Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Transphobia" in English language version.
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Steinem was long considered transphobic because of the stance she took in writing about professional tennis player Renée Richards, who transitioned in the 1970's. Steinem's 1983 book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellion cited Janice Raymond's work and discussed how transsexuals "mutilate their own bodies."
Drawing from that history, Brennan, fellow attorney Elizabeth Hungerford, and other modern-day feminists continue to actively question the inclusion of trans people in women's spaces. These feminists refer to themselves as "radical feminists" or "gender critical feminists." In 2008, trans women and trans advocates started referring to this group as "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" or TERFs, a term Brennan considers a slur.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia.
Transgender people subjected to violence, in a range of cultural contexts, frequently report that transphobic violence is expressed in homophobic terms. The tendency to translate violence against a trans person to homophobia reflects the role of gender in attribution of homosexuality as well as the fact that hostility connected to homosexuality is often associated with the perpetrators' prejudices about particular gender practices and their visibility.
Some feminists have perceived transmasculine people as traitors—that is, as women who identify politically with men. When inclusive of trans men, these feminists have often gendered them as women. Conversely, these feminists have tended to perceive transfeminine people as infiltrators of womanhood and of women's space. Many commentators refer to feminists who think in these ways as 'trans-exclusionary radical feminists' (TERFs). ...'The fetishistic (often infantalizing) embrace of trans men by lesbian communities is ungendering, othering, and transphobic.'
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Yet another way in which bisexuality has been recently imagined is as inherently binary, and therefore intrinsically transphobic. [...] As the argument classically goes, since the word bisexuality has bi (literally: two) in it, it inherently refers to a two-gender structure. This means it erases nonbinary genders and sexes out of existence.
As such, it is necessary to acknowledge that transphobia is rooted in white supremacy and colonization, as trans people (and trans PoC in particular) threaten the cisheteropatriarchy established by White settlers.
A veritable miasma of anti-trans campaign groups have wafted in to public discourse in recent years. These have included, but are not limited to, Authentic Equity Alliance, CitizenGo, FiLiA, Fair Play for Women, Get the L Out, Keep Prisons Single Sex, Lesbian Rights Alliance, LGB Alliance, MayDay4Women, Object!, Safe Schools Alliance, Sex Matters, Transgender Trend, and Woman's Place UK. Although the ostensible focus of these groups is varied, they are united in their antipathy toward transgender people.
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help){{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)sexually attracted to both men and women.
sexually attracted to both men and women
Stone received death threats, but ultimately it was the threat of a boycott that drove her out of the collective.
TERF stands for "trans-exclusionary radical feminist." The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.
As such, it is necessary to acknowledge that transphobia is rooted in white supremacy and colonization, as trans people (and trans PoC in particular) threaten the cisheteropatriarchy established by White settlers.
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help)As such, it is necessary to acknowledge that transphobia is rooted in white supremacy and colonization, as trans people (and trans PoC in particular) threaten the cisheteropatriarchy established by White settlers.
{{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help){{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help){{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |citeseerx= (help){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Steinem was long considered transphobic because of the stance she took in writing about professional tennis player Renée Richards, who transitioned in the 1970's. Steinem's 1983 book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellion cited Janice Raymond's work and discussed how transsexuals "mutilate their own bodies."
Stone received death threats, but ultimately it was the threat of a boycott that drove her out of the collective.
TERF stands for "trans-exclusionary radical feminist." The term can be useful for making a distinction with radical feminists who do not share the same position, but those at whom it is directed consider it a slur.
Drawing from that history, Brennan, fellow attorney Elizabeth Hungerford, and other modern-day feminists continue to actively question the inclusion of trans people in women's spaces. These feminists refer to themselves as "radical feminists" or "gender critical feminists." In 2008, trans women and trans advocates started referring to this group as "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" or TERFs, a term Brennan considers a slur.
sexually attracted to both men and women
As such, it is necessary to acknowledge that transphobia is rooted in white supremacy and colonization, as trans people (and trans PoC in particular) threaten the cisheteropatriarchy established by White settlers.
A veritable miasma of anti-trans campaign groups have wafted in to public discourse in recent years. These have included, but are not limited to, Authentic Equity Alliance, CitizenGo, FiLiA, Fair Play for Women, Get the L Out, Keep Prisons Single Sex, Lesbian Rights Alliance, LGB Alliance, MayDay4Women, Object!, Safe Schools Alliance, Sex Matters, Transgender Trend, and Woman's Place UK. Although the ostensible focus of these groups is varied, they are united in their antipathy toward transgender people.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)