Uighurs "disturbing"". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2015-09-20. Retrieved 2015-10-05.

rferl.org (Global: 733^rd place; English: 555^th place)

Chapple, Amos (17 October 2024). "Mongolia, The Forgotten Soviet Satellite". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 24 November 2024.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

journals.sagepub.com

Walaszek 1986, pp. 118–134, (subscription required) - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 483 (1): 118–134. doi:10.1177/0002716286483001011. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 145367724.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Walaszek 1986, pp. 118–134, (subscription required) - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 483 (1): 118–134. doi:10.1177/0002716286483001011. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 145367724.
Madeley 2003, pp. 1–22, (subscription required) - European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality: "As Table 2 indicates along its horizontal dimension, according to the attributions based on these criteria, in 1980, out of 35 European territories listed, only five could be coded as secular in the sense that the 'State is secular, promoting neither religion nor irreligion' and nine were deemed Atheistic. On the other hand, 21 states or governments were found to be committed in one way or another to the support of religion and/or religious institutions." Madeley, John (January 2003). "European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality". West European Politics. 26 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/01402380412331300177. S2CID 154541171.
Lobkowicz 1964, p. 319, - (subscription required) Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion: "Marx, of course, was an atheist." Lobkowicz, N. (1964). "Karl Marx's Attitude toward Religion". The Review of Politics. 26 (3): 319–352. doi:10.1017/S0034670500005076. S2CID 145727079.
Froese 2004, p. 35, (subscription required) - Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed: "Atheists waged a 70-year war on religious belief in the Soviet Union. The Communist Party destroyed churches, mosques, and temples; it executed religious leaders; it flooded the schools and media with anti-religious propaganda; and it introduced a belief system called "scientific atheism," complete with atheist rituals, proselytizers, and a promise of worldly salvation." Froese, Paul (2004). "Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 43 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x. ISSN 1468-5906. OCLC 884663575. S2CID 53308958.
Chen 1965, (subscription required) - Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History: "In the journal Hsien-tai Fo-hsueh (Modern Buddhism), September 1959, there appeared a long article entitled "Lun Tsung-chiao Hsin-yang Tzu-yu" ("A Discussion Concerning Freedom of Religious Belief"), by Ya Han-chang, which was originally published in the official Communist ideological journal Hung Ch'i (Red Flag), 1959, No. 14. Appearing as it did in Red Flag it is justifiable to conclude that the views expressed in it represented the accepted Communist attitude toward religion. In this article, Ya wrote that the basic policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China is to "recognise that everyone has the freedom to believe in a religion, and also that everyone has the freedom not to believe in a religion." Chen, Kenneth (1965). "Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History". The China Quarterly. 22: 14–30. doi:10.1017/S0305741000048682. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 153633666.

sida.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

Van den Bergh-Collier 2007, p. 180, Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique Van den Bergh-Collier, Edda (January 2007). "Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique" (PDF). p. 180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29.

sptimes.com (Global: 3,592^nd place; English: 1,991^st place)

StPetersburg Cambodia 2015, Nie: Remembering the deaths of 1.7-million Cambodians "Nie: Remembering the deaths of 1.7-million Cambodians". 2015-06-26. Archived from the original on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2019-05-20.

state.gov (Global: 228^th place; English: 204^th place)

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US state - Kazakhstan 2012, International Religious Freedom Report 2009 – Kazakhstan "International Religious Freedom Report 2009 – Kazakhstan". 2012-03-18. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
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US-State_Albania 2013, Albania 2013 International Religious Freedom Report "ALBANIA 2013 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT" (PDF). U.S. Department of State.
state.gov 2011, CUBA - Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom "CUBA - Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom" (PDF). International Religious Freedom Report for 2011. United States Department of State - Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.
Berkley Center for Religion 2017, CUBA - Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom "Constitution of Cuba, Article 8: Freedom of Religion and Separation of Church and State". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.

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US_State_Russia, Department of State - Russia "Russia". U.S. Department of State. 2007-09-14.
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US state: Rel. Freedom 2007, International Religious Freedom Report 2007 — China "International Religious Freedom Report 2007 — China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau)". U.S. Department of State. 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-02.

std.lt (Global: low place; English: low place)

nationmaster.com: Ukraine, Population by Religious Confession, census "Ukraine Religion Stats". nationmaster.com.
Statistics Lithuania, Population by Religious Confession, census "Population by Religious Confession, census". Archived from the original on 2006-10-01.

sydney.edu.au (Global: 6,027^th place; English: 3,558^th place)

openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au

Maddox 1998, p. 99 Maddox, Marion (1998). "Religion and the Secular State Revisited". Australian Religion Studies Review. 11 (2): 98–113.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Madeley 2003, pp. 1–22, (subscription required) - European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality: "As Table 2 indicates along its horizontal dimension, according to the attributions based on these criteria, in 1980, out of 35 European territories listed, only five could be coded as secular in the sense that the 'State is secular, promoting neither religion nor irreligion' and nine were deemed Atheistic. On the other hand, 21 states or governments were found to be committed in one way or another to the support of religion and/or religious institutions." Madeley, John (January 2003). "European Liberal Democracy and the Principle of State Religious Neutrality". West European Politics. 26 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/01402380412331300177. S2CID 154541171.
Tonnes 2008, p. 6, Albania: An Atheist State (subscription required): "The struggle against religion in its current, incomparably harsher phase, was inaugurated by Enver Hoxha in his speech of 6 February 1967. He declared Albania to be the "first atheist state of the world". All 2,169 religious establishments (including the 268 Catholic churches) were demolished or closed." Tonnes, Bernhard (2008). "Albania: An Atheist State". Religion in Communist Lands. 3 (1–3): 4–7. doi:10.1080/09637497508430712.

theconversation.com (Global: 840^th place; English: 594^th place)

theconversation.com: Cuba 2016, Religion shapes Cuba despite Castro's influence: "Under Castro's rule, Cuba was for decades a self-declared atheist state where Christians were persecuted and marginalized. ... In 1992 the Cuban Constitution was amended to declare it a secular state. It was no longer an atheist Republic." Maldonado, Michelle Gonzalez (1 December 2016). "Religion shapes Cuba despite Castro's influence". The Conversation. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Scammell 2015, Castro thanks Pope Francis for brokering thaw between Cuba and US Scammell, Rosie (2015). "Castro thanks Pope Francis for brokering thaw between Cuba and US". the Guardian.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

Time magazine 1931, Staggerers Unstaggered "Staggerers Unstaggered". Time magazine. December 7, 1931. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
Campbell 2016, China's Leader Xi Jinping Reminds Party Members to Be 'Unyielding Marxist Atheists' Campbell, Charlie (25 April 2016). "China's Leader Xi Jinping Reminds Party Members to Be 'Unyielding Marxist Atheists'". Time. Beijing. Retrieved 3 September 2017.

uc.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

ojs.uc.cl

"Normas Jurídicas: Constitución de La República de Cuba - Entre otras materias, Declara al Estado laico, consagra la libertad de conciencia y reconoce igualdad de derechos y deberes de instituciones religiosas y asociaciones fraternales: Proclamada en la Segunda Sesión Extraordinaria de la IX Legislatura de la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular, el 10/04/2019". Boletín Jurídico del Observatorio de Libertad Religiosa de América Latina y el Caribe (9).

unodc.org (Global: 2,954^th place; English: 2,575^th place)

"Criminal Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2015.

uscirf.gov (Global: low place; English: low place)

uscirf 2012, U.S. Commission On International Religious Freedom "The Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other OIC Members" (PDF). U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom]. 2012.
USCIRF 2012: "The religious freedom situation in Russia is deteriorating and China remains one of the world's most egregious violators of this fundamental right" "Remarks by USCIRF Chair Katrina Lantos Swett at Conference on Religious Freedom, Violent Religious Extremism, and Constitutional Reform in Muslim-Majority Countries". United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2012-12-07. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
"uscirf.gov: N. Korea" 2012, Countries of Particular Concern: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
uscirf: Kim-Il-Sung 2005, Thank You Father Kim Il Sung "Thank You Father Kim Il Sung" (PDF). U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. Nov 2005.
"Feedom of Religion, Thought, and Conscience in North Korea" (PDF). UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. July 2022.
"uscirf.gov: N.Korea 1" 2010, The Democratic People's Republic of Korea - USCIRF Annual Report
"uscirf.gov: N.Korea 2" & NKorea, Remarks by USCIRF Chair Katrina Lantos Swett at Conference on Religious Freedom, Violent Religious Extremism, and Constitutional Reform in Muslim-Majority Countries

utexas.edu (Global: 868^th place; English: 634^th place)

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"Castro Speech Data Base - Latin American Network Information Center, LANIC". lanic.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-27.

vietnamnews.vn (Global: 9,030^th place; English: 6,545^th place)

vietnamnews.vn & constitution, The constitution of the socialist republic of Viet Nam "The constitution of the socialist republic of Viet Nam". vietnamnews.vn. Archived from the original on 2014-11-13. Retrieved 2019-05-01.

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Miroff 2015, Pope Francis arrives in Havana, praising U.S.-Cuba thaw Miroff, Nick (19 September 2015). "Pope Francis arrives in Havana, praising U.S.-Cuba thaw". The Washington Post.

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Kellner 2014, 25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion." Kellner, Mark A. (2014-10-31). "25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany". DeseretNews.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
Van den Bergh-Collier 2007, p. 180, Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique Van den Bergh-Collier, Edda (January 2007). "Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique" (PDF). p. 180. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
Time magazine 1931, Staggerers Unstaggered "Staggerers Unstaggered". Time magazine. December 7, 1931. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
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CIA: Turkmenistan, The World Factbook: Turkmenistan "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 6 October 2021. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026.
US state: Kyrgyzstan 2001, International Religious Freedom Report – Kyrgyzstan "International Religious Freedom Report – Kyrgyzstan". 2019-03-30. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
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Miller 2009, A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population Miller, Tracy (October 2009). "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
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Reuters 2015, China lodges protest with U.S. after religious freedom report "China lodges protest with U.S. after religious freedom report". Reuters. 4 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
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Davis 2002, The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right Davis, Derek H. (6 June 2002). "The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
Hertzke 2015, (archived) Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: A Historical Approach Hertzke, Allen (17 Feb 2015). "Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: A Historical Approach". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Froese 2004, p. 35, (subscription required) - Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed: "Atheists waged a 70-year war on religious belief in the Soviet Union. The Communist Party destroyed churches, mosques, and temples; it executed religious leaders; it flooded the schools and media with anti-religious propaganda; and it introduced a belief system called "scientific atheism," complete with atheist rituals, proselytizers, and a promise of worldly salvation." Froese, Paul (2004). "Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 43 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x. ISSN 1468-5906. OCLC 884663575. S2CID 53308958.
Barker 2004, (subscription required) - Church and State: Lessons from Germany? : "The effects of living in an atheist state continue to be seen in younger generations of East Germans.." Barker, Christine R. (April 2004). "Church and State: Lessons from Germany?". The Political Quarterly. 75 (2): 168–176. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2004.00599.x.

wilsoncenter.org (Global: 3,534^th place; English: 2,393^rd place)

Campbell 2015, Yemen: The Tribal Islamists Campbell, Leslie (August 27, 2015). "Yemen: The Tribal Islamists".

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Hall 1999, (subscription required) - Representations of Place: Albania: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." Hall, Derek R. (1999). "Representations of Place: Albania". The Geographical Journal. 165 (2): 161–172. Bibcode:1999GeogJ.165..161H. doi:10.2307/3060414. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 3060414.
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441, (subscription required) - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Zuckerman 2009, Atheism and Secularity. - ^{[page needed]} Zuckerman, Phil. (2009). Atheism and Secularity. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35182-2. OCLC 609858051.
Walaszek 1986, pp. 118–134, (subscription required) - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland Walaszek, Zdzislawa (January 1986). "An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 483 (1): 118–134. doi:10.1177/0002716286483001011. ISSN 0002-7162. S2CID 145367724.
Dodd 2003, p. 571, The rough guide to Vietnam: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." Dodd, Jan. (2003). The rough guide to Vietnam (7th ed.). London: Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4053-8973-0. OCLC 762991000.
Bullivant & Ruse 2015, pp. 461–462, The Oxford handbook of atheism: "As we look elsewhere around the world, the dynamics of secularization and religionization are even more complex. The largest-scale experiments in secularization — state atheisms — have had mixed outcomes. In the former Soviet Union, as in China, Communist 'scientific: 'militant', or 'practical' atheism has unquestionably had some secularizing effect overall. But the story—or history—does not end there. As the former Soviet countries illustrate, long-term effects of the experiment are uneven. It took hold more profoundly in, for example, eastern Germany or the Czech Republic than in Poland. Armenia, Lithuania, Azerbaijan, or Uzbekistan, among others (Froese 2004; see Irena Borowik, Branko Ana& and Radoslaw Tyrala's 'Central and Eastern Europe)." Bullivant, Stephen Sebastien; Ruse, Michael (2015). The Oxford handbook of atheism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874507-5. OCLC 936352170.
Bullivant & Ruse 2015, p. 626, The Oxford handbook of atheism: "There have been only a few comparative analyses of atheism carried out in the CEE region. One of the few attempts of this kind is that undertaken by Sinita Zrinkak (see 2004). Comparing different types of generational responses to atheism in several CEE countries, on the basis of studies carried out in these countries and based on data from the EVS, he distinguishes three groups of countries in the region. The first group comprises countries in which state atheism had the most severe consequences... This group includes such countries as Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Bulgaria." Bullivant, Stephen Sebastien; Ruse, Michael (2015). The Oxford handbook of atheism. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874507-5. OCLC 936352170.
O'Brien 1993, p. 108, The state of religion atlas: "Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba." O'Brien, Joanne (1993). The state of religion atlas. Palmer, Martin., Barrett, David B., Swanston Graphics Limited. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-79376-0. OCLC 28585951.
Kowalewski 1980, p. 426, Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences: "The Soviet policy of state atheism (gosateizm), albeit inconsistently applied, remains a major goal of official ideology. Massive state resources have been expended not only to prevent the implanting of religious belief in nonbelievers but also to eradicate "prerevolutionary remnants" already existing. The regime is not merely passively committed to a godless polity but takes an aggressive stance of official forced atheization. Thus a major task of the police apparatus is the persecution of forms of religious practice. Not surprisingly, the Committee for State Security (KGB) is reported to have a division dealing specifically with "churchmen and sectarians." Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Froese 2004, p. 35, (subscription required) - Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed: "Atheists waged a 70-year war on religious belief in the Soviet Union. The Communist Party destroyed churches, mosques, and temples; it executed religious leaders; it flooded the schools and media with anti-religious propaganda; and it introduced a belief system called "scientific atheism," complete with atheist rituals, proselytizers, and a promise of worldly salvation." Froese, Paul (2004). "Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 43 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x. ISSN 1468-5906. OCLC 884663575. S2CID 53308958.
Daniel 1995, (subscription required) - Journal of Church and State Journal - Religious Policy in the Soviet Union Daniel, W. (1995-09-01). "Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 361 pp. $69.95". Journal of Church and State. 37 (4): 913–914. doi:10.1093/jcs/37.4.913. ISSN 0021-969X.
Kowalewski 1980, pp. 426–441 Kowalewski, David (1980). "Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences". The Russian Review. 39 (4): 426–441. doi:10.2307/128810. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 128810.
Overy 2004, p. 271, Dictators : Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia (page cited inaccessible) Overy, Richard (2004). Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7139-9309-7. OCLC 696631892.
Sinishta 1976, The fulfilled promise : a documentary account of religious persecution in Albania - ^{[page needed]} Sinishta, Gjon (1976). The fulfilled promise: a documentary account of religious persecution in Albania. Santa Clara: H & F Composing Service. ISBN 978-0-317-18715-1. OCLC 175170260.
Shenon 1992, (subscription required) - Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers Shenon, Philip (1992-01-02). "Phnom Penh Journal; Lord Buddha Returns, With Artists His Soldiers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-19.
Gellately & Kiernan 2006, p. 30, The specter of genocide : mass murder in historical perspective:"Pol Pot's Cambodia perpetrated genocide against several ethnic groups, systematically dispersed national minorities by force, and forbade the use of minority and foreign languages. It also banned the practice of religion. The Khmer Rouge repressed Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism, but its fiercest extermination campaign was directed at the ethnic Cham Muslim minority." Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (2006). "Twentieth-Century Genocides Underlying Ideological Themes from Armenia to East Timor". The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82063-9. OCLC 893888702.
Wielander 2013, p. 1, Christian Values in Communist China.: "The PRC is officially an atheist state well known for its persecution and destruction of religion and its material manifestations during the Cultural Revolution." Wielander, Gerda (2013). Christian Values in Communist China. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-97604-2. OCLC 860626352.
Jones, David A. (9 November 2018). "Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China "Dr. Jekyll" or "Mr. Hyde" or Both?". International Studies. 22 (1): 9–38. doi:10.18778/1641-4233.22.02. hdl:11089/26655. ISSN 1641-4233. In a similar demolition exercise in Zhumadian, Henan Province, the Beitou Church was bulldozed whilst its pastor, Li Jiangong, and the pastor's spouse, Ding Cuimei, were inside on 14 April 2016, resulting in her suffocation.
Hendon, David W.; Norton, Brenda (2016). "Notes on Church-State Affairs". Journal of Church and State. 58 (4): 793–806. doi:10.1093/jcs/csw095. ISSN 0021-969X. JSTOR 45176944.
Xiong 2013, Freedom of religion in China under the current legal framework and foreign religious bodies Xiong (2013). Freedom of religion in China under the current legal framework and foreign religious bodies (PDF). United States : Brigham Young University. OCLC 975335961.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Chen 1965, (subscription required) - Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History: "In the journal Hsien-tai Fo-hsueh (Modern Buddhism), September 1959, there appeared a long article entitled "Lun Tsung-chiao Hsin-yang Tzu-yu" ("A Discussion Concerning Freedom of Religious Belief"), by Ya Han-chang, which was originally published in the official Communist ideological journal Hung Ch'i (Red Flag), 1959, No. 14. Appearing as it did in Red Flag it is justifiable to conclude that the views expressed in it represented the accepted Communist attitude toward religion. In this article, Ya wrote that the basic policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China is to "recognise that everyone has the freedom to believe in a religion, and also that everyone has the freedom not to believe in a religion." Chen, Kenneth (1965). "Chinese Communist Attitudes Towards Buddhism in Chinese History". The China Quarterly. 22: 14–30. doi:10.1017/S0305741000048682. ISSN 0305-7410. S2CID 153633666.
Welch & Holmes 1973, p. 393, The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950 Welch; Holmes (1973). The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950. Harvard University Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-674-69700-3. OCLC 39088631.
"How to get kicked out of China's Communist Party". The Economist. September 5, 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2025-06-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 397, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "No religion could benefit substantially from the conditions that obtained in the GDR. Antireligious regulations and the official promotion of an exclusive, socialist-inspired atheism devastated religion. The percentage of those without any religious affiliation grew from 7.6 percent of the population in 1950 to more than 60 percent in 1986....Clearly, communist antipathy toward religion and the repression of religious organizations must have played a role in the rapid and dramatic abandonment of religion. But what contribution did atheism make to this development? In the GDR the weakening of the churches and their accommodation to communism was influential, but apparently so was the success of scientific atheism as a competitor to religion." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.
Froese & Pfaff 2005, p. 402, (subscription required) Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany: "In the late 1950s, the regime announced that scientific atheism had become official policy and any of the approximately 1.5 million party members that remained church members were compelled to renounce religion (Maser 1999)." Froese, Paul; Pfaff, Steven (December 2005). "Explaining a Religious Anomaly: A Historical Analysis of Secularization in Eastern Germany". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 44 (4): 397–422. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2005.00294.x. ISSN 0021-8294.
Cronon 1958, (Subscription required.) - American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936 Cronon, E. David (September 1958). "American Catholics and Mexican Anticlericalism, 1933-1936". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 45 (2): 201–230. doi:10.2307/1902927. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902927.

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Worldcrunch 2009, WHY EASTERN GERMANY IS THE MOST GODLESS PLACE ON EARTH "WHY EASTERN GERMANY IS THE MOST GODLESS PLACE ON EARTH". Die Welt. 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2009-05-24.

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