Taiwanese Hokkien (English Wikipedia)

蔡英文不說台語高雄人涼了半截 [Tsai Ing-wen doesn't speak Taiwanese; The people in Kaohsiung feel half-disappointed] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

biblesociety-tw.org

本土聖經 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
"台語聖經". www.biblesociety-tw.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2008.

bitesizetaiwanese.com

Taiwanese, Bite-size (20 December 2019). "Ep06: The Ninth Tone Bite-size Taiwanese". Bite-size Taiwanese. Retrieved 20 November 2024.

books.google.com

Lin, Philip T. (2015). Taiwanese Grammar: A Concise Reference. Greenhorn Media. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9963982-1-3. The 'j-' sound is relatively rare within Taiwanese, and for many speakers the sound is replaced by the 'l-' sound.
Philip T. Lin (31 January 2015). Taiwanese Grammar: A Concise Reference. Greenhorn Media. ISBN 978-0-9963982-1-3.

bstwn.org

"現代台語新約附詩箴2013漢羅版" (PDF).

census.gov

Gambino, Christine P. (2016). "American Community Survey Redesign of Language-Spoken-at-Home Data" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau.

culture.edu.tw

教育部，歷史文化學習網，《重要貿易港口－泉州》 Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

de-han.org

tlh.de-han.org

"臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 (Orthographic system for the Minnan language in Taiwan, 'Tâi-ôan Lô-má-jī')" (PDF).

dgbas.gov.tw

"census022(final).swf". www.dgbas.gov.tw.

dict.edu.tw

twblg.dict.edu.tw

臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典-外來詞 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan - Loanwords] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
方言差"語音差異表 [Table of Pronunciation Differences]. 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
方言差"詞彙差異表 [Table of Vocabulary Differences]. 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

doi.org

Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
Mei, Tsu-lin (1970). "Tones and Prosody in Middle Chinese and The Origin of The Rising Tone". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 30: 86–110. doi:10.2307/2718766. JSTOR 2718766.
Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Taigi speakers". Language in Society. 32 (4). Cambridge University Press: 523–551. doi:10.1017/S0047404503324030. JSTOR 4169285. S2CID 145703339.

ebas.gov.tw

ebas1.ebas.gov.tw

Table 6: Languages used at home for the resident nationals aged 6 years and over by gender and age, 2010 Population and Housing Census Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), ROC (Taiwan).

edu.tw

教育部公布閩南語300字推薦用字　卡拉OK用字也被選用 (Ministry of Education in Taiwan announces 300 recommended Hokkien words, Karaoke words are also selected) Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; 「臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批）」已公布於網站，歡迎各界使用 (Announcement of recommended words for Taiwanese Hokkien) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

ethnologue.com

Taiwanese Hokkien at Ethnologue (28th ed., 2025)
"Taiwan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 May 2005. Principal languages

evertype.com

"Evertype". www.evertype.com.

ey.gov.tw

"行政院全球資訊網". www.ey.gov.tw. Retrieved 5 December 2018.

fhl.net

tailo.fhl.net

"台語信望愛 - 4.1.4 《台語漢字本》". tailo.fhl.net (in Chinese (Taiwan)).

bible.fhl.net

"聖經閱讀". bible.fhl.net.

focustaiwan.tw

"Draft national language development act clears legislative floor". focustaiwan.tw. 25 December 2018.

glottolog.org

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

gutenberg-e.org

Andrade, Tonio (2005). "Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence". How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century. Columbia University Press. §20-1.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Ota, Katsuhiro J. (2005). An investigation of written Taiwanese (MA thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/11520.

hawaii.edu

chinesestudies.hawaii.edu

"Robert L. Cheng". Center for Chinese Studies, University of Hawaii. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007.

scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu

Ota, Katsuhiro J. (2005). An investigation of written Taiwanese (MA thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/11520.

issuu.com

"現代台語譯本漢羅版(路得記) by bstwn". Issuu. 3 August 2021.

jstor.org

Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
Mei, Tsu-lin (1970). "Tones and Prosody in Middle Chinese and The Origin of The Rising Tone". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 30: 86–110. doi:10.2307/2718766. JSTOR 2718766.
Norman, Jerry (1991b). "The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective". In Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.). Languages and Dialects of China. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 3. Chinese University Press. pp. 325–360. JSTOR 23827042. OCLC 600555701.
Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Taigi speakers". Language in Society. 32 (4). Cambridge University Press: 523–551. doi:10.1017/S0047404503324030. JSTOR 4169285. S2CID 145703339.
Richards, Jack C. (1 January 1977). "Variation in Singapore English". Interlanguage Studies Bulletin. 2 (2): 131–151. JSTOR 43135170.

lingshyang.com

"Taiwanese Bible Romanized Character Edition". Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
"Taiwanese Bible Han Character Edition". Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2024.

ltn.com.tw

talk.ltn.com.tw

自由時報電子報 (10 August 2019). "Taigi與台語". Liberty Times. Retrieved 10 August 2019.

moc.gov.tw

"中華民國文化部-國家語言發展法". www.moc.gov.tw (in Chinese). 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2019. 《國家語言發展法》並未以法律明列各固有族群之語言名稱，即是尊重各族群使用者慣常使用之命名權。

mysmu.edu

Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta (28 April 2015) [2004]. "Hokkien". A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English. Retrieved 22 June 2020.

ncku.edu.tw

ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw

Ekki H. J. Lu (27 March 1997). "ON AUSTRO-TAIC TERMS IN HOKLO". Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
Lí Khîn-hoāⁿ (15 September 2004). "李勤岸博士論文．LEXICAL CHANGE AND VARIATION IN TAIWANESELITERARY TEXTS．ACKNOWLEDGMENT". Archived from the original on 15 September 2004.

newtaiwan.com.tw

蔡英文不說台語高雄人涼了半截 [Tsai Ing-wen doesn't speak Taiwanese; The people in Kaohsiung feel half-disappointed] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2008.

nhu.edu.tw

許嘉文 (15 March 2005). 台灣鄉土教育發展史 [The education history of local Taiwanese languages] (in Chinese).

nownews.com

教育部公布閩南語300字推薦用字　卡拉OK用字也被選用 (Ministry of Education in Taiwan announces 300 recommended Hokkien words, Karaoke words are also selected) Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; 「臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批）」已公布於網站，歡迎各界使用 (Announcement of recommended words for Taiwanese Hokkien) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

npf.org.tw

"馬英九 | 馬蕭文化政策 | 國家政策研究基金會 | 公共政策的理性思辯與對話平台！". 國家政策研究基金會 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 5 December 2018.

ocn.ne.jp

www32.ocn.ne.jp

書評『聖經－－台語漢字本』 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.

openlibrary.org

Davidson (1903), p. 13. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
Davidson (1903), p. 561. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
Davidson (1903), p. 591. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
"especially in the cities of Koro (Aulang), Taiko (Taika), Giubato (Gumatau), Gosei (Goche), Tokatsukutsu (Thawkakut), and Rokko (Lokiang)." (modern-day Houlong, Dajia, Qingshui, Wuqi, Longjing, and Lukang, respectively.) Davidson (1903), p. 591 Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.

peopo.org

"現代台語新約羅馬字聖經出版感謝e話". www.peopo.org.

pinyin.info

Mair, Victor. "Taiwanese, Mandarin, and Taiwan's language situation". pinyin.info. Retrieved 6 August 2020.

raw.githubusercontent.com

"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2021.

ris.gov.tw

Article 6 of the Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens Archived 25 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Taigi speakers". Language in Society. 32 (4). Cambridge University Press: 523–551. doi:10.1017/S0047404503324030. JSTOR 4169285. S2CID 145703339.

sinica.edu.tw

www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw

Van der Loon, Piet (1967). "The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2" (PDF). Asia Major. New Series. 13: 113.

ling.sinica.edu.tw

Ang Ui-jin (2013). "Táiwān de yǔzhǒng fēnbù yǔ fēnqū" 台灣的語種分布與分區 [The Distribution and Regionalization of Varieties in Taiwan] (PDF). Language and Linguistics (in Traditional Chinese). 14 (2). Academia Sinica: 315–369. Map 5, p. 355.

sino-platonic.org

Lin, Alvin (1999). "Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (89). OCLC 41879041.

taipeitimes.com

Lin, Mei-chun (10 March 2002). "Hokkien should be given official status, says TSU". Taipei Times. p. 1.
Ko Shu-ling (20 September 2004). "Control Yuan sets rules for future examinations". Taipei Times. p. 2.

taiwan.gov.tw

"TAIWAN SNAPSHOT". Retrieved 15 March 2020. Languages Mandarin (Chinese), Holo (Taiwanese), Hakka, Austronesian languages

tc.edu.tw

hwsh.tc.edu.tw

"Hui-Wen High School Taichung, Introduction to the Kominka period". www.hwsh.tc.edu.tw.

ucsd.edu

pages.ucsd.edu

"Chinese Religious Processions". pages.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 17 July 2025.
"Jordan: Pronouncing Romanized Taiwanese Hokkien". pages.ucsd.edu.

uegu.blogspot.com

麻瓜先生 (January 2015). 台語好多聲 [The Many Tones of Taiwanese]. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 台語裡有個變調系統，細說分明需要時間，但最大的規則就是「最後一個字不要變！其他變變變！」

vnet.cn

fjqz.fj.vnet.cn

泉州旅游信息网，泉州方言文化 Archived 1 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
Article 6 of the Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens Archived 25 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine
Table 6: Languages used at home for the resident nationals aged 6 years and over by gender and age, 2010 Population and Housing Census Archived 22 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), ROC (Taiwan).
"Taiwan". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 4 May 2005. Principal languages
Dreyer, June Teufel (2003). "Taiwan's Evolving Identity". The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity (PDF). Asia Program Special Report. Vol. 114. Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Institute for Scholars. pp. 4–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2021.
Ekki H. J. Lu (27 March 1997). "ON AUSTRO-TAIC TERMS IN HOKLO". Archived from the original on 22 October 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
Lí Khîn-hoāⁿ (15 September 2004). "李勤岸博士論文．LEXICAL CHANGE AND VARIATION IN TAIWANESELITERARY TEXTS．ACKNOWLEDGMENT". Archived from the original on 15 September 2004.
教育部，歷史文化學習網，《重要貿易港口－泉州》 Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
泉州旅游信息网，泉州方言文化 Archived 1 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
"中華民國文化部-國家語言發展法". www.moc.gov.tw (in Chinese). 10 October 2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2019. 《國家語言發展法》並未以法律明列各固有族群之語言名稱，即是尊重各族群使用者慣常使用之命名權。
"Robert L. Cheng". Center for Chinese Studies, University of Hawaii. 2003. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007.
教育部公布閩南語300字推薦用字　卡拉OK用字也被選用 (Ministry of Education in Taiwan announces 300 recommended Hokkien words, Karaoke words are also selected) Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine; 「臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批）」已公布於網站，歡迎各界使用 (Announcement of recommended words for Taiwanese Hokkien) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
教育部國語推行委員會: 關於閩南語拼音整合工作相關問題說帖 (National Languages Committee: On the integration of Minnan orthographies), 2006-10-16 Archived 28 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
方言差"語音差異表 [Table of Pronunciation Differences]. 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
方言差"詞彙差異表 [Table of Vocabulary Differences]. 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
本土聖經 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
書評『聖經－－台語漢字本』 (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
"台語聖經". www.biblesociety-tw.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
"Taiwanese Bible Romanized Character Edition". Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
"Taiwanese Bible Han Character Edition". Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2024.

wikipedia.org

zh.wikipedia.org

大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法

zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org

Wu (2000), p. 2691. Wu, Soli (2000). 國臺對照活用辭典 [Mandarin-Taiwanese Comparative Living Dictionary] (in Chinese (Taiwan) and Minnan). Taipei: Yuan-Liou. ISBN 9789573240884. OCLC 45990089.

wilsoncenter.org

Dreyer, June Teufel (2003). "Taiwan's Evolving Identity". The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity (PDF). Asia Program Special Report. Vol. 114. Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Institute for Scholars. pp. 4–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Norman, Jerry (1991b). "The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective". In Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.). Languages and Dialects of China. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series. Vol. 3. Chinese University Press. pp. 325–360. JSTOR 23827042. OCLC 600555701.
Davidson (1903), p. 13. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
Davidson (1903), p. 561. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
Davidson (1903), p. 591. Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
"especially in the cities of Koro (Aulang), Taiko (Taika), Giubato (Gumatau), Gosei (Goche), Tokatsukutsu (Thawkakut), and Rokko (Lokiang)." (modern-day Houlong, Dajia, Qingshui, Wuqi, Longjing, and Lukang, respectively.) Davidson (1903), p. 591 Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M.
Ang (1987). Ang, Ui-jin (1987). 臺灣河佬語聲調研究 (in Traditional Chinese) (4 ed.). Taipei: 自立晚報. ISBN 9789575960353. OCLC 813713530.
Iûⁿ, Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ, Ha̍k-khiam; Lu, Bichhin (1 March 2008). 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編 (in Chinese). Taipei: 國史館. ISBN 9789860132946. OCLC 813921186.
Lin, Alvin (1999). "Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (89). OCLC 41879041.
Wu (2000), p. 2691. Wu, Soli (2000). 國臺對照活用辭典 [Mandarin-Taiwanese Comparative Living Dictionary] (in Chinese (Taiwan) and Minnan). Taipei: Yuan-Liou. ISBN 9789573240884. OCLC 45990089.

yahoo.com

tw.news.yahoo.com

"《國家語言發展法》立院三讀！政府得設台語專屬頻道". ltn.com.tw. 25 December 2018.

youtube.com

"Tâigí Phonics 3 - Single Vowels - YouTube". YouTube. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
Tâigí Phonics 9 - Rethinking tones in stereo, and 9th tone (Video). 29 July 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2024. ...and we write it with this little symbol down here which is called a breve accent it's uh it's round at the bottom...
"Taiwanese - Pronunciation 5 - Tone Change Rules". 1 February 2016 – via YouTube.