Toxoplasmosis (English Wikipedia)

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Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90203. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990203F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMC 3963851. PMID 24662942. Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population.
Milne G, Webster JP, Walker M (December 2020). "Toxoplasma gondii: An Underestimated Threat?". Trends in Parasitology. 36 (12): 959–969. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2020.08.005. PMID 33012669. Accumulating evidence suggests that latent infection of Toxoplasma gondii is associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric and behavioral conditions.
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Dubey JP, Jones JL (September 2008). "Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States". International Journal for Parasitology. 38 (11): 1257–78. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.007. PMID 18508057.
Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, McQuillan G, Navin T, McAuley JB (2001). "Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors". American Journal of Epidemiology. 154 (4): 357–65. doi:10.1093/aje/154.4.357. PMID 11495859.
Paul M (1 July 1999). "Immunoglobulin G Avidity in Diagnosis of Toxoplasmic Lymphadenopathy and Ocular Toxoplasmosis". Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6 (4): 514–8. doi:10.1128/CDLI.6.4.514-518.1999. PMC 95718. PMID 10391853.
Dubey JP, Hodgin EC, Hamir AN (2006). "Acute fatal toxoplasmosis in squirrels (Sciurus carolensis) with bradyzoites in visceral tissues". The Journal of Parasitology. 92 (3): 658–9. doi:10.1645/GE-749R.1. PMID 16884019. S2CID 20384171.
Blanchard N, Dunay IR, Schlüter D (2015). "Persistence of Toxoplasma gondii in the central nervous system: a fine-tuned balance between the parasite, the brain and the immune system". Parasite Immunology. 37 (3): 150–158. doi:10.1111/pim.12173. PMID 25573476. S2CID 1711188. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in humans varies between 10 and 70% worldwide, depending on the region and increases significantly with age. Upon infection, the parasites persist as intraneuronal cysts in the central nervous system (CNS) for the lifetime of the host (1, Figure 1). Until recently, parasite persistence in healthy individuals was regarded as clinically asymptomatic. However, in the last decade, several reports have indicated that chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis may impact on the behaviour of its host (2).
Parlog A, Schlüter D, Dunay IR (March 2015). "Toxoplasma gondii-induced neuronal alterations". Parasite Immunology. 37 (3): 159–170. doi:10.1111/pim.12157. hdl:10033/346575. PMID 25376390. S2CID 17132378. The zoonotic pathogen Toxoplasma gondii infects over 30% of the human population. The intracellular parasite can persist lifelong in the CNS within neurons modifying their function and structure, thus leading to specific behavioural changes of the host. ... Furthermore, investigations of the human population have correlated Toxoplasma seropositivity with changes in neurological functions; however, the complex underlying mechanisms of the subtle behavioural alteration are still not fully understood. The parasites are able to induce direct modifications in the infected cells, for example by altering dopamine metabolism, by functionally silencing neurons as well as by hindering apoptosis.
Pappas G, Roussos N, Falagas ME (October 2009). "Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis". International Journal for Parasitology. 39 (12): 1385–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.04.003. PMID 19433092.
Cook TB, Brenner LA, Cloninger CR, et al. (2015). ""Latent" infection with Toxoplasma gondii: association with trait aggression and impulsivity in healthy adults". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 60: 87–94. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.09.019. PMID 25306262.
Hurley RA, Taber KH (2012). "Latent Toxoplasmosis gondii: emerging evidence for influences on neuropsychiatric disorders". Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 24 (4): 376–83. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12100234. PMID 23224444. Nine of eleven studies using the Cattell's 16-Personality Factor self-report questionnaire found significant and consistent results for both genders. Seropositive men overall had lower regard for rules and higher vigilance (suspicious, jealous, rigid/inflexible) than seronegative men. In contrast, seropositive women had greater regard for rules and higher warmth than seronegative women. Both seropositive genders were more anxious than matched healthy-comparison subjects. ... Behavioral observations and interviews were completed to ascertain whether the gender differences found in self-report measures were replicated by objective measures. Seropositive men scored significantly lower than seronegative men on Self-Control, Clothes Tidiness, and Relationships. The differences were less impressive for the seropositive women, with only trends toward higher scores on Self-Control and Clothes Tidiness as compared with seronegative women. The authors view the study results as objective confirmation that T. gondii presence can change a human host's behaviors.
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