Tornado (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Tornado" in English language version.

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97web.archive.org

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ametsoc.org

glossary.ametsoc.org

Glossary of Meteorology (2020). Tornado (2 ed.). American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2021-05-08. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
Funnel cloud (2 ed.). American Meteorological Society. 2000-06-30. Archived from the original on 2013-02-05. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
"Gustnado". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. June 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-09-20.

archive.org

Mish, Frederick C. (1993). Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10 ed.). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. ISBN 0-87779-709-9. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Lyons, Walter A. (1997). "Tornadoes". The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. pp. 175–200. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). "Tornado Myths". The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
Mogil, Michael H. (2007). Extreme Weather. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. pp. 210–11. ISBN 978-1-57912-743-5.
Seymour, Simon (2001). Tornadoes. New York City: HarperCollins. p. 32. ISBN 0-06-443791-4.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2. Retrieved 2009-11-20. intense tornadoes without a mesocyclone.
Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The tornado: nature's ultimate windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 65–69. ISBN 978-0-8061-3258-7. Retrieved 2009-11-20. intense tornadoes without a mesocyclone.

bangladeshtornadoes.org

Finch, Jonathan (2008-04-02). "Bangladesh and East India Tornadoes Background Information". Archived from the original on 2009-09-01. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Finch, Jonathan D.; Dewan, Ashraf M. (2007-05-23). "Bangladesh Tornado Climatology". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

bbc.co.uk

"Natural Disasters: Tornadoes". BBC Science and Nature. BBC. 2002-03-28. Archived from the original on 2002-10-14. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Coughlan, Sean (15 June 2015). "UK's 'tornado alley' identified". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.

books.google.com

Peterson, Franklynn; Kwsselman, Judi R (July 1978). "Tornado factory – giant simulator probes killer twisters". Popular Science. 213 (1): 76–78.

britannica.com

"Tornado: Global occurrence". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
"Tornado: Diurnal patterns". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. p. G.6. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

colorado.edu

Bimal Kanti Paul; Rejuan Hossain Bhuiyan (2005-01-18). "The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

colostate.edu

chill.colostate.edu

"The First Tornadic Hook Echo Weather Radar Observations". Colorado State University. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-08-20. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

confex.com

ams.confex.com

Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E. & Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
Samaras, Timothy M. (October 2004). "A Historical Perspective of In-Situ Observations within Tornado Cores". Preprints of the 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, MA: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
Lee, Julian J.; Samaras, Timothy P.; Young, Carl R. (2004-10-07). "Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado". Preprints of the 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
Lewellen, David C.; Zimmerman, M. I. (2008-10-28). Using Simulated Tornado Surface Marks to Decipher Near-Ground Winds (PDF). 24th Conf. Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
Cook, Ashton Robinson; Schaefer, Joseph T. (2008-01-22). "The Relation of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to Winter Tornado Outbreaks". 19th Conf. Probability and Statistics. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

cswr.org

Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29). "Doppler on Wheels". Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

doi.org

Coleman, Timothy A.; Knupp, Kevin R.; Spann, James; Elliott, J. B.; Peters, Brian E. (2011-05-01). "The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92 (5): 567–582. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..567C. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3062.1.
Edwards, Roger; Ladue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5): 641–653. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..641E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1. S2CID 7842905.
Renno, Nilton O. (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. hdl:2027.42/73164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Justice, Alonzo A. (1930). "Seeing the Inside of a Tornado". Monthly Weather Review. 58 (5): 205–06. Bibcode:1930MWRv...58..205J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1930)58<205:STIOAT>2.0.CO;2.
Davies-Jones, Robert (1984). "Streamwise Vorticity: The Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Storms". J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (20): 2991–3006. Bibcode:1984JAtS...41.2991D. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2991:SVTOOU>2.0.CO;2.
Rotunno, Richard; Klemp, Joseph (1985). "On the Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms". J. Atmos. Sci. 42 (3): 271–92. Bibcode:1985JAtS...42..271R. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
Wicker, Louis J.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (1995). "Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm". J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (15): 2675–703. Bibcode:1995JAtS...52.2675W. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2675:SAAOTD>2.0.CO;2.
Abdullah, Abdul (April 1966). "The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"" (PDF). Mon. Wea. Rev. 94 (4): 213–20. Bibcode:1966MWRv...94..213A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.3099. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-21.
Bedard, A. J. (January 2005). "Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms". Mon. Wea. Rev. 133 (1): 241–63. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133..241B. doi:10.1175/MWR-2851.1. S2CID 1004978.
Bluestein, Howard (1999). "A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs". Weather Forecast. 14 (4): 558–77. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..558B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2.
Tatom, Frank; Knupp, Kevin R. & Vitto, Stanley J. (1995). "Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal". J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (2): 572–82. Bibcode:1995JApMe..34..572T. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2.
Leeman, John R.; Schmitter, E. D. (April 2009). "Electric signals generated by tornados". Atmos. Res. 92 (2): 277–79. Bibcode:2009AtmRe..92..277L. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029.
Perez, Antony H.; Wicker, Louis J. & Orville, Richard E. (1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Weather Forecast. 12 (3): 428–37. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.
Ben-Amots, N. (2016). "Dynamics and thermodynamics of tornado: Rotation effects". Atmospheric Research. 178–179: 320–328. Bibcode:2016AtmRe.178..320B. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.03.025.
Tao, Tianyou; Wang, Hao; Yao, Chengyuan; Zou, Zhongqin; Xu, Zidog (2018). "Performance of structures and infrastructures facilities during an EF4 tornado in Yancheng". Wind and Structure. 27 (2): 137–147. doi:10.12989/was.2018.27.2.137.
Markowski, Paul M.; Straka, Jerry M.; Rasmussen, Erik N. (2003). "Tornadogenesis Resulting from the Transport of Circulation by a Downdraft: Idealized Numerical Simulations". J. Atmos. Sci. 60 (6): 795–823. Bibcode:2003JAtS...60..795M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0795:TRFTTO>2.0.CO;2.
Brooks, Harold E. (2004-04-01). "On the Relationship of Tornado Path Length and Width to Intensity". Weather and Forecasting. 19 (2): 310–319. Bibcode:2004WtFor..19..310B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0310:OTROTP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0882-8156.
Bluestein, Howard B.; Snyder, Jeffrey C.; Houser, Jana B. (2015). "A Multiscale Overview of the el Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013". Weather and Forecasting. 30 (3): 525–552. Bibcode:2015WtFor..30..525B. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1.
Wurman, Joshua; Kosiba, Karen; White, Trevor; Robinson, Paul (6 April 2021). "Supercell tornadoes are much stronger and wider than damage-based ratings indicate". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (14): e2021535118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11821535W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2021535118. PMC 8040662. PMID 33753558.
Dotzek, Nikolai; Grieser, Jürgen; Brooks, Harold E. (2003-03-01). "Statistical modeling of tornado intensity distributions". Atmos. Res. 67: 163–87. Bibcode:2003AtmRe..67..163D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.490.4573. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00050-4.
Dotzek, Nikolai (2003-03-20). "An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe". Atmos. Res. 67–68: 153–161. Bibcode:2003AtmRe..67..153D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.2418. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00049-8.
Holden, J.; Wright, A. (2003-03-13). "UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools" (PDF). Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 130 (598): 1009–21. Bibcode:2004QJRMS.130.1009H. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.147.4293. doi:10.1256/qj.03.45. S2CID 18365306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Kelly; et al. (1978). "An Augmented Tornado Climatology". Mon. Wea. Rev. 106 (8): 1172–1183. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106.1172K. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<1172:AATC>2.0.CO;2.
Holzer, A. M. (2000). "Tornado Climatology of Austria". Atmos. Res. 56 (1–4): 203–11. Bibcode:2001AtmRe..56..203H. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00073-9. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
Dotzek, Nikolai (2000-05-16). "Tornadoes in Germany". Atmos. Res. 56 (1): 233–51. Bibcode:2001AtmRe..56..233D. doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00075-2.
Trapp, Robert J.; Diffenbaugh, NS; Brooks, H. E.; Baldwin, M. E.; Robinson, E. D. & Pal, J. S. (2007-12-12). "Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (50): 19719–23. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10419719T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705494104. PMC 2148364.
Markowski, Paul M. (April 2002). "Hook Echoes and Rear-Flank Downdrafts: A Review". Mon. Wea. Rev. 130 (4): 852–76. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130..852M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0852:HEARFD>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 54785955.
Doswell, Charles A. III; Moller, Alan R.; Brooks, Harold E. (1999). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948" (PDF). Weather Forecast. 14 (4): 544–57. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..544D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.583.5732. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Brooks, Harold E.; Doswell, Charles A. III (2000-10-01). "Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999". Weather Forecast. 16 (1): 168–176. Bibcode:2001WtFor..16..168B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:ndfmti>2.0.co;2. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

ec.gc.ca

pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca

"Tornadoes". Prairie Storm Prediction Centre. Environment Canada. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2001-03-09. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

mb.ec.gc.ca

"Tornado Detection at Environment Canada". Environment Canada. 2004-06-02. Archived from the original on 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency (2009-09-30). "Tornadoes". Archived from the original on 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

essl.org

"The International Fujita (IF) Scale Tornado and Wind Damage Assessment Guide" (PDF). ESSL.org. European Severe Storms Laboratory. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
"European Severe Weather Database definitions". 2012-01-02. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2012-06-11.

etymonline.com

Harper, Douglas. "tornado". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

extremwetter.ch

Graf, Michael (2008-06-28). "Synoptical and mesoscale weather situations associated with tornadoes in Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-12-13.

flame.org

Doswell, Charles A. III; Moller, Alan R.; Brooks, Harold E. (1999). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948" (PDF). Weather Forecast. 14 (4): 544–57. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..544D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.583.5732. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.

ghostarchive.org

"Advanced Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2003-01-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Renno, Nilton O. (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. hdl:2027.42/73164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E. & Schaefer, Joseph T. (2004). "Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: Historic Events and Climatology (1875–2003)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
Lewellen, David C.; Zimmerman, M. I. (2008-10-28). Using Simulated Tornado Surface Marks to Decipher Near-Ground Winds (PDF). 24th Conf. Severe Local Storms. American Meteorological Society. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
"basic Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Airbus (2007-03-14). "Flight Briefing Notes: Adverse Weather Operations Optimum Use of Weather Radar" (PDF). SKYbrary. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
Doswell, Charles A. III; Moller, Alan R.; Brooks, Harold E. (1999). "Storm Spotting and Public Awareness since the First Tornado Forecasts of 1948" (PDF). Weather Forecast. 14 (4): 544–57. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..544D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.583.5732. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0544:SSAPAS>2.0.CO;2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Renno, Nilton O. (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. hdl:2027.42/73164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-12.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Coleman, Timothy A.; Knupp, Kevin R.; Spann, James; Elliott, J. B.; Peters, Brian E. (2011-05-01). "The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 92 (5): 567–582. Bibcode:2011BAMS...92..567C. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS3062.1.
Edwards, Roger; Ladue, James G.; Ferree, John T.; Scharfenberg, Kevin; Maier, Chris; Coulbourne, William L. (2013). "Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (5): 641–653. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..641E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1. S2CID 7842905.
Renno, Nilton O. (2008-07-03). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. 60 (4): 688–99. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. hdl:2027.42/73164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
Justice, Alonzo A. (1930). "Seeing the Inside of a Tornado". Monthly Weather Review. 58 (5): 205–06. Bibcode:1930MWRv...58..205J. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1930)58<205:STIOAT>2.0.CO;2.
Davies-Jones, Robert (1984). "Streamwise Vorticity: The Origin of Updraft Rotation in Supercell Storms". J. Atmos. Sci. 41 (20): 2991–3006. Bibcode:1984JAtS...41.2991D. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<2991:SVTOOU>2.0.CO;2.
Rotunno, Richard; Klemp, Joseph (1985). "On the Rotation and Propagation of Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms". J. Atmos. Sci. 42 (3): 271–92. Bibcode:1985JAtS...42..271R. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<0271:OTRAPO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-08-01.
Wicker, Louis J.; Wilhelmson, Robert B. (1995). "Simulation and Analysis of Tornado Development and Decay within a Three-Dimensional Supercell Thunderstorm". J. Atmos. Sci. 52 (15): 2675–703. Bibcode:1995JAtS...52.2675W. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2675:SAAOTD>2.0.CO;2.
Abdullah, Abdul (April 1966). "The "Musical" Sound Emitted by a Tornado"" (PDF). Mon. Wea. Rev. 94 (4): 213–20. Bibcode:1966MWRv...94..213A. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.395.3099. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1966)094<0213:TMSEBA>2.3.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-21.
Bedard, A. J. (January 2005). "Low-Frequency Atmospheric Acoustic Energy Associated with Vortices Produced by Thunderstorms". Mon. Wea. Rev. 133 (1): 241–63. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133..241B. doi:10.1175/MWR-2851.1. S2CID 1004978.
Bluestein, Howard (1999). "A History of Severe-Storm-Intercept Field Programs". Weather Forecast. 14 (4): 558–77. Bibcode:1999WtFor..14..558B. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0558:AHOSSI>2.0.CO;2.
Tatom, Frank; Knupp, Kevin R. & Vitto, Stanley J. (1995). "Tornado Detection Based on Seismic Signal". J. Appl. Meteorol. 34 (2): 572–82. Bibcode:1995JApMe..34..572T. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0572:TDBOSS>2.0.CO;2.
Leeman, John R.; Schmitter, E. D. (April 2009). "Electric signals generated by tornados". Atmos. Res. 92 (2): 277–79. Bibcode:2009AtmRe..92..277L. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029.
Perez, Antony H.; Wicker, Louis J. & Orville, Richard E. (1997). "Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Associated with Violent Tornadoes". Weather Forecast. 12 (3): 428–37. Bibcode:1997WtFor..12..428P. doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1997)012<0428:COCTGL>2.0.CO;2.
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