Sunspot (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Sunspot" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

24doi.org

2^nd place

24harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

11semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

9web.archive.org

1^st place

5nih.gov

4^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

4arxiv.org

69^th place

59^th place

2aip.de

low place

2reading.ac.uk

8,258^th place

5,314^th place

2noaa.gov

212^th place

172^nd place

2nasa.gov

75^th place

83^rd place

1spaceweatherlive.com

low place

1howstuffworks.com

840^th place

635^th place

1maths.org

low place

1findarticles.com

424^th place

310^th place

1ucar.edu

7,843^rd place

5,892^nd place

1books.google.com

3^rd place

1aanda.org

5,591^st place

5,552^nd place

1archive.today

14^th place

1iop.org

1,725^th place

1,828^th place

1spaceflightnow.com

2,930^th place

2,204^th place

1oma.be

low place

1grida.no

6,903^rd place

8,349^th place

1aip.org

2,204^th place

1,735^th place

1hamradioschool.com

low place

1arizona.edu

1,592^nd place

1,119^th place

1swsc-journal.org

low place

1springer.com

274^th place

309^th place

1handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

aanda.org

Felipe, T.; Collados, M.; Khomenko, E.; Kuckein, C.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Balthasar, H.; Berkefeld, T.; Denker, C.; Feller, A.; Franz, M.; Hofmann, A.; Joshi, J.; Kiess, C.; Lagg, A.; Nicklas, H.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Rezaei, R.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Schmidt, D.; Schmidt, W.; Sigwarth, M.; Sobotka, M.; Solanki, S. K.; Soltau, D.; Staude, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Volkmer, R.; von der Lühe, O.; Waldmann, T. (December 2016). "Three-dimensional structure of a sunspot light bridge" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596: A59. arXiv:1611.04803. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A..59F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629586. S2CID 119419693. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

aip.de

Strassmeier, K. G. (10 June 1999). "Smallest KPNO Telescope Discovers Biggest Starspots (press release 990610)". University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2008. starspots vary on the same (short) time scales as Sunspots do ... HD 12545 had a warm spot (350 K above photospheric temperature; the white area in the picture)
"Derived images showing rotation of cool and warm starspots". Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

aip.org

Weart, Spencer (2006). Weart, Spencer (ed.). "The Discovery of Global Warming – Changing Sun, Changing Climate?". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007.

archive.today

"Sunspots". NASA. 1 April 1998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

arizona.edu

bill.srnr.arizona.edu

Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine

arxiv.org

Felipe, T.; Collados, M.; Khomenko, E.; Kuckein, C.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Balthasar, H.; Berkefeld, T.; Denker, C.; Feller, A.; Franz, M.; Hofmann, A.; Joshi, J.; Kiess, C.; Lagg, A.; Nicklas, H.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Rezaei, R.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Schmidt, D.; Schmidt, W.; Sigwarth, M.; Sobotka, M.; Solanki, S. K.; Soltau, D.; Staude, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Volkmer, R.; von der Lühe, O.; Waldmann, T. (December 2016). "Three-dimensional structure of a sunspot light bridge" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596: A59. arXiv:1611.04803. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A..59F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629586. S2CID 119419693. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Owens, M.J.; et al. (October 2017). "The Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age: An update from recent reconstructions and climate simulations". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 7: A25. arXiv:1708.04904. doi:10.1051/swsc/2017019. ISSN 2115-7251. S2CID 37433045.
Kopp, G. (July 2016). "Magnitudes and timescales of total solar irradiance variability". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 6: A30. arXiv:1606.05258. Bibcode:2016JSWSC...6A..30K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2016025. S2CID 55902879.
Jess, D. B., Jafarzadeh, S., Keys, P. H., Stangalini, M., Verth, G., Grant, S. D. T. (19 January 2023). "Waves in the lower solar atmosphere: the dawn of next-generation solar telescopes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 20 (1). Springer Nature. arXiv:2212.09788. Bibcode:2023LRSP...20....1J. doi:10.1007/s41116-022-00035-6.

books.google.com

Carlowicz, Michael J.; López, Ramón (2002). Storms from the Sun: The Emerging Science of Space Weather. Joseph Henry Press. pp. 1–382. ISBN 978-0309076425. Retrieved 19 June 2020.

doi.org

Xu Zhen-Tao (1980). "The hexagram "Feng" in "the book of changes" as the earliest written record of sunspot". Chinese Astronomy. 4 (4): 406. Bibcode:1980ChA.....4..406X. doi:10.1016/0146-6364(80)90034-1.
Stephenson, F. R.; Willis, D. M. (1999). "The earliest drawing of sunspots". Astronomy & Geophysics. 40 (6): 6.21–6.22. Bibcode:1999A&G....40f..21S. doi:10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.21. ISSN 1366-8781.
Vokhmyanin, M.; VArlt, R.; Zolotova, N. (10 March 2020). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Thomas Harriot". Solar Physics. 295 (3): 39.1–39.11. Bibcode:2020SoPh..295...39V. doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4. S2CID 216259048.
Vaquero, J.M.; Vázquez, M (2009). The Sun Recorded Through History: Scientific Data Extracted from Historical Documents vol. 361 of the series Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 361. Springer, New York. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92790-9. ISBN 978-0-387-92789-3.
Vokhmyanin, M.; Zolotova, N. (5 February 2018). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Galileo Galilei". Solar Physics. 293 (2): 31.1–31.21. Bibcode:2018SoPh..293...31V. doi:10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1. S2CID 126329839.
Herschel, William (31 December 1801). "XIII. Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 91: 265–318. doi:10.1098/rstl.1801.0015. S2CID 122986696.
Love, Jeffrey J. (27 August 2013). "On the insignificance of Herschel's sunspot correlation". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (16): 4171–4176. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4171L. doi:10.1002/grl.50846. S2CID 1654166.
Felipe, T.; Collados, M.; Khomenko, E.; Kuckein, C.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Balthasar, H.; Berkefeld, T.; Denker, C.; Feller, A.; Franz, M.; Hofmann, A.; Joshi, J.; Kiess, C.; Lagg, A.; Nicklas, H.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Rezaei, R.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Schmidt, D.; Schmidt, W.; Sigwarth, M.; Sobotka, M.; Solanki, S. K.; Soltau, D.; Staude, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Volkmer, R.; von der Lühe, O.; Waldmann, T. (December 2016). "Three-dimensional structure of a sunspot light bridge" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596: A59. arXiv:1611.04803. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A..59F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629586. S2CID 119419693. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Schlichenmaier, R.; Rezaei, R.; Bello González, N.; Waldmann, T. A. (March 2010). "The formation of a sunspot penumbra". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 512: L1. Bibcode:2010A&A...512L...1S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014112.
Mathew, S. K.; Lagg, A.; Solanki, S. K.; Collados, M.; Borrero, J. M.; Berdyugina, S.; Krupp, N.; Woch, J.; Frutiger, C. (November 2003). "Three dimensional structure of a regular sunspot from the inversion of IR Stokes profiles". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 410 (2): 695–710. Bibcode:2003A&A...410..695M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031282.
Solanki, Sami K. (1 April 2003). "Sunspots: An overview". Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 11 (2–3): 153–286. Bibcode:2003A&ARv..11..153S. doi:10.1007/s00159-003-0018-4. S2CID 120721248.
Sobotka, Michal; Vazquez, Manuel; Bonet, Jose Antonio; Hanslmeier, Arnold; Hirzberger, Johann (20 January 1999). "Temporal Evolution of Fine Structures in and around Solar Pores" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 511 (1): 436–450. Bibcode:1999ApJ...511..436S. doi:10.1086/306671. S2CID 121691780. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Hale, G. E. (1908). "On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots". The Astrophysical Journal. 28: 315. Bibcode:1908ApJ....28..315H. doi:10.1086/141602.
Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732.
Le Mouël, Jean-Louis; Shnirman, Mikhail G.; Blanter, Elena M. (1 December 2007). "The 27-Day Signal in Sunspot Number Series and the Solar Dynamo". Solar Physics. 246 (2): 295–307. Bibcode:2007SoPh..246..295L. doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9065-8. ISSN 1573-093X.
Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Owens, M.J.; et al. (October 2017). "The Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age: An update from recent reconstructions and climate simulations". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 7: A25. arXiv:1708.04904. doi:10.1051/swsc/2017019. ISSN 2115-7251. S2CID 37433045.
Hudson H (2008). "Solar activity". Scholarpedia. 3 (3): 3967. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.3967H. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3967.
Willson, R. C.; Gulkis, S.; Janssen, M.; Hudson, H. S.; Chapman, G. A. (1981). "Observations of solar irradiance variability". Science. 211 (4483): 700–702. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..700W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4483.700. PMID 17776650.
Kopp, G. (April 2014). "An assessment of the solar irradiance record for climate studies". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 4: A14. Bibcode:2014JSWSC...4A..14K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2014012.
Kopp, G. (July 2016). "Magnitudes and timescales of total solar irradiance variability". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 6: A30. arXiv:1606.05258. Bibcode:2016JSWSC...6A..30K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2016025. S2CID 55902879.
Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.
Jess, D. B., Jafarzadeh, S., Keys, P. H., Stangalini, M., Verth, G., Grant, S. D. T. (19 January 2023). "Waves in the lower solar atmosphere: the dawn of next-generation solar telescopes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 20 (1). Springer Nature. arXiv:2212.09788. Bibcode:2023LRSP...20....1J. doi:10.1007/s41116-022-00035-6.
Shibata, K., Magara, T. (15 December 2011). "Solar Flares: Magnetohydrodynamic Processes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 8 (1). Springer International Publishing: 6. Bibcode:2011LRSP....8....6S. doi:10.12942/lrsp-2011-6. hdl:2433/153022.

findarticles.com

"The Observation of Sunspots". UNESCO Courier. 1988. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.

grida.no

"Solar Forcing of Climate". Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2005.

hamradioschool.com

Stu Turner. "Sunspots and Propagation". Ham Radio School.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Shibata, K., Magara, T. (15 December 2011). "Solar Flares: Magnetohydrodynamic Processes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 8 (1). Springer International Publishing: 6. Bibcode:2011LRSP....8....6S. doi:10.12942/lrsp-2011-6. hdl:2433/153022.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mossman, J. E. (1989). "1989QJRAS..30...59M Page 60". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 30: 59. Bibcode:1989QJRAS..30...59M. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
Xu Zhen-Tao (1980). "The hexagram "Feng" in "the book of changes" as the earliest written record of sunspot". Chinese Astronomy. 4 (4): 406. Bibcode:1980ChA.....4..406X. doi:10.1016/0146-6364(80)90034-1.
Stephenson, F. R.; Willis, D. M. (1999). "The earliest drawing of sunspots". Astronomy & Geophysics. 40 (6): 6.21–6.22. Bibcode:1999A&G....40f..21S. doi:10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.21. ISSN 1366-8781.
Vokhmyanin, M.; VArlt, R.; Zolotova, N. (10 March 2020). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Thomas Harriot". Solar Physics. 295 (3): 39.1–39.11. Bibcode:2020SoPh..295...39V. doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4. S2CID 216259048.
Vokhmyanin, M.; Zolotova, N. (5 February 2018). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Galileo Galilei". Solar Physics. 293 (2): 31.1–31.21. Bibcode:2018SoPh..293...31V. doi:10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1. S2CID 126329839.
Love, Jeffrey J. (27 August 2013). "On the insignificance of Herschel's sunspot correlation". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (16): 4171–4176. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4171L. doi:10.1002/grl.50846. S2CID 1654166.
Felipe, T.; Collados, M.; Khomenko, E.; Kuckein, C.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Balthasar, H.; Berkefeld, T.; Denker, C.; Feller, A.; Franz, M.; Hofmann, A.; Joshi, J.; Kiess, C.; Lagg, A.; Nicklas, H.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Rezaei, R.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Schmidt, D.; Schmidt, W.; Sigwarth, M.; Sobotka, M.; Solanki, S. K.; Soltau, D.; Staude, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Volkmer, R.; von der Lühe, O.; Waldmann, T. (December 2016). "Three-dimensional structure of a sunspot light bridge" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596: A59. arXiv:1611.04803. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A..59F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629586. S2CID 119419693. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Schlichenmaier, R.; Rezaei, R.; Bello González, N.; Waldmann, T. A. (March 2010). "The formation of a sunspot penumbra". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 512: L1. Bibcode:2010A&A...512L...1S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014112.
Mathew, S. K.; Lagg, A.; Solanki, S. K.; Collados, M.; Borrero, J. M.; Berdyugina, S.; Krupp, N.; Woch, J.; Frutiger, C. (November 2003). "Three dimensional structure of a regular sunspot from the inversion of IR Stokes profiles". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 410 (2): 695–710. Bibcode:2003A&A...410..695M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031282.
Solanki, Sami K. (1 April 2003). "Sunspots: An overview". Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 11 (2–3): 153–286. Bibcode:2003A&ARv..11..153S. doi:10.1007/s00159-003-0018-4. S2CID 120721248.
Sobotka, Michal; Vazquez, Manuel; Bonet, Jose Antonio; Hanslmeier, Arnold; Hirzberger, Johann (20 January 1999). "Temporal Evolution of Fine Structures in and around Solar Pores" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 511 (1): 436–450. Bibcode:1999ApJ...511..436S. doi:10.1086/306671. S2CID 121691780. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Hale, G. E. (1908). "On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots". The Astrophysical Journal. 28: 315. Bibcode:1908ApJ....28..315H. doi:10.1086/141602.
Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732.
Le Mouël, Jean-Louis; Shnirman, Mikhail G.; Blanter, Elena M. (1 December 2007). "The 27-Day Signal in Sunspot Number Series and the Solar Dynamo". Solar Physics. 246 (2): 295–307. Bibcode:2007SoPh..246..295L. doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9065-8. ISSN 1573-093X.
Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Hudson H (2008). "Solar activity". Scholarpedia. 3 (3): 3967. Bibcode:2008SchpJ...3.3967H. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.3967.
Willson, R. C.; Gulkis, S.; Janssen, M.; Hudson, H. S.; Chapman, G. A. (1981). "Observations of solar irradiance variability". Science. 211 (4483): 700–702. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..700W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4483.700. PMID 17776650.
Kopp, G. (April 2014). "An assessment of the solar irradiance record for climate studies". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 4: A14. Bibcode:2014JSWSC...4A..14K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2014012.
Kopp, G. (July 2016). "Magnitudes and timescales of total solar irradiance variability". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 6: A30. arXiv:1606.05258. Bibcode:2016JSWSC...6A..30K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2016025. S2CID 55902879.
Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.
Jess, D. B., Jafarzadeh, S., Keys, P. H., Stangalini, M., Verth, G., Grant, S. D. T. (19 January 2023). "Waves in the lower solar atmosphere: the dawn of next-generation solar telescopes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 20 (1). Springer Nature. arXiv:2212.09788. Bibcode:2023LRSP...20....1J. doi:10.1007/s41116-022-00035-6.
Shibata, K., Magara, T. (15 December 2011). "Solar Flares: Magnetohydrodynamic Processes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 8 (1). Springer International Publishing: 6. Bibcode:2011LRSP....8....6S. doi:10.12942/lrsp-2011-6. hdl:2433/153022.

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mossman, J. E. (1989). "1989QJRAS..30...59M Page 60". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 30: 59. Bibcode:1989QJRAS..30...59M. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

adsabs.harvard.edu

"Letter to the Editor: Sunspot observations by Theophrastus revisited", and see Theophrastus' Fragment VI, De Signis Tempestatum, 11.4–5.

howstuffworks.com

science.howstuffworks.com

"Sun". HowStuffWorks. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

iop.org

iopscience.iop.org

Sobotka, Michal; Vazquez, Manuel; Bonet, Jose Antonio; Hanslmeier, Arnold; Hirzberger, Johann (20 January 1999). "Temporal Evolution of Fine Structures in and around Solar Pores" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 511 (1): 436–450. Bibcode:1999ApJ...511..436S. doi:10.1086/306671. S2CID 121691780. Retrieved 5 January 2022.

maths.org

nrich.maths.org

"Early Astronomy and the Beginnings of a Mathematical Science". NRICH (University of Cambridge). 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2010.

nasa.gov

sohonascom.nasa.gov

"How Are Magnetic Fields Related To Sunspots?". NASA. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

image.gsfc.nasa.gov

"Sunspots". NASA. 1 April 1998. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732.
Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Willson, R. C.; Gulkis, S.; Janssen, M.; Hudson, H. S.; Chapman, G. A. (1981). "Observations of solar irradiance variability". Science. 211 (4483): 700–702. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..700W. doi:10.1126/science.211.4483.700. PMID 17776650.
Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.

noaa.gov

esrl.noaa.gov

"Sunspots". NOAA. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

ncdc.noaa.gov

Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732.

oma.be

sidc.oma.be

"Sunspot index graphics". Solar Influences Data Analysis Center. Retrieved 27 September 2007.

reading.ac.uk

centaur.reading.ac.uk

Owens, M.J.; et al. (October 2017). "The Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age: An update from recent reconstructions and climate simulations". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 7: A25. arXiv:1708.04904. doi:10.1051/swsc/2017019. ISSN 2115-7251. S2CID 37433045.
Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Vokhmyanin, M.; VArlt, R.; Zolotova, N. (10 March 2020). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Thomas Harriot". Solar Physics. 295 (3): 39.1–39.11. Bibcode:2020SoPh..295...39V. doi:10.1007/s11207-020-01604-4. S2CID 216259048.
Vokhmyanin, M.; Zolotova, N. (5 February 2018). "Sunspot Positions and Areas from Observations by Galileo Galilei". Solar Physics. 293 (2): 31.1–31.21. Bibcode:2018SoPh..293...31V. doi:10.1007/s11207-018-1245-1. S2CID 126329839.
Herschel, William (31 December 1801). "XIII. Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 91: 265–318. doi:10.1098/rstl.1801.0015. S2CID 122986696.
Love, Jeffrey J. (27 August 2013). "On the insignificance of Herschel's sunspot correlation". Geophysical Research Letters. 40 (16): 4171–4176. Bibcode:2013GeoRL..40.4171L. doi:10.1002/grl.50846. S2CID 1654166.
Felipe, T.; Collados, M.; Khomenko, E.; Kuckein, C.; Asensio Ramos, A.; Balthasar, H.; Berkefeld, T.; Denker, C.; Feller, A.; Franz, M.; Hofmann, A.; Joshi, J.; Kiess, C.; Lagg, A.; Nicklas, H.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Pastor Yabar, A.; Rezaei, R.; Schlichenmaier, R.; Schmidt, D.; Schmidt, W.; Sigwarth, M.; Sobotka, M.; Solanki, S. K.; Soltau, D.; Staude, J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Volkmer, R.; von der Lühe, O.; Waldmann, T. (December 2016). "Three-dimensional structure of a sunspot light bridge" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596: A59. arXiv:1611.04803. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A..59F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629586. S2CID 119419693. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Solanki, Sami K. (1 April 2003). "Sunspots: An overview". Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 11 (2–3): 153–286. Bibcode:2003A&ARv..11..153S. doi:10.1007/s00159-003-0018-4. S2CID 120721248.
Sobotka, Michal; Vazquez, Manuel; Bonet, Jose Antonio; Hanslmeier, Arnold; Hirzberger, Johann (20 January 1999). "Temporal Evolution of Fine Structures in and around Solar Pores" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 511 (1): 436–450. Bibcode:1999ApJ...511..436S. doi:10.1086/306671. S2CID 121691780. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
Solanki SK; Usoskin IG; Kromer B; Schüssler M; et al. (October 2004). "Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years". Nature. 431 (7012): 1084–1087. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1084S. doi:10.1038/nature02995. PMID 15510145. S2CID 4373732.
Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
Owens, M.J.; et al. (October 2017). "The Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age: An update from recent reconstructions and climate simulations". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 7: A25. arXiv:1708.04904. doi:10.1051/swsc/2017019. ISSN 2115-7251. S2CID 37433045.
Kopp, G. (July 2016). "Magnitudes and timescales of total solar irradiance variability". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 6: A30. arXiv:1606.05258. Bibcode:2016JSWSC...6A..30K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2016025. S2CID 55902879.

spaceflightnow.com

NASA News Release (6 November 2001). "SOHO reveals how sunspots take stranglehold on the Sun". SpaceFlight Now. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2013.

spaceweatherlive.com

"Gentle giant sunspot region 2192".

springer.com

link.springer.com

Jess, D. B., Jafarzadeh, S., Keys, P. H., Stangalini, M., Verth, G., Grant, S. D. T. (19 January 2023). "Waves in the lower solar atmosphere: the dawn of next-generation solar telescopes". Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 20 (1). Springer Nature. arXiv:2212.09788. Bibcode:2023LRSP...20....1J. doi:10.1007/s41116-022-00035-6.

swsc-journal.org

Kopp, G. (April 2014). "An assessment of the solar irradiance record for climate studies". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 4: A14. Bibcode:2014JSWSC...4A..14K. doi:10.1051/swsc/2014012.

ucar.edu

web.hao.ucar.edu

"Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1". Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006.

web.archive.org

Strassmeier, K. G. (10 June 1999). "Smallest KPNO Telescope Discovers Biggest Starspots (press release 990610)". University of Vienna. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2008. starspots vary on the same (short) time scales as Sunspots do ... HD 12545 had a warm spot (350 K above photospheric temperature; the white area in the picture)
"The Observation of Sunspots". UNESCO Courier. 1988. Archived from the original on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
"Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics 1". Great Moments in the History of Solar Physics. Archived from the original on 1 March 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2006.
NASA News Release (6 November 2001). "SOHO reveals how sunspots take stranglehold on the Sun". SpaceFlight Now. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
"Solar Forcing of Climate". Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
Weart, Spencer (2006). Weart, Spencer (ed.). "The Discovery of Global Warming – Changing Sun, Changing Climate?". American Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 17 June 2006. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
Stu Turner. "Sunspots and Propagation". Ham Radio School.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
Eddy J.A. (June 1976). "The Maunder Minimum". Science. 192 (4245): 1189–1202. Bibcode:1976Sci...192.1189E. doi:10.1126/science.192.4245.1189. PMID 17771739. S2CID 33896851. PDF Copy Archived 16 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"Derived images showing rotation of cool and warm starspots". Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2013.

worldcat.org

Stephenson, F. R.; Willis, D. M. (1999). "The earliest drawing of sunspots". Astronomy & Geophysics. 40 (6): 6.21–6.22. Bibcode:1999A&G....40f..21S. doi:10.1093/astrog/40.6.6.21. ISSN 1366-8781.
Le Mouël, Jean-Louis; Shnirman, Mikhail G.; Blanter, Elena M. (1 December 2007). "The 27-Day Signal in Sunspot Number Series and the Solar Dynamo". Solar Physics. 246 (2): 295–307. Bibcode:2007SoPh..246..295L. doi:10.1007/s11207-007-9065-8. ISSN 1573-093X.
Owens, M.J.; et al. (October 2017). "The Maunder Minimum and the Little Ice Age: An update from recent reconstructions and climate simulations". J. Space Weather and Space Climate. 7: A25. arXiv:1708.04904. doi:10.1051/swsc/2017019. ISSN 2115-7251. S2CID 37433045.
Lockwood, M.; Ball, W. (May 2020). "Placing limits on long-term variations in quiet-Sun irradiance and their contribution to total solar irradiance and solar radiative forcing of climate". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 476 (2238): 20200077. Bibcode:2020RSPSA.47600077L. doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0077. ISSN 1364-5021. PMC 7428030. PMID 32831591.